In the formula for determining a populations genotype frequencies, .pdf
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In the formula for determining a population\'s genotype frequencies, the pq in the term 2pq is necessary because the population is diploid. heterozygotes can come about in two ways. the population is doubling in number. heterozygotes have two alleles. What is the founder effect? a selection of the best-suited traits for the environment a series of chance events that change allele frequency when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, and their gene pool differs from that source population a sudden change in the environment that reduces the size of the population Which of the following activities occurs first in order to begin speciation? single gene change formation of mechanical barrier to reproduction postzygotic hybrid sterility in Drosophila interruption of gene flow between two populations A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of the influence of environment on development. paedomorphosis. A change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts. heterochrony. Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is true? They possess two flagella. All known varieties are autotrophic. Their walls are usually composed of silica plates. Many types lack mitochondria. Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor and are mined to serve as a filtering material. Solution Ans. 6: pq in the term 2pq is necessary because heterozygoted have two alleles, hence option D is correct. Ans. 7: Founder\'s effect is when few individuals separate from large population and their gene pool differs from source population. Hence option C is correct. Ans. 8: interruption of gene flow between two population is first step for speciation hence option D is correct. Ans. 9: the given process is best explained by option C. Ans. 10: option E is more correct amongst the given options..
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Genetics and evolution
its deals with the general basic ideas of gene and evolutions.different types of examples are used to explain the gene and evolutions.the origin of basic genetics and their ideas are also formulated in this presentation
Genotype-By-Environment Interaction (VG X E) wth Examples
Introduction
Phenotypic variation can be caused by the combination of genotypes and environments in a population. Genotypes are all equally sensitive to their environments, meaning that a change of environment would impact the phenotype of all genotypes to the same extent. In fact, genotypes very often have different degrees of sensitivity to environmental conditions. This cause of phenotypic variance is called genotype by- environment interaction and is symbolized by VG x E. This adds another term to the expression for the independent causes of total phenotypic variation in a population
Ve = VG + VE + VG xE
SOMEONE HELP Complete sentences, stating the differences and relati.pdf
SOMEONE HELP: Complete sentences, stating the differences and relationships between the
two terms, and give specific examples where appropriate.
1. gene flow / genetic drift
2. sexual selection / artificial selection
3. ring species / biological species concept
4. hybrid inviability / temporal isolation
5. autopolyploidy / allopatric speciation
6. molecular clock / cladogram
7. gradualism / uniformitarianism
8. extreme thermophiles / viroids
9. HIV / Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
10. biofilm / microbial fuel cell
Solution
Q.No 1
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution of biological species that takes place because of the
change in the frequency of alleles in a population. These changes in the allele frequency in a
population occur randomly. One very common example to describe the genetic drift would be
that most of the human families have different number of boys and girls, as the X or Y alleles
have been passed differently into the new generation from the parents. Although the X and Y
alleles do not really contribute for the evolution, the frequency changes in other alleles would
have a considerable effect for evolution.
Gene flow is a process of evolution that takes place when genes or alleles move from one
population to another. It is also known as the Gene Migration, and that could cause changes in
the allele frequency as well as some variations in the gene pool of both populations. There are
some good examples to support this phenomenon from humans regarding a developed immunity
for malaria among new Western Africans after their parents mated with Europeans who initially
had the immunity. It is interesting to notice that gene flow could take place between two species,
as well.
Q.No 2
Sexual selection enhances mating success or the number of copulations, while natural selection
tends to produce well-adapted individuals to their environment. Sexual selection does not adapt
the individuals to their environment. Unlike sexual selection, natural selection acts on traits
which increase the fitness of members in a population. Certain adaptations have been derived
from the sexual selection which could never have been arisen from natural selection alone (Ex:
the neck of the giraffe, various plumages of most male birds etc.). Generally sexual selection
depends on the success of one sex while natural selection depends on the success of both sexes in
relation to the general condition of life. In most of the animals, certain traits related to their
sexual selection process do not express their characteristics until the organism is able to mate,
but naturally selected traits may occur at birth of the organism during the process of natural
selection.
Q.No 3
A ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed
with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two \"end\" populations in
the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow
between e.
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you got technical knowledge related to genome evolution with experimental example.
Genetic polymorphism
Genetic and environmental factors are the two keys that make human phenotype variations. When the genomic DNA sequences on equivalent chromosomes of any two individuals are compared, there is substantial variation in the sequence at many points throughout the genome. The term polymorphism was originally used to describe variations in shape and form that distinguish normal individuals within a species from each other. These days, geneticists use the term genetic polymorphisms to describe the inter-individual, functionally silent differences in DNA sequence that make each human genome unique. In order to better understand the phenomenon of genetic polymorphism, an emphasis has been laid on the structures and functions of nucleotides, genes and nucleic acids, including their relationship with polymorphism.
Polymorphism can be caused by factors such as mutation, which is defined as a permanent transmissible change in DNA sequence. Mutations are classified based on where they occur somatic and germ line mutations) and the length of the nucleotide sequences they affect (gene-level and chromosomal mutations). The various types of polymorphisms include; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small-scale insertions/deletions, polymorphic repetitive elements, microsatellite variation and haplotypes.
Variations in DNA sequences may have a major impact on how human beings respond to disease, bacteria, viruses, toxins, chemicals, drugs, and other therapies. Many clinical phenotypes observed in diseases seem to have considerable genetic components.
Determining genetic polymorphism can be based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular types of information. However, molecular markers have advantages over other kinds, where they show genetic differences on a more detailed level without interferences from environmental factors, and where they involve techniques that provide fast results detailing genetic diversity. Some of the techniques used in studying polymorphisms include; PCR based techniques and techniques involving DNA based markers.
