This document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of plant and animal species on Earth, as well as the ecosystems they inhabit. It notes that scientists have identified over 10 million species so far. Biodiversity underlies important services like food production and medicine. The document also discusses genetic diversity within species, species diversity among ecosystems, and ecological diversity of habitats. It outlines benefits of biodiversity and major threats like climate change, deforestation, overexploitation, invasive species, and pollution.

1. GROUP 2: BSN 2-B
Johanna Caruz
Michael Jammell Cerezo
Erika Duque
Polo Gabriel Galang
Reyna Labasan

2. WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
Biodiversity is the sum of all
the different species of
animals, plants, fungi and
microbial organisms living on
Earth and the variety of
habitats in which they live.
Scientists estimate that more
than 10 million different
species inhabit Earth.

3. Biodiversity underlies everything from food
production to medical research. Humans use at
least 40,000 species of plants and animals on a daily
basis. Many people around the world still depend
on wild species for some or all of their food, shelter
and clothing. All our domesticated plants and
animals came from wild living ancestral species. In
addition, almost 40 percent of the pharmaceuticals
used in the United States either are based on or are
synthesized from natural compounds found in
plants, animals or microorganisms.
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?

4. The array of living organisms found in a
particular environment combined with the
physical and environmental factors that affect
them is an ecosystem. Healthy ecosystems are
vital to life; they regulate many of the chemical
and climatic systems that make available clean
air, clean water and plentiful oxygen.
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?

5. BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity plays an important role in the way
ecosystems function and in the services they provide. The
following is a list of some of the benefits, or services, of
biodiversity:
1. Provisioning services such as food, clean water, timber,
fiber and genetic resources
2. Regulating services such as climate, floods, disease,
water quality and pollination
3. Cultural services such as recreational, aesthetic and
spiritual benefits
4. Supporting services such as soil formation and nutrient
cycling

6. 3 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
Genetic Diversity
Diversity of genes within a species.
Species Diversity
Diversity among species in an
ecosystem.
Ecological Diversity
Diversity of a habitat in a given unit
of area.

7. Every species on Earth is related to every other
species through genetic connections. The more
closely related any two species are, the more
genetic information they will share, and the more
similar they will appear. An organism’s closest
relatives are members of its own species, or
organisms with which it has the potential to mate
and produce offspring. Members of a species share
genes, the bits of biochemical information that
determine, in part, how the animals look, behave
and live.
Genetic Diversity

8. Species Diversity
Species diversity is the variety of species
within a habitat or a region. Species are the
basic units of biological classification and thus
the normal measure of biological diversity.
Species richness is the term that describes
the number of different species in a given
area. The world total is estimated at five to 10
million species, though only 1.75 million have
been named scientifically so far.

9. Ecological diversity is the intricate network of
different species present in local ecosystems and
the dynamic interplay between them. An
ecosystem consists of organisms from many
different species living together in a region and
their connections through the flow of energy,
nutrients and matter. Those connections occur
as the organisms of different species interact
with one another.
Ecological Diversity

10. The ultimate source of energy in almost every
ecosystem is the sun. The sun’s radiant energy is
converted to chemical energy by plants. That energy
flows through the systems when animals eat the plants
and then are eaten, in turn, by other animals. Fungi
derive energy by decomposing organisms, which
releases nutrients back into the soil.
Thus, an ecosystem is a collection of living
components (microbes, plants, animals and fungi) and
nonliving components (climate and chemicals) that are
connected by energy flow. Measuring ecological
diversity is difficult because each of Earth’s ecosystems
merges into the ecosystems around it.
Ecological Diversity

11. 4 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
 Forest Ecosystem
 Grassland Ecosystem
 Desert Ecosystem
 Aquatic Ecosystem

12. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
At the most fundamental level, biodiversity is important to
human beings because it is the source of our food, shelter,
medicine and clothes. It is the life support system of all living
beings.
1. Supports food security, dietary health and livelihood
sustainability.
2. Provides important resources for medical research
(traditional and modern medicine)
3. Plays a role in the regulation and control of infectious
diseases.
4. Essential for climate change adaptation.
5. Has social, cultural, and spiritual importance with
communities.

13. 5 MAJOR THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY
There are different factors that negatively
affecting biodiversity. The effects vary, with
some affecting only up to organismal level,
while some may affects a whole ecosystem.
1. Climate Change
2. Deforestation and Habitat Loss
3. Overexploitation
4. Invasive Species
5. Pollution

14. CLIMATE CHANGE
Changes in climate throughout our planet's history
have, of course, altered life on Earth in the long run —
ecosystems have come and gone and species routinely go
extinct.
But rapid, manmade climate change speeds up the
process, without affording ecosystems and species the
time to adapt. For example, rising ocean temperatures and
diminishing Arctic sea ice affects marine biodiversity and
can shift vegetation zones, having global implications.
Overall, climate is a major factor in the distribution of
species across the globe; climate change forces them to
adjust. But many are not able to cope, causing them to die
out.

15. DEFORESTATION AND
HABITAT LOSS
Deforestation is a direct cause of extinction and
loss of biodiversity. An estimated 18 million acres
of forest are lost each year, due in part to logging
and other human practices, destroying the
ecosystems on which many species depend.
Tropical rainforests in particular, such as
the Amazon, hold a high percentage of the world's
known species, yet the regions themselves are in
decline due to humans.

16. OVEREXPLOITATION
Overhunting, overfishing and over-harvesting
contribute greatly to the loss of biodiversity, killing
off numerous species over the past several
hundred years.
Poaching and other forms of hunting for profit
increase the risk of extinction; the extinction of an
apex predator — or, a predator at the top of a food
chain — can result in catastrophic
consequences for ecosystems.

17. INVASIVE SPECIES
The introduction of non-native species
into an ecosystem can threaten endemic
wildlife (either as predators or competing
for resources), affect human health and
upset economies.

18. From the burning of fossil fuels (releasing
dangerous chemicals into the atmosphere and, in some
cases, depleting ozone levels) to dumping 19 billion
pounds of plastic into the ocean every year, pollution
completely disrupts the Earth's ecosystems. While it
may not necessarily cause extinction, pollutants do
have the potential to influents species' habits.
For example, acid rain, which is typically caused by
the burning of fossil fuels, can acidify smaller bodies of
water and soil, negatively affecting the species that live
there by changing breeding and feeding habits.
POLLUTION