The document discusses women's close relationship with biodiversity and how it contributes to their survival, well-being, and empowerment. It describes how women have historically gathered plants for food, medicine, and other uses. Even today, women continue to rely on biodiversity by collecting wild foods, managing home gardens, farming, breeding livestock, and gathering medicinal plants. Their knowledge of biodiversity is extensive and plays a key role in conservation. However, factors like development are threatening women's central role in managing genetic resources and biodiversity.
The document discusses invasive species, providing examples of invasive plant species that have negatively impacted ecosystems in California. It defines invasive species as non-native species that cause harm by spreading rapidly and outcompeting native species. Some of the invasive plants discussed include iceplant, periwinkle, English/Algerian ivy, licorice plant, scarlet wisteria, various broom species, pampas grass, cotoneaster, yellow/purple starthistle, salt cedar, rush skeletonweed, white horsenettle, giant reed bamboo, barb goatgrass, perennial pepperweed, medusahead, Klamath weed, and hoary cress. Removal of invasive species is described as labor
The document summarizes the abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. Abiotic components include non-living factors like temperature, light intensity, and soil composition. Biotic components are the living plants and animals that interact with each other and their environment. These interactions include producer-consumer relationships in food chains and webs, as well as symbiotic relationships like mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and saprophytism. Succession over time transforms environments like mangrove swamps as pioneer species establish and later species move in.
Evolution is the process of change in inherited characteristics of living things over generations. All life on Earth descended from a common ancestor. Phenotypic plasticity refers to changes in an organism's traits in response to the environment, allowing them to adapt to varying conditions within their lifespan. It can provide an evolutionary advantage for immobile organisms like plants or traits influenced by predictable environmental changes. Examples of phenotypic plasticity include plants altering photosynthesis or growth in response to water stress, and gray wolves expressing different behaviors based on climate.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering, research, field projects, lobbying and education. It is best known for compiling and publishing the Red List which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN's mission is to influence societies to conserve nature and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
The document discusses various approaches to sustaining terrestrial biodiversity, including the species approach which focuses on protecting endangered species, and the ecosystem approach which aims to preserve habitats and natural areas. It also covers threats to biodiversity such as deforestation, and potential solutions like sustainable forest management, restoration of degraded lands, and reducing poverty and population growth.
Tree rings can be used to determine the age of trees and study environmental conditions in different years. Each year a tree forms a new growth ring, with wider rings indicating better growing conditions and narrower rings indicating drought or other difficulties. By matching ring patterns between trees, scientists have developed tree-ring chronologies that can date back thousands of years. The field of dendrochronology uses these ring patterns to date wood and study past climate patterns, as well as applications in archaeology, geology, and environmental science.
The document discusses invasive species, providing examples of invasive plant species that have negatively impacted ecosystems in California. It defines invasive species as non-native species that cause harm by spreading rapidly and outcompeting native species. Some of the invasive plants discussed include iceplant, periwinkle, English/Algerian ivy, licorice plant, scarlet wisteria, various broom species, pampas grass, cotoneaster, yellow/purple starthistle, salt cedar, rush skeletonweed, white horsenettle, giant reed bamboo, barb goatgrass, perennial pepperweed, medusahead, Klamath weed, and hoary cress. Removal of invasive species is described as labor
The document summarizes the abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. Abiotic components include non-living factors like temperature, light intensity, and soil composition. Biotic components are the living plants and animals that interact with each other and their environment. These interactions include producer-consumer relationships in food chains and webs, as well as symbiotic relationships like mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and saprophytism. Succession over time transforms environments like mangrove swamps as pioneer species establish and later species move in.
Evolution is the process of change in inherited characteristics of living things over generations. All life on Earth descended from a common ancestor. Phenotypic plasticity refers to changes in an organism's traits in response to the environment, allowing them to adapt to varying conditions within their lifespan. It can provide an evolutionary advantage for immobile organisms like plants or traits influenced by predictable environmental changes. Examples of phenotypic plasticity include plants altering photosynthesis or growth in response to water stress, and gray wolves expressing different behaviors based on climate.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering, research, field projects, lobbying and education. It is best known for compiling and publishing the Red List which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN's mission is to influence societies to conserve nature and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
The document discusses various approaches to sustaining terrestrial biodiversity, including the species approach which focuses on protecting endangered species, and the ecosystem approach which aims to preserve habitats and natural areas. It also covers threats to biodiversity such as deforestation, and potential solutions like sustainable forest management, restoration of degraded lands, and reducing poverty and population growth.
Tree rings can be used to determine the age of trees and study environmental conditions in different years. Each year a tree forms a new growth ring, with wider rings indicating better growing conditions and narrower rings indicating drought or other difficulties. By matching ring patterns between trees, scientists have developed tree-ring chronologies that can date back thousands of years. The field of dendrochronology uses these ring patterns to date wood and study past climate patterns, as well as applications in archaeology, geology, and environmental science.
The document discusses various strategies for biodiversity conservation, including maintaining intact landscapes, controlling threats like habitat destruction and overexploitation, and approaches such as establishing protected areas like national parks and biosphere reserves. It also covers ex situ conservation methods like cryopreservation, seed banks, botanical gardens, and cloning endangered species. The primary goals are to reverse species declines, recover threatened species, and control emerging threats to biodiversity.
Lecture about Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices, with linkage to on-going CBD programs, and a special focus on species monitoring.Many examples, needs some formatting, hope still useful!
This document discusses global biodiversity patterns and loss of biodiversity. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It notes that biodiversity is highest in tropical regions and identifies 34 global biodiversity hotspots that contain over half of the world's plant and vertebrate species on just 2.5% of land. The major threats to biodiversity are habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation, pollution, climate change, and invasive species. Deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture have destroyed much natural habitat and led to population declines and extinctions in many species. Over 38% of evaluated species are now considered threatened with extinction.
Invasive species are introduced plants, animals, and microorganisms that negatively impact native ecosystems by outcompeting local species for resources and preying upon them without natural predators to control their growth. They can be transported unintentionally through various human means of travel and trade. Invasive species proliferate rapidly, reducing biodiversity and disrupting ecosystems, economies, and societies. Simple actions like cleaning gear and draining water from boats can help limit the spread of invasive species.
Elizabeth Bryan is a Senior Research Analyst at IFPRI who conducts research on climate-smart agriculture, gender, and nutrition. She developed the Gender, Climate Change and Nutrition Integration (GCAN) framework to highlight relationships between climate change, gender, and nutrition. The framework aims to identify impact pathways and entry points for projects/policies by synthesizing evidence and assessing gaps. It illustrates how climate change differently impacts men and women based on factors like roles, assets, and decision-making power. This can then influence agriculture-nutrition pathways and overall household resilience in both positive and negative ways.
The document discusses the process of leaf litter decomposition through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Aerobic decomposition is more common in nature and occurs in the presence of oxygen. It is carried out by living organisms that use oxygen to break down leaf litter. This releases carbon dioxide and generates heat. Anaerobic decomposition occurs without oxygen and results in unpleasant odors. It is a slower process. Both pathways recycle nutrients through microbial activity and the action of soil invertebrates and fungi. The rate of decomposition depends on environmental factors like temperature, moisture, and litter quality.
The document provides an overview of conservation biology, including definitions and history. It discusses the meaning of conservation, the early history of conservation efforts dating back thousands of years, and milestones in the field such as the establishment of the first national park in the US in 1872. It also summarizes key topics within conservation biology like biological diversity, genetics, ecology, and periods of mass extinction.