Key words: Genetic polymorphism, effects in a population,
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Genetics and evolution
its deals with the general basic ideas of gene and evolutions.different types of examples are used to explain the gene and evolutions.the origin of basic genetics and their ideas are also formulated in this presentation
Genotype-By-Environment Interaction (VG X E) wth Examples
Introduction
Phenotypic variation can be caused by the combination of genotypes and environments in a population. Genotypes are all equally sensitive to their environments, meaning that a change of environment would impact the phenotype of all genotypes to the same extent. In fact, genotypes very often have different degrees of sensitivity to environmental conditions. This cause of phenotypic variance is called genotype by- environment interaction and is symbolized by VG x E. This adds another term to the expression for the independent causes of total phenotypic variation in a population
Ve = VG + VE + VG xE
SOMEONE HELP Complete sentences, stating the differences and relati.pdf
SOMEONE HELP: Complete sentences, stating the differences and relationships between the
two terms, and give specific examples where appropriate.
1. gene flow / genetic drift
2. sexual selection / artificial selection
3. ring species / biological species concept
4. hybrid inviability / temporal isolation
5. autopolyploidy / allopatric speciation
6. molecular clock / cladogram
7. gradualism / uniformitarianism
8. extreme thermophiles / viroids
9. HIV / Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
10. biofilm / microbial fuel cell
Solution
Q.No 1
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution of biological species that takes place because of the
change in the frequency of alleles in a population. These changes in the allele frequency in a
population occur randomly. One very common example to describe the genetic drift would be
that most of the human families have different number of boys and girls, as the X or Y alleles
have been passed differently into the new generation from the parents. Although the X and Y
alleles do not really contribute for the evolution, the frequency changes in other alleles would
have a considerable effect for evolution.
Gene flow is a process of evolution that takes place when genes or alleles move from one
population to another. It is also known as the Gene Migration, and that could cause changes in
the allele frequency as well as some variations in the gene pool of both populations. There are
some good examples to support this phenomenon from humans regarding a developed immunity
for malaria among new Western Africans after their parents mated with Europeans who initially
had the immunity. It is interesting to notice that gene flow could take place between two species,
as well.
Q.No 2
Sexual selection enhances mating success or the number of copulations, while natural selection
tends to produce well-adapted individuals to their environment. Sexual selection does not adapt
the individuals to their environment. Unlike sexual selection, natural selection acts on traits
which increase the fitness of members in a population. Certain adaptations have been derived
from the sexual selection which could never have been arisen from natural selection alone (Ex:
the neck of the giraffe, various plumages of most male birds etc.). Generally sexual selection
depends on the success of one sex while natural selection depends on the success of both sexes in
relation to the general condition of life. In most of the animals, certain traits related to their
sexual selection process do not express their characteristics until the organism is able to mate,
but naturally selected traits may occur at birth of the organism during the process of natural
selection.
Q.No 3
A ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed
with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two \"end\" populations in
the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow
between e.
Genome evolution discussion questions
you got technical knowledge related to genome evolution with experimental example.
Genetic polymorphism
Genetic and environmental factors are the two keys that make human phenotype variations. When the genomic DNA sequences on equivalent chromosomes of any two individuals are compared, there is substantial variation in the sequence at many points throughout the genome. The term polymorphism was originally used to describe variations in shape and form that distinguish normal individuals within a species from each other. These days, geneticists use the term genetic polymorphisms to describe the inter-individual, functionally silent differences in DNA sequence that make each human genome unique. In order to better understand the phenomenon of genetic polymorphism, an emphasis has been laid on the structures and functions of nucleotides, genes and nucleic acids, including their relationship with polymorphism.
Polymorphism can be caused by factors such as mutation, which is defined as a permanent transmissible change in DNA sequence. Mutations are classified based on where they occur somatic and germ line mutations) and the length of the nucleotide sequences they affect (gene-level and chromosomal mutations). The various types of polymorphisms include; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small-scale insertions/deletions, polymorphic repetitive elements, microsatellite variation and haplotypes.
Variations in DNA sequences may have a major impact on how human beings respond to disease, bacteria, viruses, toxins, chemicals, drugs, and other therapies. Many clinical phenotypes observed in diseases seem to have considerable genetic components.
Determining genetic polymorphism can be based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular types of information. However, molecular markers have advantages over other kinds, where they show genetic differences on a more detailed level without interferences from environmental factors, and where they involve techniques that provide fast results detailing genetic diversity. Some of the techniques used in studying polymorphisms include; PCR based techniques and techniques involving DNA based markers.
Key words: Genetic polymorphism, effects in a population,
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Chapter 5 Reading Questions
1. Explain the biological significance of the Dung of the Devil.
Extracts from the plant have strong antiviral properties that are very helpful for fighting disease.
2. Give 2 reasons conservation of biodiversity may be beneficial to our health.
There may be some organisms that can provide health benefits, such as the Dung of the Devil. Also, greater biodiversity allows for greater stabilization of the climate, which is necessary for our well-being.
3. Give 3 examples of how natural substances have been used to treat disease.
The rosy periwinkle is used to treat childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. The mayapple is the source of two anti-cancer drugs. Other medicines come from invertebrates such as sponges, corals, and sea squirts.
4. Which has more biodiversity a carefully tended lawn or a small plot of untended land? Explain.
A small plot of untended land has greater biodiversity, since there is a greater variety of species there than on the well-kempt and uniform lawn.
5. Define species.
A species is a group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in terms of characteristics, and that can breed with each other.
6. Approximately how many species have scientists named? How many species are estimated to live on Earth?
About 2 million have been named, and about 10 million are thought to live on Earth.
7. Compare and contrast species richness and species evenness. Use an example to explain.
Species richness – the number of species in a given area, such as a pond or a tree
Species evenness – the proportion of the number of species in an ecosystem
Two communities may have an equal species richness, but one community may be dominated by one species, while the other may have an equal number of each species.
