Lecture about Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices, with linkage to on-going CBD programs, and a special focus on species monitoring.Many examples, needs some formatting, hope still useful!
Lecture about Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices, with linkage to on-going CBD programs, and a special focus on species monitoring.Many examples, needs some formatting, hope still useful!
threats to biodiversity, conservation of aquatic biodiversity, conservation of terrestrial biodiversity, what is biodiversity, biodiversity of India, conservation of biodiversity
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity – biogeographical classification of India – value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values – Biodiversity at global, national and local levels – India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity – threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN
United for Life and Livelihoods
Red List of Threatened Species
Red Data Book
global extinction risk status
Extinct (EX)
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
ENDANGERED (EN)
VULNERABLE (VU)
NEAR THREATENED (NT)
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
threats to biodiversity, conservation of aquatic biodiversity, conservation of terrestrial biodiversity, what is biodiversity, biodiversity of India, conservation of biodiversity
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity – biogeographical classification of India – value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values – Biodiversity at global, national and local levels – India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity – threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN
United for Life and Livelihoods
Red List of Threatened Species
Red Data Book
global extinction risk status
Extinct (EX)
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
ENDANGERED (EN)
VULNERABLE (VU)
NEAR THREATENED (NT)
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
The Patterns of Loss of Biodiversity: Red List, Red Data Book, and Green BookAnkitRaj274827
Title: The Patterns of Loss of Biodiversity: Red List, Red Data Book, and Green Book
Slide 1: Introduction
Welcome to our presentation on the critical issue of biodiversity loss and the tools used to assess and mitigate it.
Today, we'll delve into the patterns of biodiversity decline and explore three key resources: the Red List, Red Data Book, and Green Book.
Slide 2: Understanding Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity loss refers to the decline in the variety and abundance of life on Earth, from genes to ecosystems.
Human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of resources are driving this crisis.
Slide 3: The Red List
The Red List, maintained by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is a comprehensive inventory of the conservation status of species worldwide.
It categorizes species into different threat levels, from Least Concern to Extinct, based on rigorous scientific assessments.
Slide 4: Categories of the Red List
The Red List classifies species into several categories, including Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, and Data Deficient.
Each category indicates the level of risk a species faces of extinction in the wild.
Slide 5: The Red Data Book
The Red Data Book is a similar resource used by many countries to document endangered and rare species within their borders.
It provides valuable information for conservation planning and policymaking at regional and national levels.
Slide 6: Examples of Species in the Red Data Book
Highlight specific examples of species listed in Red Data Books around the world, showcasing the diversity of taxa facing extinction risk.
This can include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates, and plants.
Slide 7: The Green Book
In contrast to the Red List and Red Data Book, the Green Book focuses on success stories and conservation achievements.
It highlights efforts to recover and conserve species and ecosystems, providing inspiration and guidance for conservation actions.
Slide 8: Conservation Strategies
Discuss conservation strategies and initiatives aimed at reversing biodiversity loss, including habitat restoration, protected area management, species reintroduction, and community-based conservation efforts.
Slide 9: The Role of Policy and Legislation
Explore the importance of policies and legislation in conserving biodiversity, including international agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and national laws protecting threatened species and habitats.
Slide 10: Challenges and Future Directions
Address the challenges facing biodiversity conservation, such as inadequate funding, lack of political will, and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration.
Discuss future directions for conservation efforts, emphasizing the urgency of action to halt biodiversity loss and restore ecosystems.
Slide 11: Case Studies and Success Stories
IUCN: Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCNVarsha Rani Jha
This PPT is for Students of Post Graduation Second semester. This Video contains Information about Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCN. How IUCN made , What are the Agreement that IUCN Signed for Conservation of Biodiversity. The Conferenses organized in IUCN, About members of IUCN.