This document discusses various methods for measuring biodiversity, including species richness, evenness, disparity, and genetic variability. It notes that biodiversity cannot be reduced to a single number due to the complexities of various taxonomic concepts and differences in ecosystems. While higher productivity generally correlates with greater biodiversity, preserving biodiversity poses challenges for policymakers given difficulties in comparing biodiversity across environments.
Biodiversity refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem variation within a specific area or planet. It is measured by both species richness, the number of species, and evenness, the number of individuals belonging to each species. Several factors influence biodiversity patterns, including geological history, climate, resource availability, and competition. The tropics generally have the highest species diversity due to high productivity, complex habitat structures, and survival of fragments during past climate changes. Both random processes and necessity, through competition and interaction laws, along with historical factors shape current species diversity patterns in a given location.
This document discusses factors that affect genetic variation and change in populations, including evolution, natural selection, mutations, migration, and genetic drift. It provides details on each factor and how they influence allele frequencies in a gene pool over multiple generations, leading to evolution and potentially new species. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like founder effects and bottleneck effects on small populations.
Climate change impacts on biodiversity Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
The document discusses how IUCN addresses the impacts of climate change on biodiversity through various programs. It outlines IUCN's work in conserving biodiversity at species, genetic, and ecosystem levels. It also discusses IUCN's initiatives related to climate change adaptation and mitigation like ecosystem-based adaptation and guidelines for precautionary principles. Furthermore, it mentions how climate change threatens biodiversity through habitat loss, range shifts, and impacts on life cycles and physiology. It provides examples of climate change impacts and threats to species in different parts of the world.
The IUCN Red List categorizes species based on their risk of extinction. It uses objective criteria to place species in categories ranging from least concern to extinct. By 2008, 38% of assessed species were found to be threatened with extinction. Comprehensive assessments have been conducted for many animal groups. The Red List is used to track biodiversity loss and the effectiveness of conservation efforts. However, the 2010 target of significantly reducing biodiversity loss was not on track to be met based on 2004 findings.
Direct And Indirect Drivers of BiodiversitySally Longford
A power point to practice working out whether the drivers that change biodiversity are direct or indirect, as described in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
The document discusses various threats to biological diversity, including:
1) Habitat loss and degradation from human activities like agriculture, deforestation, pollution, and climate change which drive many species to extinction.
2) Overexploitation of natural resources and overharvesting of species beyond sustainable levels.
3) Introduction of exotic invasive species which outcompete and prey upon native species, especially threatening island ecosystems. Loss of species leads to impoverished ecosystems and permanent loss of genetic diversity.
This document discusses the history and definitions of ecological niches. It describes how early researchers like Grinnell, Elton, and Gause studied niches in birds, predator-prey relationships, and species competition. Hutchinson formally defined the niche in 1959 as the activity range along every environmental dimension. The niche includes all resources and conditions needed for a species to survive and reproduce. Hutchinson modeled niches as multidimensional hypervolumes. A species' fundamental niche is the total suitable conditions without competition, while its realized niche is the portion it actually occupies.
An ecotone is a transitional area between two adjacent ecological communities. It is where two communities meet and integrate. Ecotones have characteristics that are intermediate to the bordering ecosystems and often contain species found in both as well as some uniquely adapted to the ecotone. They have high biodiversity and experience an "edge effect" of even greater diversity than the surrounding ecosystems. Ecotones are dynamic boundaries that can form naturally over time or through human impacts and serve important roles as buffers, corridors for species movement, and sensitive indicators of environmental change.
Biodiversity indicators: a quick guide to indicator developmentIIED
These slides, presented by Sarah Darrah from the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, introduce biodiversity indicator development.
In the presentation, she highlights how the nature of indicators depends on what they are being used for, and explains the Biodiversity Indicator Development Framework which has been drawn up by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership.
The presentation was given to the ‘Biodiversity mainstreaming’ workshop held in Sogakope, Ghana, from 1-3 November 2016.
More information: www.iied.org/nbsaps
Seminar 3 biosphere reserve, wildlife sanctuaries, national parksgayathrideviaj
The document discusses various methods of wildlife conservation in India, including biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and zoos. It notes that India has 18 biosphere reserves that protect larger areas than parks or sanctuaries. These reserves aim to protect flora, fauna, and human communities inhabiting the regions. There are also over 100 national parks and numerous wildlife sanctuaries across various states. The purpose of establishing these protected areas and zoos is to safeguard wild species and ecosystems from threats of habitat loss, overexploitation, and other human activities driving biodiversity decline.
Seed Fairs: Fostering Local Seed Exchange to Support Regional BiodiversitySeeds
The document summarizes ECHO Asia's experience hosting four seed fairs in different regions to promote the exchange of local seed varieties among smallholder farmers. Key components of a successful seed fair discussed include: deciding objectives in collaboration with local farmers; choosing an appropriate location, timing, and participants; collecting information on seed varieties farmers bring; and providing time for discussion, presentation of varieties, and free exchange of seed packets. The goal is to support biodiversity and farmers' access to well-adapted local crops through community seed sharing events.
Transgenic cotton seeds spread widely and rapidly through farming communities in India and Brazil outside of biosafety and bioproperty institutions. Farmers saved, cross-bred, repackaged, sold, exchanged, and planted these "stealth seeds" in an informal economy that undermined state and corporate control. In India, unapproved Bt cotton seeds were planted on thousands of hectares before regulators noticed. The government ordered the crops destroyed but farmers resisted, prioritizing their interests. This set a precedent where farmers, not regulators, control transgenic technologies through informal seed systems.
The document discusses various strategies for biodiversity conservation, including maintaining intact landscapes, controlling threats like habitat destruction and overexploitation, and approaches such as establishing protected areas like national parks and biosphere reserves. It also covers ex situ conservation methods like cryopreservation, seed banks, botanical gardens, and cloning endangered species. The primary goals are to reverse species declines, recover threatened species, and control emerging threats to biodiversity.
Lecture about Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices, with linkage to on-going CBD programs, and a special focus on species monitoring.Many examples, needs some formatting, hope still useful!
This document discusses global biodiversity patterns and loss of biodiversity. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It notes that biodiversity is highest in tropical regions and identifies 34 global biodiversity hotspots that contain over half of the world's plant and vertebrate species on just 2.5% of land. The major threats to biodiversity are habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation, pollution, climate change, and invasive species. Deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture have destroyed much natural habitat and led to population declines and extinctions in many species. Over 38% of evaluated species are now considered threatened with extinction.
Invasive species are introduced plants, animals, and microorganisms that negatively impact native ecosystems by outcompeting local species for resources and preying upon them without natural predators to control their growth. They can be transported unintentionally through various human means of travel and trade. Invasive species proliferate rapidly, reducing biodiversity and disrupting ecosystems, economies, and societies. Simple actions like cleaning gear and draining water from boats can help limit the spread of invasive species.
Elizabeth Bryan is a Senior Research Analyst at IFPRI who conducts research on climate-smart agriculture, gender, and nutrition. She developed the Gender, Climate Change and Nutrition Integration (GCAN) framework to highlight relationships between climate change, gender, and nutrition. The framework aims to identify impact pathways and entry points for projects/policies by synthesizing evidence and assessing gaps. It illustrates how climate change differently impacts men and women based on factors like roles, assets, and decision-making power. This can then influence agriculture-nutrition pathways and overall household resilience in both positive and negative ways.