8. How are species phylogenies determined?
They are determined by the similarity of different species (morphology and behavior)
9. List the classification system from the most broad to the most specific.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
10. Speciation is an example of microevolution or macroevolution? Explain.
Speciation is an example of macroevolution. Both result in the creation of new species. Microevolution is small-scale changes in a species that may eventually result in speciation.
11. Explain 2 ways mutations may occur. Are they good or bad? Explain.
Mutations may occur by UV radiation. It can also occur through mistakes made while DNA is copied.
12. Explain how recombination occurs.
It is the switching of one small part of a chromosome with another during meiosis.
13. Give 2 examples of how humans are purposefully or inadvertently directing evolution of organisms.
The breeding of plants and animals for human use is done purposefully. The evolution of weeds after being sprayed with herbicides is inadvertent.
14. List the 5 key ideas of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
1. Individuals.
Conferencia SBECH
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According to the figure below, which of the following statements regarding endosymbiosis is
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D) Both red algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell.A)
Cyanobacteria are a common ancestor of red and green algae.B) The red algae have two
genomes, while the apicomplexans will have three.C) A heterotrophic protist that engulfed a
green alga is the common ancestor of the euglenids and chlorarchiniophytes.
D) Both red algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell.
Part A According to the figure below, which of the following statements regarding
endosymbiosis is correct? Cyanobacteria are a common ancestor of red and green algae. The red
algae have two genomes, while the apicomplexans will have three. A heterotrophic protist that
engulfed a green alga is the common ancestor of the euglenids and chlorarchiniophytes. Both red
algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell Submit Hints My Answers
Give Up Review Part Provide Feedback Continue
Solution
(A) The chloroplasts of red algae, green algae, and plants evolved from an endosymbiotic
cyanobacterium living within a mitochondria-containing eukaryotic host cell. The evidence for
this theory is as follows-
(B) The unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyz lacks introns in all but 26 genes. There are only three
copies of ribosomal DNA units that maintain the nucleolus and two dynamin genes that are
involved only in the division of mitochondria and plastids. The Apicomplexa are a large phylum
of parasitic alveolates. Most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of
plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. Their nucleus is haploid. Hence B
is false.
(C) A protist is a eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, plant or animal. Heterotrophic protists
decompose organic material, feed on smaller organims such as bacteria or live inside the bodies
of larger species. Euglenids are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are Excavate
Eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta. They are commonly found in freshwater, especially
when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine, and endosymbiotic members. Most
euglenids are unicellular. They have descended from an ancestor that took up green algae by
secondary endosymbiosis.
Chlorarachniophytes are unicellular marine algae with green chloroplasts surrounded by four
membranes,found in tropical oceans and are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and
smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis. A mixotroph is an organism that can use a
mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode on the
continuum from complete autotrophy at one end to heterotrophy at the other.The ancestor of
chlorarachniophytes is thought to have been a chromalveolate, a eukaryote with a red algal
derived chloroplast.
Hence C is false.
(D) Dinoflagellates are important marine primary producers.They are a lar.
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdf
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
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Solution
Plant Secondary metabolites have no known primary functions (such as growth, photosynthesis,
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Which of the following is incorrect about emergent propertiesA. T.pdf
Which of the following is incorrect about emergent properties?
A. They can be inferred just by studying the individual parts.
B. They emerge as individual components organized into complex systems.
C. They result from the way in which individual components interact.
D. They are in part responsible for the complexity of living systems.
Solution
A. They can be inferred just by studying the individual parts. -----> FALSE
B. They emerge as individual components organised into complex systems. ----> TRUE
C. They result from the way in which individual components interact. ------> TRUE
D. They are in part responsible for the complexity of living systems. ---> TRUE
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Name __________________________________________Date ___________.docx
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Chapter 5 Reading Questions
1. Explain the biological significance of the Dung of the Devil.
Extracts from the plant have strong antiviral properties that are very helpful for fighting disease.
2. Give 2 reasons conservation of biodiversity may be beneficial to our health.
There may be some organisms that can provide health benefits, such as the Dung of the Devil. Also, greater biodiversity allows for greater stabilization of the climate, which is necessary for our well-being.
3. Give 3 examples of how natural substances have been used to treat disease.
The rosy periwinkle is used to treat childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. The mayapple is the source of two anti-cancer drugs. Other medicines come from invertebrates such as sponges, corals, and sea squirts.
4. Which has more biodiversity a carefully tended lawn or a small plot of untended land? Explain.
A small plot of untended land has greater biodiversity, since there is a greater variety of species there than on the well-kempt and uniform lawn.
5. Define species.
A species is a group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in terms of characteristics, and that can breed with each other.
6. Approximately how many species have scientists named? How many species are estimated to live on Earth?
About 2 million have been named, and about 10 million are thought to live on Earth.
7. Compare and contrast species richness and species evenness. Use an example to explain.
Species richness – the number of species in a given area, such as a pond or a tree
Species evenness – the proportion of the number of species in an ecosystem
Two communities may have an equal species richness, but one community may be dominated by one species, while the other may have an equal number of each species.
8. How are species phylogenies determined?
They are determined by the similarity of different species (morphology and behavior)
9. List the classification system from the most broad to the most specific.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
10. Speciation is an example of microevolution or macroevolution? Explain.
Speciation is an example of macroevolution. Both result in the creation of new species. Microevolution is small-scale changes in a species that may eventually result in speciation.
11. Explain 2 ways mutations may occur. Are they good or bad? Explain.
Mutations may occur by UV radiation. It can also occur through mistakes made while DNA is copied.
12. Explain how recombination occurs.
It is the switching of one small part of a chromosome with another during meiosis.
13. Give 2 examples of how humans are purposefully or inadvertently directing evolution of organisms.
The breeding of plants and animals for human use is done purposefully. The evolution of weeds after being sprayed with herbicides is inadvertent.
