Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. This can refer to genetic variation, species variation, or ecosystem variation. Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region".
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within biological communities, and ecosystem diversity within biospheres. It increases ecosystem stability and health. There are three components of biodiversity: genetic diversity within populations, species diversity between different types of organisms in a community, and ecosystem diversity between different habitat types. Maintaining biodiversity has direct economic benefits for humans through food, medicine, and other resources, as well as indirect benefits by supporting ecosystem services like oxygen production and water cycling. However, biodiversity is declining rapidly due to threats like overexploitation, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.
This document discusses human impact on biodiversity. It begins with defining biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It then outlines threats to biodiversity from habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. The document emphasizes that biodiversity provides many benefits to humans through resources like food and medicine, as well as ecological functions. However, biodiversity loss is now occurring rapidly due to human activities. Conservation efforts are needed to protect biodiversity through both on-site and off-site methods.
There are three levels of biodiversity: genetic diversity which refers to genetic variation within and between species; species diversity which refers to the variety of species and individuals within each species; and ecosystem diversity which refers to the variety of habitats and ecological processes. Loss of biodiversity is caused by habitat destruction, introduced species, overexploitation, pollution, climatic change, and industrial agriculture and forestry. Decreased natural environments can impact inspiration, recreation, education, tourism, biodiversity, endangered species, greenhouse gas emissions, air and water quality, soil health, food supply, and indigenous populations. Valuable resources for medicine, food, and economic benefit could also be lost.
BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGYAkshay Goyal
Biodiversity reflects the variety of living organisms and how they interact in ecosystems. It is declining rapidly due to human activities like habitat loss, pollution, and overexploitation of resources. This biodiversity loss negatively impacts human well-being by reducing food security, water quality, and resilience to natural disasters. Four scenarios for the future were explored that consider different levels of globalization and approaches to environmental management. All scenarios found that biodiversity will continue declining due to expanding agriculture and shrinking forests. Protected areas and market-based conservation efforts can help slow this loss if carefully implemented.
Despite the numerous benefits and advantages gotten from biodiversity, it is under serious threat as a result of human activities. The main dangers worldwide are population growth and resource consumption, climate change and global warming, habitat conversion and urbanization, invasive alien species, over-exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems. It is essential because of the complex interdependence between all living things. While scientists have identified over 2 million species, many more remain unknown. Biodiversity provides intrinsic value as well as utilitarian value through goods, services, and information like oxygen, food, clean water, medicine, and aesthetics. However, biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate due to threats like habitat destruction, pollution, species introductions, climate change, and exploitation, raising concerns about its conservation.
The document discusses biodiversity from several perspectives:
- It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
- Biodiversity is the result of billions of years of evolution but is now seriously threatened by human activities like habitat loss and climate change.
- Maintaining biodiversity is important for ecological, economic, and moral reasons, and countries have legal obligations to protect biodiversity.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within biological communities, and ecosystem diversity within biospheres. It increases ecosystem stability and health. There are three components of biodiversity: genetic diversity within populations, species diversity between different types of organisms in a community, and ecosystem diversity between different habitat types. Maintaining biodiversity has direct economic benefits for humans through food, medicine, and other resources, as well as indirect benefits by supporting ecosystem services like oxygen production and water cycling. However, biodiversity is declining rapidly due to threats like overexploitation, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.
This document discusses human impact on biodiversity. It begins with defining biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It then outlines threats to biodiversity from habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. The document emphasizes that biodiversity provides many benefits to humans through resources like food and medicine, as well as ecological functions. However, biodiversity loss is now occurring rapidly due to human activities. Conservation efforts are needed to protect biodiversity through both on-site and off-site methods.
There are three levels of biodiversity: genetic diversity which refers to genetic variation within and between species; species diversity which refers to the variety of species and individuals within each species; and ecosystem diversity which refers to the variety of habitats and ecological processes. Loss of biodiversity is caused by habitat destruction, introduced species, overexploitation, pollution, climatic change, and industrial agriculture and forestry. Decreased natural environments can impact inspiration, recreation, education, tourism, biodiversity, endangered species, greenhouse gas emissions, air and water quality, soil health, food supply, and indigenous populations. Valuable resources for medicine, food, and economic benefit could also be lost.
BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGYAkshay Goyal
Biodiversity reflects the variety of living organisms and how they interact in ecosystems. It is declining rapidly due to human activities like habitat loss, pollution, and overexploitation of resources. This biodiversity loss negatively impacts human well-being by reducing food security, water quality, and resilience to natural disasters. Four scenarios for the future were explored that consider different levels of globalization and approaches to environmental management. All scenarios found that biodiversity will continue declining due to expanding agriculture and shrinking forests. Protected areas and market-based conservation efforts can help slow this loss if carefully implemented.
Despite the numerous benefits and advantages gotten from biodiversity, it is under serious threat as a result of human activities. The main dangers worldwide are population growth and resource consumption, climate change and global warming, habitat conversion and urbanization, invasive alien species, over-exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems. It is essential because of the complex interdependence between all living things. While scientists have identified over 2 million species, many more remain unknown. Biodiversity provides intrinsic value as well as utilitarian value through goods, services, and information like oxygen, food, clean water, medicine, and aesthetics. However, biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate due to threats like habitat destruction, pollution, species introductions, climate change, and exploitation, raising concerns about its conservation.
The document discusses biodiversity from several perspectives:
- It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
- Biodiversity is the result of billions of years of evolution but is now seriously threatened by human activities like habitat loss and climate change.
- Maintaining biodiversity is important for ecological, economic, and moral reasons, and countries have legal obligations to protect biodiversity.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including millions of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. However, species are currently going extinct at an alarming rate of around 1,500 every two months. The total economic value of biodiversity includes both use values, such as products directly consumed by humans, and non-use values, including existence and bequest values. While direct use values are easier to measure, the full value of biodiversity, including important indirect ecological services, is difficult to quantify and often not reflected in economic measures.
This document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity. It begins by explaining the components of an ecosystem, including primary producers like plants and cyanobacteria, consumers like animals and fungi, and decomposers. It then focuses on forest ecosystems, describing their role in producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide. Examples are given of plant and animal species found in a forest in Greece. The document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for ecosystems and human well-being, and explains the IUCN classification system for evaluating extinction risk of species. The main threats to biodiversity are described as habitat loss and unsustainable consumption.
Biodiversity refers to all diverse organisms and ecosystems on Earth. It was first coined as a term by British environmentalist Walter G. Rosen in 1985. Biodiversity is threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, deforestation, overexploitation, and invasive species, but can be protected through habitat restoration, protected areas, biosafety, and education.
Biodiversity is variety…
of organisms in a given area
of genetic variation within a population
of species in a community
of communities in an ecosystem
Humans need to understand & preserve biodiversity for our own survival.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition as the variety of life on Earth, the importance of maintaining biodiversity as our source of food, medicine, clean air and economic resources, and the threats facing biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. It emphasizes the need to save biodiversity by protecting ecosystems, improving farmland diversity, and reducing overfishing.
Biodiversity presentation on conservation of nature and natural resouresMubeenaMydeen
Habitat destruction, invasive species, overexploitation, and climate change are major threats to biodiversity. Habitat destruction occurs through direct destruction of habitats by human activities like bulldozing, as well as fragmentation and degradation of habitats. Invasive species harm native ecosystems through competition, predation, and disease. Overexploitation of resources like forests and fish stocks can diminish populations. Climate change is altering ecosystems and causing many species to become extinct as they struggle to adapt to new conditions. Collectively, these human-driven changes are occurring at a rate that is 100 times greater than normal background rates of extinction.
This document discusses the various values of biodiversity. It begins by defining biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including different species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity. It then outlines several values of biodiversity, including consumptive use value through providing resources for food, materials, and medicines. Productive use value involves using genetic resources from biodiversity for scientific and economic purposes. Social value includes cultural and religious importance as well as supporting traditional livelihoods. Ethical and moral values recognize the right of all life forms to exist. Aesthetic value acknowledges biodiversity's beauty and role in culture. Option value refers to keeping future options open by preserving biodiversity for potential future uses that cannot be predicted.
This document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of plant and animal life on Earth. It notes that biodiversity is important for providing humans with shelter, food, water, health, land, medicine and air. Biodiversity exists at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. The document outlines factors threatening biodiversity like habitat loss and pollution, and the consequences of biodiversity loss such as fewer ecosystem services. Protecting biodiversity is important for food security, natural resources, and the economy. The document concludes by stating that global warming is negatively impacting biodiversity.