The document discusses the process of leaf litter decomposition through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Aerobic decomposition is more common in nature and occurs in the presence of oxygen. It is carried out by living organisms that use oxygen to break down leaf litter. This releases carbon dioxide and generates heat. Anaerobic decomposition occurs without oxygen and results in unpleasant odors. It is a slower process. Both pathways recycle nutrients through microbial activity and the action of soil invertebrates and fungi. The rate of decomposition depends on environmental factors like temperature, moisture, and litter quality.
The document provides an overview of conservation biology, including definitions and history. It discusses the meaning of conservation, the early history of conservation efforts dating back thousands of years, and milestones in the field such as the establishment of the first national park in the US in 1872. It also summarizes key topics within conservation biology like biological diversity, genetics, ecology, and periods of mass extinction.
This document discusses various methods for measuring biodiversity, including species richness, evenness, disparity, and genetic variability. It notes that biodiversity cannot be reduced to a single number due to the complexities of various taxonomic concepts and differences in ecosystems. While higher productivity generally correlates with greater biodiversity, preserving biodiversity poses challenges for policymakers given difficulties in comparing biodiversity across environments.
Biodiversity refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem variation within a specific area or planet. It is measured by both species richness, the number of species, and evenness, the number of individuals belonging to each species. Several factors influence biodiversity patterns, including geological history, climate, resource availability, and competition. The tropics generally have the highest species diversity due to high productivity, complex habitat structures, and survival of fragments during past climate changes. Both random processes and necessity, through competition and interaction laws, along with historical factors shape current species diversity patterns in a given location.
This document discusses factors that affect genetic variation and change in populations, including evolution, natural selection, mutations, migration, and genetic drift. It provides details on each factor and how they influence allele frequencies in a gene pool over multiple generations, leading to evolution and potentially new species. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like founder effects and bottleneck effects on small populations.
Climate change impacts on biodiversity Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
The document discusses how IUCN addresses the impacts of climate change on biodiversity through various programs. It outlines IUCN's work in conserving biodiversity at species, genetic, and ecosystem levels. It also discusses IUCN's initiatives related to climate change adaptation and mitigation like ecosystem-based adaptation and guidelines for precautionary principles. Furthermore, it mentions how climate change threatens biodiversity through habitat loss, range shifts, and impacts on life cycles and physiology. It provides examples of climate change impacts and threats to species in different parts of the world.
The IUCN Red List categorizes species based on their risk of extinction. It uses objective criteria to place species in categories ranging from least concern to extinct. By 2008, 38% of assessed species were found to be threatened with extinction. Comprehensive assessments have been conducted for many animal groups. The Red List is used to track biodiversity loss and the effectiveness of conservation efforts. However, the 2010 target of significantly reducing biodiversity loss was not on track to be met based on 2004 findings.
Direct And Indirect Drivers of BiodiversitySally Longford
A power point to practice working out whether the drivers that change biodiversity are direct or indirect, as described in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
The document discusses various threats to biological diversity, including:
1) Habitat loss and degradation from human activities like agriculture, deforestation, pollution, and climate change which drive many species to extinction.
2) Overexploitation of natural resources and overharvesting of species beyond sustainable levels.
3) Introduction of exotic invasive species which outcompete and prey upon native species, especially threatening island ecosystems. Loss of species leads to impoverished ecosystems and permanent loss of genetic diversity.
This document discusses the history and definitions of ecological niches. It describes how early researchers like Grinnell, Elton, and Gause studied niches in birds, predator-prey relationships, and species competition. Hutchinson formally defined the niche in 1959 as the activity range along every environmental dimension. The niche includes all resources and conditions needed for a species to survive and reproduce. Hutchinson modeled niches as multidimensional hypervolumes. A species' fundamental niche is the total suitable conditions without competition, while its realized niche is the portion it actually occupies.
An ecotone is a transitional area between two adjacent ecological communities. It is where two communities meet and integrate. Ecotones have characteristics that are intermediate to the bordering ecosystems and often contain species found in both as well as some uniquely adapted to the ecotone. They have high biodiversity and experience an "edge effect" of even greater diversity than the surrounding ecosystems. Ecotones are dynamic boundaries that can form naturally over time or through human impacts and serve important roles as buffers, corridors for species movement, and sensitive indicators of environmental change.
Biodiversity indicators: a quick guide to indicator developmentIIED
These slides, presented by Sarah Darrah from the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, introduce biodiversity indicator development.
In the presentation, she highlights how the nature of indicators depends on what they are being used for, and explains the Biodiversity Indicator Development Framework which has been drawn up by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership.
The presentation was given to the ‘Biodiversity mainstreaming’ workshop held in Sogakope, Ghana, from 1-3 November 2016.
More information: www.iied.org/nbsaps
Seminar 3 biosphere reserve, wildlife sanctuaries, national parksgayathrideviaj
The document discusses various methods of wildlife conservation in India, including biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and zoos. It notes that India has 18 biosphere reserves that protect larger areas than parks or sanctuaries. These reserves aim to protect flora, fauna, and human communities inhabiting the regions. There are also over 100 national parks and numerous wildlife sanctuaries across various states. The purpose of establishing these protected areas and zoos is to safeguard wild species and ecosystems from threats of habitat loss, overexploitation, and other human activities driving biodiversity decline.
Seed Fairs: Fostering Local Seed Exchange to Support Regional BiodiversitySeeds
The document summarizes ECHO Asia's experience hosting four seed fairs in different regions to promote the exchange of local seed varieties among smallholder farmers. Key components of a successful seed fair discussed include: deciding objectives in collaboration with local farmers; choosing an appropriate location, timing, and participants; collecting information on seed varieties farmers bring; and providing time for discussion, presentation of varieties, and free exchange of seed packets. The goal is to support biodiversity and farmers' access to well-adapted local crops through community seed sharing events.
Transgenic cotton seeds spread widely and rapidly through farming communities in India and Brazil outside of biosafety and bioproperty institutions. Farmers saved, cross-bred, repackaged, sold, exchanged, and planted these "stealth seeds" in an informal economy that undermined state and corporate control. In India, unapproved Bt cotton seeds were planted on thousands of hectares before regulators noticed. The government ordered the crops destroyed but farmers resisted, prioritizing their interests. This set a precedent where farmers, not regulators, control transgenic technologies through informal seed systems.
This document discusses ownership of plant varieties and the introduction of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on plant varieties. It explains that IPRs on plant varieties, known as plant breeder's rights (PBRs), give the creator exclusive commercialization rights over a new variety for a specified period. India enacted the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act to recognize the contributions of farmers and breeders, and fulfill international agreements. The Act allows registration of varieties to establish PBRs, but questions remain over farmers' rights to save and exchange seeds of registered varieties.
There are two types of seeds - open pollinated and hybrid. Hybrid seeds are created by cross-pollinating varieties and are often sterile, meaning the seed cannot be saved. Open pollinated seeds have better germination rates and allow the saving of seeds without risk of unwanted crosses. Different plant families require different approaches to seed saving to avoid unwanted crosses, with many garden vegetables like tomatoes and beans being very reluctant to cross. Proper isolation distances and techniques like hand-pollination can allow seed saving within plant families at risk of crossing.
This document summarizes a speech by Dr. John Navazio debunking the myth of hybrid seeds. Some key points:
- Navazio argues that non-hybrid, open-pollinated (OP) varieties have not received enough emphasis or research compared to hybrids. He discusses the importance of preserving genetic resources and farmer participation in plant breeding.
- The speech gives examples of historic seed diversity and exchange between farmers before the rise of seed companies in the 1880s. All crops were originally "farmer varieties" selected by farmers in diverse landscapes.