14. List the 5 key ideas of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
1. Individuals.
Conferencia SBECH
This is a copy of the plenary lecture at the First meeting of the Chilean Society of Evolutionary Biology, Pucon 2007
Vivo vitrothingamajig
Discussion of latest work on simulating "evolve and resequence" experiments. Covers issues brought up by Burke et al.'s 2010 paper and how the simulations in Baldwin-Brown et al. (2014) address them.
According to the figure below, which of the following statements reg.pdf
According to the figure below, which of the following statements regarding endosymbiosis is
correct?
D) Both red algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell.A)
Cyanobacteria are a common ancestor of red and green algae.B) The red algae have two
genomes, while the apicomplexans will have three.C) A heterotrophic protist that engulfed a
green alga is the common ancestor of the euglenids and chlorarchiniophytes.
D) Both red algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell.
Part A According to the figure below, which of the following statements regarding
endosymbiosis is correct? Cyanobacteria are a common ancestor of red and green algae. The red
algae have two genomes, while the apicomplexans will have three. A heterotrophic protist that
engulfed a green alga is the common ancestor of the euglenids and chlorarchiniophytes. Both red
algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell Submit Hints My Answers
Give Up Review Part Provide Feedback Continue
Solution
(A) The chloroplasts of red algae, green algae, and plants evolved from an endosymbiotic
cyanobacterium living within a mitochondria-containing eukaryotic host cell. The evidence for
this theory is as follows-
(B) The unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyz lacks introns in all but 26 genes. There are only three
copies of ribosomal DNA units that maintain the nucleolus and two dynamin genes that are
involved only in the division of mitochondria and plastids. The Apicomplexa are a large phylum
of parasitic alveolates. Most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of
plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. Their nucleus is haploid. Hence B
is false.
(C) A protist is a eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, plant or animal. Heterotrophic protists
decompose organic material, feed on smaller organims such as bacteria or live inside the bodies
of larger species. Euglenids are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are Excavate
Eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta. They are commonly found in freshwater, especially
when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine, and endosymbiotic members. Most
euglenids are unicellular. They have descended from an ancestor that took up green algae by
secondary endosymbiosis.
Chlorarachniophytes are unicellular marine algae with green chloroplasts surrounded by four
membranes,found in tropical oceans and are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and
smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis. A mixotroph is an organism that can use a
mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode on the
continuum from complete autotrophy at one end to heterotrophy at the other.The ancestor of
chlorarachniophytes is thought to have been a chromalveolate, a eukaryote with a red algal
derived chloroplast.
Hence C is false.
(D) Dinoflagellates are important marine primary producers.They are a lar.
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdf
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
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Does Energy Availability Predict Gastropod Reproductive Strategies?
Does Energy Availability Predict Gastropod Reproductive Strategies?
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdf
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdf
More from solimankellymattwe60
What are the products of the secondary metabolism in plants Terpeno.pdf
What are the products of the secondary metabolism in plants? Terpenoids; Phenolic agents;
Flavonoids; Secondary metabolites; Nutraceuticals.
Solution
Plant Secondary metabolites have no known primary functions (such as growth, photosynthesis,
reproduction, or other \"primary\" functions).
Which of the following is incorrect about emergent propertiesA. T.pdf
Which of the following is incorrect about emergent properties?
A. They can be inferred just by studying the individual parts.
B. They emerge as individual components organized into complex systems.
C. They result from the way in which individual components interact.
D. They are in part responsible for the complexity of living systems.
Solution
A. They can be inferred just by studying the individual parts. -----> FALSE
B. They emerge as individual components organised into complex systems. ----> TRUE
C. They result from the way in which individual components interact. ------> TRUE
D. They are in part responsible for the complexity of living systems. ---> TRUE
Emergence is a phenomenon in which the complex entities are formed by the interactions among
the simple entities. The properties exhibited by the complex entities are exhibited by the simpler
entities. So, studying all parts of the system is necessary to infer the emergent properties..
Which sensor i can use it for my robot when i dont want it to fil.pdf
Which sensor i can use it for my robot when i dont want it to fill from a stair ???
Which sensor i can use it for my robot when i dont want it to fill from a stair ???
Solution
sol:we should use infrared sensors which should be placed underneath the robot so the it can
detect poniting straight downward (like cliffs,stairs ) so that it will stop at that point..
Why might firms consider issuing stock in foreign countries Why mig.pdf
Why might firms consider issuing stock in foreign countries? Why might U.S. businesses look to
issue more stock in Europe since the adoption of the euro (implemented in 1999)?
Solution
Firms may issue stock in foreign markets when they are concerned that their homemarket may be
unable to absorb the entire issue. In addition, these firms may have foreigncurrency inflows in
the foreign country that can be used to pay dividends on foreign-issued stock.They may also
desire to enhance their global image. Since the euro can be used in severalcountries, firms may
need a large amount of euros if they are expanding across Europe..
What were the Spanish soldiers who fought in the conquests in the Ne.pdf
What were the Spanish soldiers who fought in the conquests in the New World called?
Solution
The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores
against the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities in the Yucatán Peninsula, a vast limestone
plain covering south-eastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and all of Belize.
They were called \"conquistadores\".
What is forecasting Explain the different techniques of forecasting.pdf
What is forecasting? Explain the different techniques of forecasting?
Solution
Forecasting is the process of estimating the relevant events of future, based on the analysis of
their past and present behaviour.
Techniques of Forecasting:
There are various methods of forecasting. Some of them are:
1. Historical Analogy Method: Under this method, forecast in regard to a particular situation is
based on some analogous conditions elsewhere in the past. The economic situation of a country
can be predicted by making comparison with the advanced countries at a particular stage through
which the country is presently passing.
2. Survey Method:
Surveys can be conducted to gather information on the intentions of the concerned people.
3. Opinion Poll:
Opinion poll is conducted to assess the opinion of the experienced persons and experts in the
particular field whose views carry a lot of weight.