The document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of life on Earth including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes the different types of biodiversity as genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Aquatic biodiversity is specifically the variety of freshwater and marine lifeforms and ecosystems. The document outlines factors threatening biodiversity like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change and their impacts. Threats to aquatic biodiversity include overexploitation of resources, pollution, and destruction of natural habitats from urbanization.
This document discusses biodiversity and population ecology. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms in an ecosystem. Organisms have economic, ecological, and aesthetic value. They are important for ecosystem balance and provide goods like food, medicine, clothing, and energy. The document also discusses population size, birth and death rates, carrying capacity, and factors that influence populations like resources, natural disasters, competition, predation, and diseases. It notes that the Philippines has high biodiversity but it is threatened by habitat loss and overexploitation of resources.
The document discusses biological diversity and endangered species. It covers evolution and how it has led to the variety of species found today. It also discusses factors such as natural selection, genetic drift, climate change and catastrophes that have impacted evolution over time. Additionally, it covers the current extinction crisis caused by human activities and some solutions to help protect biodiversity such as establishing nature reserves and protecting habitats in national parks.
Biodiversity provides many essential benefits to humanity and the planet. It gives us clean water through algae that remove pollutants, food through plants, animals and seafood, and medicine as approximately 50% of medicines come from natural sources. Biodiversity also offers materials for shelter like wood and bamboo, livelihoods such as fishing, beauty and inspiration for art, wildlife for enjoyment, and services like crop pollination, soil health, clean air and flood control through trees. Losing biodiversity would threaten our basic needs and resources.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of genes, species, and ecosystems on Earth. It is divided into genetic, species, and ecological diversity. Genetic diversity refers to variety within a species. Species diversity measures variety between species in a region. Ecological diversity looks at diversity at the community and ecosystem levels. Biodiversity provides humans with resources and is declining at an alarming rate due to habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and co-extinctions. Conservation efforts focus on in situ protection of habitats and species in their natural environment and ex situ conservation of threatened species in special care units.
Biodiversity refers to all living things in an ecosystem. It allows ecosystems to support life and recover from environmental changes. An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact and depend on each other. However, biodiversity and ecosystems are threatened by human activities like habitat destruction, pollution, and introduction of invasive species. Biodiversity plays an important role in ecosystems by providing habitats, food sources, nutrient cycling, pollination, and other essential functions. While human activities pose the greatest threats, individuals can help protect biodiversity through practices like recycling, reducing pollution and carbon footprints, and sustainable consumption.
This document discusses biodiversity and ecosystems. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms within an ecosystem or planet. Biodiversity is important because it supports ecosystem functions like decomposition and provides resources like food, medicine, and oxygen. Ecosystems are physical environments shared by living organisms. While biodiversity loss originated through natural causes, the current extinction rate is 100 times higher than the natural rate due to human activities like habitat destruction. Potential future issues from loss of biodiversity include increased pollution, extinction of more species, decreased food supplies, and increased diseases. Politics, culture, population growth, and lack of environmental regulations can exacerbate biodiversity loss.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It can be measured by wealth, the number of species in an ecosystem, and relative abundance, the number of individuals of each species. Threats to biodiversity include human destruction through deforestation and hunting as well as climate change. These threats can be reduced through indirect means like decreasing pollution or direct actions such as protecting natural areas.
Causes of Species Extinction
There are several causes of species extinction according to the document. Hunting, trapping, habitat destruction, pollution, and overharvesting can all directly cause populations to decline and potentially go extinct. Indirect causes of extinction mentioned include climate change, water and air pollution, and human activities that destroy coastal and forest habitats. As human populations and activities increase, they place greater pressure on global biodiversity by contributing to problems like deforestation, pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources. Maintaining sustainable practices is important to prevent further species losses.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, diversity between species, and diversity of ecosystems. There are three main types of biodiversity: diversity of species, ecosystems, and genes. The document outlines how biodiversity is distributed based on climate, altitude, soils, and species interactions. It also discusses the major benefits biodiversity provides through ecological services like waste degradation, climate regulation, and nutrient cycling. The document closes by covering threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and degradation from human activities, and approaches to conservation like protected areas and environmental education.