- Navazio uses the example of tomatoes to show how varieties diversified rapidly from cherry tomatoes to many forms today due to farmer selection in
This document provides information on planning and developing an urban farming operation. It covers topics such as determining what to grow, choosing a growing location, sunlight requirements, water needs, soil toxicity, building healthy soil, pest control, garden layouts, and different types of garden products and structures. The introduction discusses the benefits of urban farming such as food security, community gardens, CSAs, farmers markets, food cooperatives, and green jobs in urban agriculture. Sections are also included on maintenance, financial considerations, legal issues, and appendices with additional resources. The overall document serves as a comprehensive planning and reference guide for starting an urban garden.
Insects play a crucial role in ecosystems by pollinating plants, decomposing organic matter, and participating in predator-prey relationships. However, insect populations face threats from habitat loss and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect insect habitats, promote sustainable practices, and raise public awareness of insects' significance through citizen science programs. Appreciating insects' diversity and roles is important for preserving biodiversity and ecological balance.
This document discusses the importance of biodiversity and the interconnectedness of all life on Earth. It explains that humanity depends on millions of plant and animal species for basic needs like food, water, air and materials. However, human activities like habitat destruction are causing biodiversity loss at an alarming rate, with over 1,000 species already extinct and many more threatened. Small organisms like bacteria, fungi and insects play vital roles in ecosystems by decomposing waste, recycling nutrients, controlling pests and more. The document urges protecting biodiversity for the health of the environment and humanity.
The document discusses several threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss and destruction from human activity and population growth, alterations in ecosystem composition such as loss of species, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation of species, pollution and contamination, and climate change. These threats can lead to loss of species, populations, and ecosystems. The document also discusses the importance of biodiversity, including its intrinsic value, role in providing goods like food and shelter for humans, importance for ecosystem services like water purification and soil fertility, role in medical research, importance for productivity of natural and agricultural systems, and role in evolution through genetic diversity.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity. It is highest near the equator, especially in tropical rainforests and coral reefs. Biodiversity exists at the ecosystem, species, and genetic levels. There are an estimated 3-50 million species currently living, though only 1.4 million have been identified and named. Biodiversity is important for ecological functions like nutrient cycling, soil formation, and pollination that support human life. It also provides consumptive benefits like food and medicine, with many drugs derived from natural compounds. Loss of biodiversity could undermine ecosystem services and the life-sustaining benefits that people derive from nature.
This document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of plant and animal species on Earth, as well as the ecosystems they inhabit. It notes that scientists have identified over 10 million species so far. Biodiversity underlies important services like food production and medicine. The document also discusses genetic diversity within species, species diversity among ecosystems, and ecological diversity of habitats. It outlines benefits of biodiversity and major threats like climate change, deforestation, overexploitation, invasive species, and pollution.
Foraging for medicinal plants and food.pdfShimaliPerera1
Native species that thrive and reproduce naturally in their natural habitat without being cultivated are referred to as wild edible plants (WEPs). Since the beginning of time, people have been gathering WEPs, and they are now a staple of the human diet and conventional food systems. When food crops are few, WEPs continue to be crucial for maintaining food security and sovereignty, as well as having the potential to improve the well-being of disadvantaged households. Efforts to strengthen local market players and close the gap between consumers and producers, which would lessen the need for globally synchronized value chains, might also be centered on WEPs. https://www.digistore24.com/redir/391226/AFFILIATE/CAMPAIGN
This document discusses conservation of biological diversity or biodiversity. It defines biodiversity as all the living organisms on Earth, from microorganisms to plants and animals. Biodiversity exists at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. The origin of life on Earth began over 4 billion years ago. Factors that affect biodiversity include climate change, global warming, pollution, deforestation, food production practices, and human conflicts. Biodiversity provides many benefits and ecosystem services including food, medicines, materials, and ecological functions. It is important for resistance to catastrophes and each species depends on other species for survival in balanced ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity could destabilize ecosystems and agriculture. Some species now in danger of
This document provides an overview of a course on biodiversity conservation. The course aims to provide students with knowledge of basic biodiversity concepts and for students to be able to identify biodiversity resources and challenges, describe ecological functions, and design conservation solutions. The document outlines the expected learning outcomes, course content including definitions and descriptions of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, and conservation methods. It also lists the instructional materials, assessment methods and recommended reference materials for the course.
Small-scale farming in Latin America and the Caribbean faces pressures from large-scale mono-cropping and global markets. The document examines the struggles and successes of small farmers in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Jamaica through a review of literature on traditional farming practices. These practices better sustain the environment and local communities through crop diversity, agroforestry, and maintaining local knowledge compared to industrial agriculture. While small farmers face challenges, their innovative methods allow them to survive on small plots of land through practices that conserve resources and reduce pests without chemicals.
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. This can refer to genetic variation, species variation, or ecosystem variation. Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region".
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within ecosystems, and ecosystem diversity within regions. Australia has exceptionally high biodiversity due to its long isolation, with over 80% of plant and animal species being endemic. Biodiversity is vital for human well-being by providing resources, ecosystem services like clean air and water, economic benefits, and cultural/spiritual importance, but it is severely threatened by human activities such as habitat loss and climate change. Protecting biodiversity also protects human health by maintaining food and medicine sources and ecosystem functions.
Here are a few key points about stable phenotypic traits resulting from RNA silencing:
- Phenotypic traits caused by RNA silencing must be stably transmitted from one generation to the next to be useful for agricultural purposes.
- Early work suppressing flower color using antisense or sense transgenes did not always produce uniform, stable results, raising doubts about the technology.
- Phenotypic results from RNA interference (RNAi) induced silencing proved more effective and stable than antisense or sense techniques, as it avoids the step of double-stranded RNA synthesis by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR).
- Prolonged inheritance studies of RNA silencing transgenic lines are ongoing to further evaluate stability of phenotypes across multiple generations
Identification, domestication and conservation of plants used in managing rum...Premier Publishers
Field studies were conducted to investigate the medicinal plants through identification, collection and domestication of plants in Southwestern, Nigeria.
Semi-structured Questionnaires, personal interview, group consensus and review of available records showed that 52 botanicals belonging to 29 families were used in treating different ailments affecting ruminant animals in the study area. It was observed that 22 of the botanicals were described as being abundant. Eight out of all the botanicals were endangered and domesticated. The initial growth of the domesticated plants shows that the plants have relatively slow growth of survival, thus conservation measures were proposed. Various sources at which the identified plants could be derived were ranging from forest area, common area, household farm, household area while some were purchased. The type of plants found in a location is dependent on the geographical location. Thus, 38.9 % of the plants species were found at the primary source and this form the highest among the various sources. It was also discovered that the medicinal plants were used for other purposes such as erosion control, shade, wind breaker, boundary demarcation, animal fodder among others.
Wildlife plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of our ecosystems. Each species, no matter how big or small, contributes to the intricate web of life.
The document discusses the threat to seed diversity from industrial agriculture and corporate control. It notes that only 150 of 80,000 edible plant species are cultivated, and just eight traded globally, leading to irreversible loss of seed varieties. Industrial agriculture prioritizes high yields but at the cost of biodiversity reduction. As a result, genetic diversity of domesticated plants is being destroyed at an unprecedented rate, threatening the future of seed, farmers, and global food security.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of organisms in a given area and includes genetic diversity within and between species as well as ecosystem diversity. While about 1.7 million species are currently known to science, the actual number is estimated to be over 10 million. Biodiversity is important for ecosystem stability and sustainability as species are interconnected through food webs and the loss of one species can impact others. It also provides benefits like medicines, industrial and agricultural materials, and is valued for ethical, aesthetic, and recreational reasons.