4. Business Barometers:
A barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure. In the same way, index numbers are
used to measure the state of an economy between two or more periods. These index numbers are
the device to study the trends, seasonal fluctuations, cyclical movements, and irregular
fluctuations.
5. Time Series Analysis:
Time series analysis involves decomposition of historical series into its various components, viz.
trend, seasonal variances, cyclical variations, and random variances. When the various
components of a time series are separated, the variation of a particular situation, the subject
under study, can be known over the period of time and projection can be made about the future.
6. Regression Analysis:
Regression analysis is meant to disclose the relative movements of two or more inter-related
series. It is used to estimate the changes in one variable as a result of specified changes in other
variable or variables. In economic and business situations, a number of factors affect a business
activity simultaneously.
7. Input-Output Analysis:
According to this method, a forecast of output is based on given input if relationship between
input and output is known. Similarly, input requirement can be forecast on the basis of final
output with a given input-output relationship. The basis of this technique is that the various
sectors of economy are inter related and such inter-relationships are well-established..
Ventura Capital is a financier who specializes in capitalizing start.pdf
Ventura Capital is a financier who specializes in capitalizing start-up companies. Andy Preneur
is a would-be entrepreneur. He needs capital to start his new business. Andy and Ventura have
been negotiating a potential agreement over the last few months. It seems there is only one item
unresolved. Ventura wants her investment to remain in the company and earn a preferred
dividend of 5 percent, even if Andy no longer needs the money. Andy wants the right to buy out
Ventura’s interest at any time as long as the 5 percent return is paid. Role-play this case with
another person. When you finish, address the following questions. Case Discussion Questions
1.Which of the four key temperaments was most clearly displayed by the other person? Identify
specific comments and behaviors to support your assessment. 2.Which of the four key
temperaments do you think your comments and behaviors most clearly displayed? 3.Do you
agree with each other’s self and other assessments? If not, why do you think you see the
behaviors differently?
Solution
Answer 1. The other person played the role of the financier. The key temparaments displayed by
the Ventura Capital financier were the pragmatist and action seeker. The two temparaments are
justified by the financier only when Andy is in urgent need of funds and there are not many other
options. The financier tried to influence and press upon his demands
Answer 2. The key temparaments displayed by me were the controller and the pacifier. The deal
should not be off and the main demands are met and some compromised. Though i was not ready
give to the option of right to buy back. But still I tries to keep the deal alive.
Answer3. No, we did not agree with each other\'s assessment because the motives were
conflicting. The behaviour were seen by both of us differently because of personality differences.
The other person is bold in nature and has always been a leader and a dominant person. The
assessment also differ because of the role we played. Though most influencial factor of
difference in assessment was the personality traits..
True or False1. A basidium is a cell of the Basidiomycota in whic.pdf
True or False?
1. A basidium is a cell of the Basidiomycota in which karyogamy and meiosis take place
2. Basidiospores are sexual spores that are formed at the tip of the basidium, the cell in which
meiosis took place
3. A basidium is a sporangium that bursts to release many asexual spores
4. The spores produced by a mushroom are sexual spores, and are genetically different from each
other.
Solution
2) true. The basidium are the sexual spores of basidiomycities from which helps in the formation
of new basidiomycities.
1) true. A basidium contains 4 spore cells than 8 and so on which are formed by meosis which
result in the formation of haploid spore..
3) false. Basidium contains sexual spores that are forcibly burst to release the spores in the
environment to give rise to the new basidiomycities.
4) true. It is because in asexual spore production the spores are produced by the same one parents
by mitosis hence identical. But in case of meosis is used hence two different parents hence
genetically different..
The mitochondrial electron transport system (METS) and the photos.pdf
The mitochondrial electron transport system (METS) and the photosynthetic electron transport
system (PETS) are similar in many ways. In what way(s) are they different? If there are two
correct answers, then choose both, otherwise choose \"two correct answers are not provided.\"
Options::
Two correct options are not provided
Electrons are transferred by redox reactions in METS but not in PETS.
PETS has a 1 e- carrier to transfer electrons from PSII to PSI, but METS uses a 2 e- carrier to
transfer electrons from Complex III to Complex IV.
METS is dependent on a source of reducing power obtained from dietary nutrients, whereas
PETS obtains reducing power from light energy and the process of photooxidation.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons, but the thylakoid membrane is
permeable to protons.
The electron carriers in METS use only Fe and S centers, whereas the electron carriers in PETS
only use Cu centers.
Chemical energy captured by METS and oxidative phosphorylation is limited to ATP, whereas
PETS and photophosphorylation together capture energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
PETS uses the PQ cycle to translocate protons across the thylakoid membrane, whereas the Q
cycle in METS is used to tether cytochrome c to the inter-membrane space.
Electrons are transferred by redox reactions in METS but not in PETS.
PETS has a 1 e- carrier to transfer electrons from PSII to PSI, but METS uses a 2 e- carrier to
transfer electrons from Complex III to Complex IV.
METS is dependent on a source of reducing power obtained from dietary nutrients, whereas
PETS obtains reducing power from light energy and the process of photooxidation.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons, but the thylakoid membrane is
permeable to protons.
The electron carriers in METS use only Fe and S centers, whereas the electron carriers in PETS
only use Cu centers.
Chemical energy captured by METS and oxidative phosphorylation is limited to ATP, whereas
PETS and photophosphorylation together capture energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
PETS uses the PQ cycle to translocate protons across the thylakoid membrane, whereas the Q
cycle in METS is used to tether cytochrome c to the inter-membrane space.
Solution
The two options are true
METS is dependent on a source of reducing power obtained from dietary nutrients, whereas
PETS obtains reducing power from light energy and the process of photooxidation.
Chemical energy captured by METS and oxidative phosphorylation is limited to ATP, whereas
PETS and photophosphorylation together capture energy in the form of ATP and NADPH..