The Designation & Management of Threatened Species: is there any point?Mario Balzan
The management of threatened species is an important practical way in which conservationists can intervene with extinction process and reduce the loss of biodiversity by ensuring some (high) probability of long-term species survival (Young, 1994; Norris, 2004). Though maintaining the whole ecosystem is often the target of conservationists, if a population is severely threatened this may not be sufficient. A more direct population management may be required (Hunter, 1996). To conserve such rare species there is a critical need to assess the impacts of threats on the long term survival of an individual population. This requires detailed information about the biology of the species concerned, the habitat it prefers, and the factors that might affect both of these (Root, 1998). Natural resource agencies worldwide develop species recovery plans that specify threats, propose targets required for recovery, and evaluate the extent to which habitat alteration and restoration may influence species decline and recovery (Good et al. 2003)
The discussion of the following slides are mainly focused on the introduction of threatened and endangered fish species.
The biodiversity committees are also been discussed.
A list of endangered and threatened species of fish is also given.
Extinction of Species , Conservation of Species , Project tigerNavdeep Singh
The slide includes various topics such as Extinction of Species , Conservation of Species , Project tiger, Impotrance of wildlife, wildlife protection act 1972 introduction etc.
In December 2014, the conservation status of 150 species of plants and animals in Queensland was amended.
This article aims to show why these species were re-classified seemingly without warning and provides
background to the process of listing species as threatened in Queensland.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
3. Cont….
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened S
pecies™ (or The IUCN
• Red List) has a long established histo
ry as the world’s mostcomprehensive i
nformation source on the global conse
rvation
status of plant and animal species
4. Cont…
It is based on an objective
system of assessing the risk of extin
ction for a species.
Species listed as Critically Endangere
d, Endangered or Vulnerable are colle
ctively described as ‘threatened’.
5.
6. Red List Categories
• Extinct or Extinct in the Wild
• Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnera
ble: species threatened with global extinction
• Near Threatened: species close to the threaten
ed thresholds or would be threatened without on
going conservation measures
• Least Concern: species evaluated with a low risk
of extinction
• Data Deficient: no evaluation because of insuffi
cient data
7. Cont…
• By 2008, 44,837 species have been as
sessed and 38% have been classifi ed
as threatened.
• Comprehensive assessments of
every known species of mammal, bird,
amphibian, shark, reef building
coral, cycad and conifer have been con
ducted.
8. Crisis? What Crisis?
The world has recognized that biodiversity
is continuing at unacceptable levels
In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable
Development agreed the following target:
TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE RATE
OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS BY 2010
9. To achieve the 2010 Target we ne
ed to know:
• What is the overall status of biodiversi
ty?
• At what rate is biodiversity being lost?
• Where is biodiversity being lost?
• What are the causes of decline and loss
of biodiversity?
www.iucnredlist.org
10. IUCN Red List – 2008 Update
• 2008 assessment includes 44,838 species
• 869 (2%) are extinct or extinct in the wild
• 16,928 (38%) are threatened with extinction
– 3,246 critically endangered
– 4,770 endangered
– 8,912 vulnerable
– 5,570 have insufficient info to determine their status (data deficient)
– Underestimates the true number of extinctions
– Rates of extinctions 100 to 1,000 times natural background extinction r
ates
12. Is the 2010 Target being
achieved?
The findings of the 2004 IUCN Red Lis
t indicate very little progress so far, ex
cept at the local level
13. USES AND APPLICATIONS
• A multitude of uses
• The IUCN Red List can help answer m
any important questions including:
• What is the overall status of biodive
rsity, and how is it changing over time
?
• How does the status of biodiversity
vary between regions, countries and s
ub national areas?
14. Cont…
• Where is biodiversity being lost most
• rapidly?
• What are the main causes of the dec
line and loss of biodiversity?
• What is the effectiveness and impac
t of conservation activities
• What is the rate at which biodiversit
y is being lost?
15. Cont…
SOURCE:
THE IUCN RED LIST:A KEY CONSER
VATION TOOL
Jean-Christophe Vié, Craig Hilton-Tayl
or, Caroline Pollock, James Ragle, Jan
e Smart,Simon Stuart and Rashila To
ng.
For more information: www.iucn.org
/redlist/, www.iucn.org