This document provides lesson plans from the Rise Up Against Climate Change initiative of the Inter-American Development Bank. The lesson plans cover the topic of "You Are What You Eat" and include basic, intermediate, and advanced plans on issues related to food systems, agriculture, nutrition, and climate change. The plans were developed by five authors and are meant to educate children and youth on sustainable strategies for food production and consumption.
Similar to Women and Biodiversity: The Core of Existence (20)
In the midst of the toxic atmosphere of Watts, seeds are sprouting, organic gardens are thriving, young people are discovering a vocation, and healthy, whole foods are becoming part of everyday life.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
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Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Women and Biodiversity: The Core of Existence
1. Women and biodiversity:
III.
the core of existence
“Biodiversity to me is made up of the things and
conditions that maintain the balance that we have
lived with for centuries. It includes the animals, plants,
rocks, rivers and spirits. The diversity of lifestyles and
patterns of land use make biodiversity a vibrant and
living thing for us.”
Malvila Vanninayakae from Sri Lanka (UNEP/IT, 1999)
The present chapter delves into the relationship that women have
with biodiversity, highlighting its contributions to women’s survival,
well-being and empowerment; the ways women make use of it;
their knowledge, perspectives and visions; and their roles in conservation
and management. The chapter concludes by touching upon some entry
points for policies.
Box 12: What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity may be the basis of human well-being but human habits threaten
to deplete it. Its definition is broad, spanning diversity between ecosystems
and species, and also within species (genetic diversity). Agrobiodiversity
encompasses all components of biological diversity of relevance to food,
agriculture and the sustainability of agro-ecosystems.
According to the UNEP Global Environment Outlook, the Earth supports
almost 100 different types of ecosystem. Among these, the richest arrays of
species are found in coral reefs and tropical forests, which cover less than 10
per cent of the Earth’s surface. Worldwide, there are an estimated 4 million
species, of which some 1.75 million have been described. But the total of the
Earth’s diversity has not yet been fully recorded.
30
2. 31
Box 12: Continued
These living organisms contribute to a wide variety of environmental services,
including regulation of the hydrological cycle and climate, protection of
coastal zones, generation and conservation of fertile soils, pollination and
breakdown of wastes. Species diversity buffers ecosystems against the effects
of human change, with biodiversity ensuring local and global food security,
providing the genetic basis for most food crops and increasing genetic
resistance, obtained from wild varieties, to diseases.
Human health also depends directly on biodiversity, given that some 75
per cent of the world’s population relies for their health care on traditional
medicines derived directly from natural resources. Traditional medicine
systems, such as Ayurveda in India, are based on pure plant extracts.
Biodiversity is particularly crucial for people living in poverty, who directly
depend on its services for their survival and livelihoods. Many people,
including those in indigenous communities, also draw cultural and spiritual
values from it.
Unfortunately, the loss of biodiversity is accelerating at an unprecedented
rate. According to the World Conservation Union’s 2002 Red List of
Threatened Species, over 11,167 species face extinction. The most important
drivers of biodiversity loss are unsustainable production and consumption,
inequities in distribution of wealth and resources, demographic
developments, international conflict, and international trade and agricultural
policies. These result in land conversion, climate change, pollution,
atmospheric nitrogen deposition and unsustainable harvesting of natural
resources. As ecosystems falter, threats to food and water security, health care
and economies grow.
To begin to understand these problems and frame alternatives to address
them, the millennium ecosystem assessment, a major international
collaborative effort, is working on mapping the health of the planet. It seeks
to provide an integrated assessment of the consequences of ecosystem
change for human well-being and to analyse policy options.
Source: UNEP, 2002; UNDP et al., 2000; www.millenniumassessment.org
3. Valuing and using biodiversity
“Biodiversity is the very core of our existence within our communities.
You cannot say how many dollars this is worth because it is our culture
and our survival. In this context biodiversity is invaluable … We value
our surroundings as our identity, as who we are and our inheritance
that is given to us … Our environment is many things, a classroom, a
pharmacy, and a supermarket.”
Ruth Lilongula, Solomon Islands (UNEP/IT, 1999, p.162)
For many women, biodiversity is the cornerstone of their work, their belief
systems and their basic survival. Apart from the ecological services that
biodiversity provides, there is the collection and use of natural resources.
For indigenous and local communities in particular, direct links with the
land are fundamental, and obligations to maintain these form the core of
individual and group identity.
These relationships extend far back into human history, when division of
responsibilities by gender began. Scientists have discovered that already
in the early Stone Age (15,000-9,000 B.C.), women’s roles and tasks in
hunter-gatherer communities were explicitly linked to biodiversity, with
the natural environment in essence determining their status and well-being.
For example, Owen (1998) describes women collecting and
conserving edible plants that contributed 50 to 70 per cent of dietary
requirements.
Today, women continue to gather firewood and other bush products for
food, medicine, paint and house-building. Wild food enhances food
security in many communities during unfavourable situations such as
famine, conflicts, and epidemics (Kenyatta and Henderson, 2001). Poor
women and children especially may collect grasshoppers, larvae, eggs
and birds’ nests, with older women frequently delegating their
4. responsibilities to the younger women in the household (Van Est, 1997).
In Burkina Faso, for example, rural women depend on the fruits, leaves
and roots of native plants such as the baobab (Adansonia digitata), red (or
Jamaican) sorrel leaves (Hibiscus sabdarifa), kapok leaves (Ceiba
pentandra) and tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.) to feed their
families, supplementing agricultural grains such as millet and sorghum.
Over 800 species of edible wild plants have been catalogued across the
Sahel alone (Easton and Ronald, 2000).
Women also take charge of many agricultural activities. After men have
cleared the land, women sow, weed, hoe and bind the stalks. On their
own plots, they manage home gardens, growing a wide variety of
vegetables, relishes and condiments. Research on 60 home gardens in
Thailand, for example, revealed 230 different species, many of which had
been rescued from a neighbouring forest before it was cleared
(www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/Women/Biodiv-e.htm). In many regions, up to 90
per cent of the planting material of the poorest farming communities may
be derived from the seeds and germ plasm that the communities produce,
select and save themselves.
Women farmers have in fact been largely responsible for the improvement
and adaptation of many plant varieties. In the Kalasin region of northern
Thailand, women manage the interface between wild and domesticated
species of edible plants. They have not only brought new species of wild
plants under cultivation in recent years, they have also spurred their
communities to carefully regulate collection rights in the face of
increasing commercialization (Easton and Ronald, 2000). Through the
multivariate process of seed selection, they choose certain desirable plant
characteristics and decide on the quantity and variety to be saved as well
as the method of preservation. The moment that the crops begin to flower,
women begin observing the plants, and later harvest seeds based on their
size, grain formation and resistance to pests and insects.
33
5. Box 13: Guatemalan women conserve the genetic resources of maize
Huehuetenango Department in Guatemala is considered to be the place where
maize first grew and it is still a primary dietary staple there today. In 1993, the
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization carried out a study in 31
municipalities across the Department, discovering that women are key to the
conservation of the crop’s genetic resources.
Women determine the seed-selection process, separating what is to be sown and
what is used as food, and are in charge of shelling the grain from the cobs
selected for seed for the following crop cycle. This manual harvest technique
serves as a form of artificial selection which allows them to maintain the
characteristics of local varieties as well as giving them the opportunity to
recognize and propagate attractive mutations or new hybrids.