The disclosure of a contingent liability in the footnotes and on t.pdf
The disclosure of a contingent liability in the footnotes and on the balance sheet indicates that the
potential for the application occurring is
The disclosure of a contingent liability in the footnotes and on the balance sheet indicates that the
potential for the application occurring is
Solution
Answer
Contnigent Liability is the potential future obligation but we are not sure that it will occur or not,
so according to IRS we have to report the Contingent liability in the footnotes on the Balance
Sheet.
So the Potential for the application occuring is Possible in the Future..
The application architeture is design by the application developer a.pdf
The application architeture is design by the application developer and dictates hoow the
application is structured over the various end systems. List four predominant architectural
paradigms used in modern network applications?
Solution
a)
The predominant architectural paradigms are:
1)Client-Server architecture
2)P2P architecture
3)Hybrid arcitecture.
Characteristics:
Client-Server architecture:
1)There is an always-on host, called the \"server\", whichservices requests from many other
hosts, called \"clients\".
2)The client-server architecture, clients do not directlycommunicate with each other.
3)Another characteristic of the client-server architecture isthat the server has a fixed, well known
address, called an IPaddress, because the server has a fixed, well-known addressand the server is
always on, then a client canalways contact the server by sending a packet to the server\'saddress
4)Application services that are based on the client-serverarchitecture are oftern infrastructure
intensive, since theyrequire the service providers to purchase, install, and maintainserver farms.
5)The popular services in client-server architectures such assearch engines(e.g.,Google), Internet
commerce (e.g.,Amazon ande-bay) and web based e-mail( e.g, Yahoo mail) etc.
P2P architecture:
1)There is minimal(or no) reliance on always-on infrastructureservers. Instead the application
exploits direct communicationbetween pairs of intermittently connected hoasts, calledpeers.
2)The most compelling features of P2P architectures is theirself-scalability.
3)P2P architectures are also cost effective, since theynormally don\'t require significant server
infrastructure and serverbandwidth.
4)The features of P2P applications are ISP friendly,securityand incentives.
5)Most popular and traffic-intensive applications are based onP2P architectures. It\'s include file
distribution (e.g.BitTorrent), file sharing(e.g. eMule and Lime Wire) and Internettelephony
(e.g.,Skype).etc.
Hybrid architecture:
The combining both client-server and P2P elements. Forexample, for many instant messaging
applications, servers are usedto track the IP addresses of users, but user-to-user messages aresent
directly between user hosts (without passing throughintermediate servers)..
Suppose a company’s ROE is 16. This company’s payout ratio is 40. .pdf
Suppose a company’s ROE is 16%. This company’s payout ratio is 40%. The required rate of
return on the stock is 15%. What is the sustainable growth rate of this company?
Solution
Retention ratio=1-payout ratio
=1-0.4
=0.6
Sustainable growth rate=(ROE*Retention ratio)/[1-(ROE*Retention ratio)]
=(0.16*0.6)/[1-(0.16*0.6)]
which is equal to
=10.62%(Approx)..
Some historians have referred to many of the self-proclaimed “Darwin.pdf
Some historians have referred to many of the self-proclaimed “Darwinians”, such as Ernst
Haeckel, that followed in Darwin’s footsteps at the end of the 19th century as “pseudo-
Darwinians”. In what sense were they Darwinian? In what sense were they not Darwinian?
Most evolutionary scientists would agree that evolution has led to increased complexity of life on
Earth.
Select one:
True
False
Rice has a genome size of about 420-460 million base pairs while humans have a genome size of
about 3 billion base pairs. Of the following, which is a possible reason for this difference?
Select one:
a. Humans are more complex morphologically.
b. Rice is a plant, while humans are animals.
c. Humans have more genes than rice.
d. The human genome has a lot of mobile genetic elements.
e. The vertebrate lineage has a longer evolutionary history.
Solution
Answer A)Darwin\'s theory is based on natural selection and the servival of fittest.
According to the theory the characteristics which are best fitted transfer to the next progeny.
Living animal compete for food ,shelter and basic requirements for their survival, dominant wins
the competition and get selected by nature to reproduce.
Acquired characters of a species throughout its lifetime pass to its progeny through genetic
material.Thus over a period of time due to accumulation of characteristics a new species evolve.
Darwin\'s could not account for either mechanism for trait (character) transmission or the basis
of variability among individual.
Hence new modified theory given by a group of scientist which is called psuedo Darwinian
theory.
This theory is support Darwin s view on transmission acquired characters to next generation. But
all acquired characters do not pass to next generation only useful character transmite to next
generation.
It supports the natural selection theory too.
Points support Darwin theory-
1)Naturally selected animals are able to reproduce and transmit Acquired character to next
generation.
2)Survival of fittest
3) acquired characters transfer through genetic material.
Points of psuedo Darwinian theory not support Darwin theory-
1) All acquired characters do not transmit to next generation only useful character transmite.
2) Genes for the useful character can transfer trait if present in genital pole.
3)Human races are separate species which is rejected by Darwin.
4) Language evolve from speachless pre human.which is not mentioned in Darwin theory.
Answer 2)
E) The vertibrate lineage has a longer evolutionary history.
Vertibrates evolve from their ancestors contain large number of genes and thus large size of
genome because throughout the evolutionary period many characters are acquired in terms of
separate gene. More gene results in more complex structure ..
Please research Meaningful Use. Prepare a brief report on its origin.pdf
Please research Meaningful Use. Prepare a brief report on its origin, its purpose, how it is
conducted, etc. Please make sure you understand and explain the three different stages.
Solution
Meaningful Use(MU)
Purpose: The concept of meaningful use rested on the \'5 pillars\' of health outcomes policy
priorities, namely:
->Improving quality, safety, efficiency, and reducing health disparities
->Engage patients and families in their health
->Improve care coordination
->Improve population and public health
->Ensure adequate privacy and security protection for personal health information
Origin:
The American Reinvestment & Recovery Act (ARRA) was enacted on February 17, 2009.
ARRA includes many measures to modernize our nation\'s infrastructure,
one of which is the \"Health Information Technology for Economic and
Clinical Health (HITECH) Act\". The HITECH Act supports the concept of
electronic health records - meaningful use [EHR-MU], an effort led by
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS ) and the Office of the
National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC). HITECH proposes the meaningful
use of interoperable electronic health records throughout the United States
health care delivery system as a critical national goal. Meaningful Use is
defined by the use of certified EHR technology in a meaningful manner
(for example electronic prescribing); ensuring that the certified EHR
technology is connected in a manner that provides for the electronic
exchange of health information to improve the quality of care; and that
in using certified EHR technology the provider must submit to the Secretary
of Health & Human Services (HHS) information on quality of care and other measures.
How its conducted:
As in order to encourage widespread EHR adoption, promote innovation and to avoid
imposing excessive burden on healthcare providers, meaningful use was showcased
as a phased approach, which is divided into three stages which span 2011
(data capture and sharing), 2013 (advanced clinical processes) and 2015
(improved outcomes). The incentive payments range from $44,000 over 5 years
for the Medicare providers and $63,750 over 6 years for Medicaid providers
(starting in 2011). Participation in the CMS EHR incentive program is totally
voluntary, however if EPs or EHs fail to join in by 2015, there will be negative
adjustments to their Medicare/Medicaid fees starting at 1% reduction and escalating
to 3% reduction by 2017 and beyond.
The CDC currently offers several types of technical assistance to state and
local health departments related to Meaningful Use, including:
->Meaningful Use Public Health Technical Assistance Team - To request assistance
from this team, email meaningfuluse@cdc.gov with “Request for Technical Assistance”
in the Subject line.The CDC National Program of Cancer Registries provides support
and tools for cancer registries. For more info visit its official website
->The CDC Immunization Information Systems Support Branch (IISSB) provides technic.
Mention the major difference in the physical phenomena occurring rel.pdf
Mention the major difference in the physical phenomena occurring related to heat transfer in
external flow as opposed to internal flow.
Solution
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The rate ofheat
transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the systems and the properties of the intervening
medium through which the heat is transferred. The three fundamental modes of heat transfer are
conduction, convection and radiation.
On a microscopic scale, heat conduction occurs as hot, rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and
molecules interact with neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring some of their energy
(heat) to these neighboring particles. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when
adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from one atom to another.
Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid objects
in thermal contact. Fluids—especially gases—are less conductive.Thermal contact conductance
is the study of heat conduction between solid bodies in contact.
Convection
The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by
buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume),
thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called \"natural convection\". All
convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is
forced convection. In this case the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan or other
mechanical means.
Convective heat transfer, or convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the
movement of fluids, a process that is essentially the transfer of heat via mass transfer. Bulk
motion of fluid enhances heat transfer in many physical situations, such as (for example)
between a solid surface and the fluid. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in
liquids and gases.
In a body of fluid that is heated from underneath its container, conduction and convection can be
considered to compete for dominance. If heat conduction is too great, fluid moving down by
convection is heated by conduction so fast that its downward movement will be stopped due to
its buoyancy, while fluid moving up by convection is cooled by conduction so fast that its
driving buoyancy will diminish. On the other hand, if heat conduction is very low, a large
temperature gradient may be formed and convection might be very strong..
My code is not matching up with the results.The output for the cod.pdf
My code is not matching up with the results.
The output for the code should be:
>>> Test Teacher class
Teacher: Paul Tan(8 sunset way)
IM101 added.
IM102 added.
IM101 cannot be added.
IM101 removed.
IM101 removed.
IM102 removed.
IM102 cannot be removed.
Person class:
public class Person {
private String name;
private String address;
public Person(String name, String address) {
this.name = name;
this.address = address;
}
public Person(String address){
this.address = address;
}
public String getName(){
return name;
}
public String getAddress(){
return address;
}
public void setAddress(String address){
this.address = address;
}
public String toString() {
return name + \"(\" + address + \")\";
}
}
Teacher sub class
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Teacher extends Person {
private int numCourses = 0;
private ArrayList courses = new ArrayList();
public Teacher(String name, String address){
super(name,address);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return \"Teacher: \" + super.toString();
}
public boolean addCourse (String course){
for (int i = 0; i < numCourses; i++) {
if (courses.get(i).equals(course))
return false;
}
courses.add(course);
numCourses++;
return true;
}
public boolean removeCourse (String course){
boolean found = false;
int courseIndex = -1;
for (int j = 0; j < numCourses; j++) {
if (courses.get(j).equals(course)) {
courseIndex = j;
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (found) {
for (int k = courseIndex; k < numCourses-1; k++) {
courses.get(k+1);
}
numCourses--;
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
}
Person Launcer
System.out.println(\"\ \");
System.out.println(\">>> Test Teacher class\");
Teacher tch = new Teacher (\"Paul Tan\", \"8 sunset way\");
System.out.println(tch);
String[] courses = {\"IM101\", \"IM102\", \"IM101\"};
for (String course: courses) {
if (tch.addCourse(course)) {
System.out.println(course + \" added.\");
} else {
System.out.println(course + \" cannot be added.\");
}
}
for (String course: courses) {
if (tch.removeCourse(course)) {
System.out.println(course + \" removed.\");
} else {
System.out.println(course + \" cannot be removed.\");
}
}
System.out.println(\"\ \");
Solution
// edit the below method like this :
public boolean removeCourse (String course){
boolean found = false;
int courseIndex = -1;
for (int j = 0; j < numCourses; j++) {
if (courses.get(j).equals(course)) {
courseIndex = j;
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (found) {
courses.remove(course);
numCourses--;
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}.
Logical FallociesP1 All college students have pet monkeys.P2 J.pdf
Logical Fallocies
P1: All college students have pet monkeys.