A combination of social, cultural and environmental factors, however, is now
eroding the central role of women as resource decision makers. The result could
be an erosion of genetic diversity, and a threat to food security.
Source: FAO and IPGRI, 2002
Around the world, women usually oversee small household livestock and
sometimes even cattle, including choosing and breeding for preferred
traits based on local conditions, such as available feeds and resistance to
disease. In south-east Mexico, women keep as many as nine breeds of
local hens, as well as local breeds of turkey, ducks and broilers in their
solares (back gardens). In selecting the best breeds, they consider 11
separate characteristics and can easily distinguish the breeds and species
based on each of these (Anderson et al., 1999). Also, diversity of livestock
and cattle is often linked to diversity of vegetation.
Another women’s task tied closely to biodiversity is the collection of
medicinal plants, which may be used for curing ailments while also
serving as fodder and fuel or even as manure and pesticide. Women often
gather medicinal plants along road banks and fences because so many
have access to only the most marginal land. Yet their knowledge is
immense, because community well-being depends on it, and preservation
6. of this knowledge is crucial for maintaining biodiversity. On study walks
in the Kanak valley of the province of Baluchistan in Pakistan, village
women identified 35 medicinal plants that they commonly use. In an
interview, Rehmat Khatoon, an older village woman, referred to wild
medicinal plants in the following terms: “They grow up with no masters”.
All her friends laughed because what she was really saying was that wild
medicinal plants have no husbands to boss them around or to control
them (FAO, 1997).
Plant and animal products often end up in artefacts, clothing, housing and
utensils. For example, women of the Yakutat people in the Pacific North-
West of North America were famous for the beauty and utility of their
basketry, used as drinking cups, baskets, travelling trunks, mats, floor
coverings and hats. The baskets also had a strong spiritual meaning,
serving as a bridge between the maker and her past, present and future,
as well as to her family and community (Walker, 1999).
This link between the physical and metaphysical is common in many
cultures. In parts of India, traditional practices specifically emphasize the
close ties between biodiversity conservation and spirituality. Auspicious
days are chosen to start preparing the fields, sowing the seeds or
harvesting. When heads of grain arrive at the threshing yard, women
welcome the first cartload with a puja, or ceremonial offering. As the
seeds are carried away for storage, women invoke the forces essential for
a good crop in the next growing season. And before the seeds are sown,
the women take them to the local deity and worship them. They make
seed offerings to the village goddesses, which are later collected by the
poor. Women also worship the draft animals and the farming implements
that will be used for sowing. Interestingly, these procedures are followed
only for traditional seeds, not for new high-yielding varieties (Ramprasad,
1999; Shiva, 1993).
35
7. A source of expertise
“Maori must always earn access to knowledge. If you ask and you are
not worthy you will get no reply. Only when you have demonstrated
your wisdom and your skills will you be taken to one side and the
knowledge will be passed on to you. Knowledge, like the korowai
[a Maori cloak with a hand-woven border], is sacred.”
Both men and women acquire traditional environmental knowledge,
which stems from generations living in close contact with nature (see also
case B below). It is generally socially differentiated, however, according
to gender, age, occupation, socio-economic status and religion. Gender-related
differences in terms of labour, property rights and decision-making
processes and perceptions also shape knowledge systems, so men and
women end up with varying forms of expertise. Men may know a great
deal about trees used for timber, for example, while women are
authorities on those providing fruits, medicines and fodder.
As is clear from the previous pages, women’s understanding of local
biodiversity tends to be broad, containing many unique insights into local
species and ecosystems gained from centuries of practical experience. A
study in Sierra Leone found, for example, that women could name 31 uses
of trees on fallow land and in forests while men could name only eight
(Domoto, 1994). In a sample participatory study, women hill farmers in
Dehra Dun, India provided the researchers with no less than 145 species
of forest plants that they knew and used (Shiva and Dankelman, 1992).
Highly sophisticated and dynamic, this kind of knowledge is traditionally
shared between generations. It encompasses information about locations,
movements and other factors, explaining spatial patterns and timings of
ecosystems. As women farmers and resource users constantly experiment
with plants and animals in order to improve their quality, they adapt their
36
Nancy Waretini, New Zealand
8. knowledge to multiple uses. Home gardens become small laboratories
where women try out diverse wild plants and indigenous species.
Experience and innovation result in sustainable practices to protect the
soil, water and natural vegetation, such as natural pest controls as an
alternative to agricultural chemicals.
In Kenya, researchers have found that men’s traditional knowledge is
actually declining as a result of formal schooling and emigration while
women retain not only a refined and widely shared level of general
knowledge about wild foods, crafts and medicinal plants, but are also
acquiring new – men’s – knowledge about natural resources, as roles and
duties change (Rocheleau, 1995).
37
Box 14: A gender-specific plan for the Amazon
In Jaú National Park, located in the north-eastern zone of Amazonia, the
Fundação Vitória Amazônica has developed a participatory environmental
management plan with a gender-specific angle. A socio-environmental survey
first investigated women’s and men’s understanding of conservation issues.
During a mapping process, it soon became evident that women were better
informed about how their families were using land in different locations, where
the resources were and how they were obtained. Men managed
commercialization and financial issues. The project revealed that conserving
natural resources in protected areas depends upon the active involvement of the
residents and the promotion of gender equity (IUCN, 2003).
From neglect to exploitation
Despite its value, researchers often fail to study local women’s knowledge,
automatically regarding it as insignificant. A researcher collecting germ
plasm in Southern Sudan, for example, learned only by accident about the
local plant-breeding activities of women: “We came to a village, and after
some discussion with the people, we thought we had been granted
permission to take some heads of sorghum. But on picking these, a woman
came shouting furiously after us.” It turned out the woman was responsible
for the seeds, and it was strictly forbidden to remove them before she had
made her selection (Berg, 1994, p. 75; in Zweifel, 1999).
9. At the opposite extreme, some of the current official development
approaches and intellectual property regimes actually threaten to turn
women’s local knowledge against them. There is a real danger that
indigenous knowledge will be extracted, patented and sold for the benefit
of industry and research institutions, undermining women’s autonomy
and their access to and control over vital resources. Many groups, such as
Diverse Women for Diversity, warn against such biopiracy, a danger made
even more acute by the fact that current patent systems are effectively
inaccessible to indigenous peoples.
Other forces eroding women’s knowledge and status are the large-scale
modernization of agriculture and the destruction of biodiversity, through
large-scale logging or other major projects, for example, and
biotechnology (Shiva, 1993). All these factors enhance the cycle of
exploitation, commercialization, biodiversity deprivation and poverty;
breaking it will require new knowledge built on traditional knowledge
systems, such as those related to sustainable agriculture.
Many non-governmental organizations have expressed particular
concerns over the ongoing impact of current agriculture and trade
policies, trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreements and
intellectual property rights in general on the conservation and sustainable
use of biological resources, and on the equitable sharing of benefits. For
its part, the World Parks Congress, held in Durban in September 2003,
stressed the need to address the growing problem of coercive
conservation measures, which tend to suck away local access to
environmental resources. It proposed seeking alternatives that enhance
conservation benefits beyond boundaries.
With clear calls for equity and social justice in conservation efforts now
echoing around the world, the Towards Equity Series from the World
Conservation Union (IUCN) can be a valuable guide and resource (see
case K below).
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10. Entry points for policies and development
There are several possibilities for enhancing women’s position in
biodiversity conservation, including through policy-making, research,
programmes and projects, and women’s organizations and networks.
Apart from national initiatives, international policy frameworks also offer
specific entry points.