P2: Janice is a college student.
C: Janice has a pet monkey.
Valid and Sound
Valid but not Sound
Not Valid, but Sound
Not Valid, Not Sound.
The answer Valid and Sound was found the be the wrong answer. Please give correct answer.
and reason why.
Solution
Based on the premise that all college students have pet monkeys , as Janice is a college student,
must have a pet monkey is valid , but it is unlikely , so the correct answer is VALID BUT NOT
SOUND..
IP Security One problem with Internet protocol (IP) is that it has.pdf
IP Security
One problem with Internet protocol (IP) is that it has no method for confirming the authenticity
and security of data as it moves through the net. IP datagrams are typically routed between
devices over disparate networks; as a result, information within these datagrams could be
intercepted and altered. As use of the Internet for critical applications has increased, the need for
enhancements to IP security became necessary. As a result, the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) created a set of protocols called IP Security, or IPsec, to support the secure exchange of
packets over the Internet. IPsec is now a mandatory component of IPv6 and must be supported
for any IPv6 implementation. IPsec is implemented in IPv6 using the authentication header (AH)
and the encapsulating security payload (ESP) extension header.
Answer the following questions in a 3- to 4-page, APA-formatted paper:
1 What is IPsec, and why is it necessary? How is IPsec used in VPN?
2 Which network layer currently suffers from attacks, and why? At which layers of the
network stack architecture should a solution be attempted? Provide details.
3 How is IP security achieved? What is the basic authentication scheme? Which mechanisms
are used? What are some of the application venues of IPsec?
4 How is a VPN implemented on a server so that its clients can connect to it?
Remember to properly cite your sources according to APA guidelines.
Solution
IPSec
IPsec also known as IP Security.Internet Protocol Security is a framework for a set of protocols
that provide security for internet protocol. It can use cryptography to provide security. IPsec
support network level data integrity, data confidentiality. As it is integrated at the internet layer
(i.e. layer 3), it provides security for all the protocols in the TCP/IP. IPsec applied transparently
to the applications, there is no need to configure separate security for each application the uses
TCP/IP.
IPsec provides security for
IPsec provides two choices of security service: Authentication Header (AH), which essentially
allows authentication of the sender of data, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which
supports both authentication of the sender and encryption of data as well. The specific
information associated with each of these services is inserted into the packet in a header that
follows the IP packet header. Separate key protocols can be selected, such as the
ISAKMP/Oakley protocol.
IPsec is necessary for
Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the Application layer of the communications
model. IPsec is said to be especially useful for implementing virtual private networks and for
remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPsec is
that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individual user
computers. Cisco has been a leader in proposing IPsec as a standard (or combination of standards
and technologies) and has included support fo.
Genmo CorporationOn the night of February 27, 2012, certain recor.pdf
Genmo Corporation*
On the night of February 27, 2012, certain records of the Genmo Corporation were accidentally
destroyed by fire. Two days after that the principal owner had an appointment with an investor to
discuss the possible sale of the company. The owner needed as much information as could be
gathered for this purpose, recognizing that over a longer period of time a more complete
reconstruction would be possible.
On the morning of February 28, the following were available: (1) A balance sheet as of
December 31, 2010, and an income statement for 2010 (Exhibit 1) and (2) certain fragmentary
data and ratios that had been calculated from the current financial statements (Exhibit 2). The
statements themselves had been destroyed in the fire. (In ratios involving balance sheet amounts,
Genmo used yearend amounts rather than an average.) And (3) the following data (in thousands):
2011 revenues.............................................................. $10,281
Current liabilities, December 31, 2011 ......................... 2,285
EXHIBIT 1 Genmo Corporation Financial Statements
(thousands of dollars)
BALANCE SHEET
As of December 31, 2010
Assets
Current assets: Cash................................................................ $ 18
Marketable securities..................................... 494
Accounts receivable...................................... 728
Inventories...................................................... 972
Prepaid expenses........................................... 214
Total current assets..................................... 2,426
Investments……………………………………………. 898
Real estate, plant, and equipment........................... $4,727
Less: Accumulated depreciation..................... 2,433 2,294
Special tools............................................................. 171
Goodwill................................................................... 594
Total assets.............................................................. $6,383
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current liabilities: Accounts payable............................................. $ 732
Loans payable.................................................. 266
Accrued liabilities.............................................. 1,232
Total current liabilities............................. 2,230
Long-term debt.......................................................... 250
Other noncurrent liabilities......................................... 951
Total liabilities............................................................ 3,431
Shareholders’ equity: Preferred stock................................................. 25
Common stock................................................. 54
Additional paid-in capital.................................. 667
Retained earnings............................................ 2,206
Total shareholders’ equity....................... 2,952
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity.................... $6,383
Income Statement, 2010
Total revenu.
How is a cell membrane selectively permeable - what permeates and.pdf
How is a cell membrane selectively permeable - what permeates and what does not? How is a
dialysis membrane selectively permeable - what Dermeates and what does not?
Solution
The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable as it allow some substances to enter
through while limiting the passage of others. Three ways in which the cell membrane controls
the movement of substances is diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane has lipid bilayer with their hydrophobic tails facing
each other and their hydrophilic heads in the exterior and interior of the cell membrane.
With diffusion, substances such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide flow from a place of high
concentration to a place of low concentration.
In facilitated diffusion, ions and large molecules pass thru a membrane down their concentration
gradients.
Active transport require energy to power the pumps that pass substances from one side of the
membrane to the other in opposition to their concentration gradients. For example, the sodium-
potassium pump pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell using the ATP.
This dialysis membrane is selectively permeable regenerated cellulose used to illustrate the
principles of osmosis and diffusion.
Pores within the membrane allow the passage of water, most ions, and small molecules.
High molecular weight debris along with starch, polysaccharides, fats and protein are limited..
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