In terms of policies, one of the objectives of Agenda 21 (UNCED, 1992)
is the recognition and promotion of “the traditional methods and the
knowledge of indigenous people and their communities, emphasizing the
particular role of women, relevant to the conservation of biological
diversity”.
In its preamble, the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) recognizes
“the vital role that women play in the conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity” and affirms “the need for the full participation of
women at all levels of policymaking and implementation for biological
diversity conservation”. In its article 1, the Convention has as its objective
the “… fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization
of genetic resources, including by access to genetic resources …”. (See
also the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and
Equitable Sharing Arising out of their Utilization, adopted at the sixth
Conference of the Parties, in 2002 (decision VI/24).)
The Convention itself focuses on an array of measures for conservation,
sustainable use and benefit-sharing. Although women’s organizations
have been advocating a gender perspective at most of the Convention’s
recent meetings of the Conference of the Parties, it has not yet been fully
mainstreamed in implementation. In fact, neither the decisions of the
Conference of the Parties nor the recommendations of the Subsidiary
Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice have taken much
account of gender’s significance. The German Technical Cooperation
BIODIV project, among other initiatives, seeks to promote greater
attention to gender in achieving the Convention’s objectives.
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11. In a speech to the Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety, a subsidiary body of the Conference of the Parties,
meeting in The Hague in 2002, Sandra Lee, Conservation Minister of
New Zealand, emphasized: “We also need to give greater recognition to
the role of women in conservation. Women have a vital role to play in
affecting community choices, as key decision makers, as important
players in economic and political processes in some societies, and
through their influence on the next generation. We need to recognize this,
and take concrete steps to build their capacity, by addressing issues of
empowerment for women in all societies and by providing them with
access to information and tools for good biodiversity management.”
Another global policy tool is Strategic Objective K.1 of the 1995 Beijing
Platform for Action, in which Governments agree to “Encourage, subject
to national legislation and consistent with the Convention on Biological
Diversity, the effective protection and use of the knowledge, innovations
and practices of women of indigenous and local communities, including
practices relating to traditional medicines, biodiversity and indigenous
technologies, and endeavour to ensure that these are respected,
maintained, promoted and preserved in an ecologically sustainable
manner, and promote their wider application with the approval and
involvement of the holders of such knowledge; in addition, safeguard the
existing intellectual property rights of these women as protected under
national and international law; work actively, where necessary, to find
additional ways and means for the effective protection and use of such
knowledge, innovations and practices, subject to national legislation and
consistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity and relevant
international law, and encourage fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovation and practices”
(paragraph 253 (c)).
Also, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable
Development calls for the enhancement of women’s participation in all
ways and at all levels relating to sustainable agriculture and food security
40
12. (paragraph 40 (f)). It says also: “Encourage and enable all stakeholders to
contribute to the implementation of the objectives of the Convention and,
in particular, recognize the specific role of youth, women and indigenous
and local communities in conserving and using biodiversity in a
sustainable way” (paragraph 44 (k)).
Further, on an ongoing basis the United Nations Forum on Forests is an
intergovernmental policy forum to promote the management,
conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests, and to
strengthen political commitment towards that end. It has recognized
women as one of several major groups partaking in a multistakeholder
dialogue. The Uganda Women Tree Planting Movement and the Green
Earth Organization of Ghana facilitate the affiliated women’s caucus.
With regard to projects and programmes, several initiatives around the
world aim to enhance women’s position in biodiversity conservation and
management. Examples include the action, research and outreach
programme Green Health, set up by the University of the Philippines at
Los Baños Institute of Biological Sciences. It has worked among women
and men in the communities of Surigao del Norte on the north-eastern tip
of Mindanao, teaching women the use of herbal plants to treat simple
ailments. The women have learned not only which plants can cure which
ailments, but also how to make herbal medicine to bring in additional
income.
Another case is the Greater Quehueche Plan Ecotourism Project,
promoted by the Ak’Tenamit Association at Rio Dulce in Guatemala.
Although tourism does not automatically benefit local women, and in
many cases steals their control over their resources, this project sets out to
offer women alternative livelihoods. The president is 25-year-old
Candelaria Coc Maas, an Indian woman descendant of the Mayan
Q’eqchí ethnic group. She comments, “Before [the project], women had
little say about anything, but now increasing attention is paid to our views
and opinions”. The project follows a gender equity process, with
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13. responsibilities and benefits equally distributed between women and
men, and 100 per cent of the project-related income goes to the
community (IUCN, 2003).
Concerted research can go a long way towards further exploration of
women’s contributions to biodiversity, chronicling its extensive impact on
their lives. Under its Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Programme, the
International Development Research Centre has devised Gender and
Biodiversity Research Guidelines based on the rationale that research
concerned with the equitable and sustainable use of biodiversity must
address the inequities between women and men associated with access to
resources and knowledge (IDRC, 1998).
In a recent publication, Women and Plants, Patricia L. Howard (2003) and
16 other experts explore gender relations in biodiversity management and
conservation, looking at the domestic arena, plant conservation, women’s
rights, gendered plant knowledge in science and society, women’s status
and welfare, and the effects of biodiversity loss. Another example is a
Peruvian-German cooperation project being carried out among four
village communities in the provinces of Ayacucho in the Andes and San
Martín in the rain forest. It takes a hands-on approach by collecting
information about biodiversity, its conservation, food security, the
community’s vision of the cosmos, and role distribution and gender
relations.
Through interviews with men and women from different age groups, the
Centro de la Mujer Peruana Flora Tristán intends to garner insights into
how knowledge about biodiversity is distributed among different groups.
Participative workshops have discussed some of the research. The project
also aims to sensitize policy-makers to gender issues and to influence the
Peruvian Strategy for Biological Diversity (BIODIV, GTZ, 2000).
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14. 43
Box 15:Workshops mobilize women on poverty and biodiversity
In 2003, recognizing women’s essential contributions to fighting poverty, the
UNEP Division of Policy Development and Law and its Regional Office for
Africa supported two workshops for West African and Central African women on
“The Crucial Role of Women in Managing Biodiversity as a Means of Poverty
Reduction”. The events formed part of a series of regional workshops on poverty
reduction, the outcomes of which will feed into the overall UNEP strategy on
poverty and the environment.
The first two workshops were held in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, and N’Djamena,
Chad, in June and July. More than 150 women participated from all walks of
life, including representatives from local communities, trade unions, and civil
society, especially national and regional women’s organizations and
cooperatives and also women’s and indigenous peoples’ advocacy groups.
Policy-makers from the national, local and community levels along with
representatives from intergovernmental organizations also attended.
Both workshops discussed the central role, especially of rural women, in
developing countries and looked at how those groups are key to the future of
the Earth’s food and livelihood security; the management of livestock; and the
conservation and sustainable use of plant and animal diversity. They noted that
despite numerous policies and legal agreements recognizing women’s
contributions, the relationship between women and agrobiological diversity has
not yet been clarified by environmental technicians, experts, policy-makers and
planners.
One important outcome was the creation of subregional networks of women on
poverty and environment in West and Central Africa. Equally significant was that
the relevant Ministers attended, ensuring that issues related to women and the
environment will rise on national agendas. Both workshops also attracted wide
media coverage, achieving a broader level of public outreach.
Source: UNEP DPDL, written communication
15. “In our area, people were eating turtles. Now I know the importance
of conserving turtles. If we eat all of them there will be no species of
turtles … I’ve educated the whole community by telling them it is not
good to eat turtles.”
Women worldwide are also organizing to make their voices heard and to
promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable management at local,
regional and international levels. Before the fifth meeting of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, held
in Nairobi in May 2000, a workshop on indigenous women and
biodiversity noted: “We live in a world where women’s voices are often
marginalized. This is especially true with respect to indigenous women’s
knowledge about the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. We
advise the Conference of the parties to ensure the full, active and equal
participation of women, specifically from indigenous and local
communities, within all elements in its programme of work.”
In 1998, to bring women’s perspectives more consistently into both local
and global forums discussing biodiversity, the international network
Diverse Women for Diversity was launched. It strives to mobilize a global
campaign of women on biological diversity, cultural diversity and food
security, and speaks out about globalization, genetic engineering and
patenting of life forms.
An older and now widely known national case is the Chipko movement
in India, made up primarily of village women who stopped commercial
logging in the 1970s by embracing trees in their community forests.
Chipko led to a re-evaluation of the country’s forest policy and a ban by
the Supreme Court of India on green felling in the Himalayas (see case C
below). The Save Our Seeds Movement, or Beej Bachao Andolan,
subsequently sprang up among local farmers in the central Himalayan
region of Garhwal (Uttaranchal). It has preserved in situ a rich variety of
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Swabra Aboud, a 16-year–old girl living in Kiunga Marine Reserve,
northern Kenya (MacDonald & Nierenberg, 2003)
16. traditional seeds, ensuring food security and the well-being of both the
people and the land. The Mahila Samakhya, an umbrella organization of
women, works on these and other development issues through women’s
welfare groups in about 250 villages.
Conclusion
This chapter has portrayed how biodiversity is essential for securing
livelihoods and reducing poverty, and how gender can determine
people’s roles in the use, conservation and management of biodiversity.
Rural women in particular have an intense interaction with natural
resources, given their heavy involvement in collecting and producing
food, fuel, medicinal remedies and necessary raw materials.
With knowledge passed down through many generations, women
frequently acquire a profound understanding of their environment and of
biodiversity in particular, yet their contributions to conservation go
unrecognized. Biodiversity loss and biopiracy now endanger their
knowledge and resources, including through the erosion of their diverse
resource base. Lack of ownership and control over land and resources
(see case A above) along with limited access to education and services,
impose major constraints.
While the Convention on Biological Diversity mentions women’s roles, its
implementation requires a greater focus on gender. Fortunately, there are
already many inspiring examples of integrating a gender perspective into
biodiversity conservation, and research is starting to gain steam. More
needs to be done to achieve the full and active participation of women in
decision-making, assure their access to services (including education) and
resources, and open the door to equal sharing of benefits. An essential first
step is better collection of gender-specific information and data, while
awareness on the potential wealth of women’s contributions should be
raised in all forums and institutions dealing with biodiversity. Above all,
conservation efforts need to draw from the principles of social justice,
equity and equality.
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17. CaseB: For indigenous peoples, conservation
begins with cultural values
By Leonor Zalabata Torres (Arhuaco people, Sierra Nevada de Santa María,
Colombia)
“To the extent that we are losing our own cultural values, we lose indigenous
women’s values. To recover our cultural values is to recover women’s values.”
As indigenous women, our relationship with biodiversity in our territories is one
where everyday activities manifest as cultural practices. These practices form our
peoples’ identity while protecting and maintaining our natural resources. They are
closely linked to the upbringing of our children and to our agricultural work, and
they are a decisive factor in sustaining human life in our own spaces, in harmony
with our traditional knowledge. They carry on our culture and the Earth itself,
guaranteeing the continued existence of indigenous peoples in the world.
Nowadays, technology has demolished many ecological borders, divided the
components of living beings into particles and is attempting to regulate all these
components. But the indigenous view is different: it is an insight into the
interconnection of all components, seeing the interrelations between them, their
surroundings and their uses. Encapsulating the unity of all beings, it emphasizes
fundamental values that are of the utmost importance for the sustainability of all
beings, humankind and the natural world.
One of the main threats to balancing biodiversity according to our traditional
knowledge are programmes planned and imposed from outside, including
conservation projects, as these do not take into account our indigenous values and
views. Indigenous peoples in the Sierra Nevada de Santa María in northern
Colombia, for example, have watched many institutions make big investments here.
But they have not achieved their goals because they have interests different from
the respectful conservation of nature, and they have not used the right methods. To
succeed, such activities have to be guided according to our own institutions, and
should also seek to promote the well-being and sustainability of indigenous
populations. This requires that we all unite our efforts, and establish a common
language, common principles and unified activities within a common spirit to
achieve the common conservation goal.
For our peoples, the different social, cultural and political roles are integrated
into dynamics that are much more in harmony with human needs. “Being a
18. woman” and “being a man”, for instance, both have their own place in our
traditions, forming integral parts of the whole. Yet men and women are also the
same, with equal respect paid to the different tasks involved in caring for
biodiversity and people.
When a girl is born, in our culture we say that the mountain laughs and the birds
cry, because her future activities include maintaining the forest and are not
connected with logging in order to sow (so her work will not feed the birds). In the
case of a boy, the opposite is said, that the mountain sheds tears and the birds
laugh, because men will partially log to cultivate when needed and, at the same
time, the food they grow will also feed the birds. These metaphors reflect the
difference in functions, but not as a kind of superiority or inferiority.
Imbalances only come with the loss of cultural values. When the outside system
penetrates, vices and contradictions bloom in indigenous communities and
peoples. To preserve biodiversity, it is essential to preserve our way of sharing our
knowledge.
19. Case C: Facing a new threat to a forest,
Chipko returns
By Biju Negi (Beej Bachao Andolan (Save our Seeds), India)
The forest of Advani in Tehri Garhwal (Uttarranchal, India) is roughly midway
between Tehri, site of the controversial Tehri Dam, and Rishikesh, where the
Ganges river spills from the Garhwal Himalayan mountains onto the plains. The
forest was one of the hotbeds of the Chipko Movement in the early 1970s, which
prompted a review of the country’s existing forest policy and a ban on green felling
in the Himalayan region. Bachchni Devi, then in her thirties, was one of the many
women from the villages around Advani who kept constant vigil in the forest,
standing guard over trees, facing the axes of the forest contractors with a quiet,
unwavering Gandhian determination, until the latter gave in and retraced their
steps.
Today, Bachchni Devi is well past 60 but her determination still shines through her
eyes. And so when the forest was threatened again three years ago, she was among
the first to rally the women and men of her village to set up a human ring of
protection around the trees. The new demons, it turned out, rose from the Tehri
dam.
The dam is still many years from completion, but already forests are being marked
and at places even cleared along the proposed route for the electricity transmission
lines from Tehri to Meerut, near Delhi, about 400 kilometres away. In a swift,
suspect move, the Power Grid Corporation of India, which is responsible for this
transmission, hired contractors to clear 80-metre-wide stretches of forest in
discontinuous patches. The people in the nearby villages could not recall a survey
being carried out to decide this route. They suspected it had been determined in
collusion with the forest contractors, because it passed through the most lushly
forested areas.
In August 2001, on the Hindu festival day of Rakhi, when sisters tie sacred threads
on the wrists of their brothers, over 100 old and young women and men, led by
Bachchni Devi, marched under a steady monsoon rain to the forest of Advani. They
all tied rakhis (sacred threads) on the trees in the forest and resolved to prevent
them from being cut. The gathering warned the Government that if a resurvey was
not conducted, it would face Chipko once again. Speaking to the crowd, Bachchni
Devi said: “We did not protect these trees so many years ago, only to see them cut
now!”
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