The document discusses biodiversity concepts and measurements. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms and genetic diversity on Earth. Biodiversity has three main components - genetic diversity within species, species diversity in an area, and ecosystem diversity. Maintaining biodiversity is important for economic, utilitarian, psychological, and intrinsic reasons. Some threats to biodiversity include habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and weak conservation efforts. The document also discusses methods to measure biodiversity such as species richness, evenness, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including millions of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. However, species are currently going extinct at an alarming rate of around 1,500 every two months. The total economic value of biodiversity includes both use values, such as products directly consumed by humans, and non-use values, including existence and bequest values. While direct use values are easier to measure, the full value of biodiversity, including important indirect ecological services, is difficult to quantify and often not reflected in economic measures.
This document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity. It begins by explaining the components of an ecosystem, including primary producers like plants and cyanobacteria, consumers like animals and fungi, and decomposers. It then focuses on forest ecosystems, describing their role in producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide. Examples are given of plant and animal species found in a forest in Greece. The document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for ecosystems and human well-being, and explains the IUCN classification system for evaluating extinction risk of species. The main threats to biodiversity are described as habitat loss and unsustainable consumption.
Biodiversity refers to all diverse organisms and ecosystems on Earth. It was first coined as a term by British environmentalist Walter G. Rosen in 1985. Biodiversity is threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, deforestation, overexploitation, and invasive species, but can be protected through habitat restoration, protected areas, biosafety, and education.
Biodiversity is variety…
of organisms in a given area
of genetic variation within a population
of species in a community
of communities in an ecosystem
Humans need to understand & preserve biodiversity for our own survival.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition as the variety of life on Earth, the importance of maintaining biodiversity as our source of food, medicine, clean air and economic resources, and the threats facing biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. It emphasizes the need to save biodiversity by protecting ecosystems, improving farmland diversity, and reducing overfishing.
Biodiversity presentation on conservation of nature and natural resouresMubeenaMydeen
Habitat destruction, invasive species, overexploitation, and climate change are major threats to biodiversity. Habitat destruction occurs through direct destruction of habitats by human activities like bulldozing, as well as fragmentation and degradation of habitats. Invasive species harm native ecosystems through competition, predation, and disease. Overexploitation of resources like forests and fish stocks can diminish populations. Climate change is altering ecosystems and causing many species to become extinct as they struggle to adapt to new conditions. Collectively, these human-driven changes are occurring at a rate that is 100 times greater than normal background rates of extinction.
This document discusses the various values of biodiversity. It begins by defining biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including different species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity. It then outlines several values of biodiversity, including consumptive use value through providing resources for food, materials, and medicines. Productive use value involves using genetic resources from biodiversity for scientific and economic purposes. Social value includes cultural and religious importance as well as supporting traditional livelihoods. Ethical and moral values recognize the right of all life forms to exist. Aesthetic value acknowledges biodiversity's beauty and role in culture. Option value refers to keeping future options open by preserving biodiversity for potential future uses that cannot be predicted.
This document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of plant and animal life on Earth. It notes that biodiversity is important for providing humans with shelter, food, water, health, land, medicine and air. Biodiversity exists at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. The document outlines factors threatening biodiversity like habitat loss and pollution, and the consequences of biodiversity loss such as fewer ecosystem services. Protecting biodiversity is important for food security, natural resources, and the economy. The document concludes by stating that global warming is negatively impacting biodiversity.
The document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of life on Earth including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes the different types of biodiversity as genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Aquatic biodiversity is specifically the variety of freshwater and marine lifeforms and ecosystems. The document outlines factors threatening biodiversity like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change and their impacts. Threats to aquatic biodiversity include overexploitation of resources, pollution, and destruction of natural habitats from urbanization.
This document discusses biodiversity and population ecology. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms in an ecosystem. Organisms have economic, ecological, and aesthetic value. They are important for ecosystem balance and provide goods like food, medicine, clothing, and energy. The document also discusses population size, birth and death rates, carrying capacity, and factors that influence populations like resources, natural disasters, competition, predation, and diseases. It notes that the Philippines has high biodiversity but it is threatened by habitat loss and overexploitation of resources.
The document discusses biological diversity and endangered species. It covers evolution and how it has led to the variety of species found today. It also discusses factors such as natural selection, genetic drift, climate change and catastrophes that have impacted evolution over time. Additionally, it covers the current extinction crisis caused by human activities and some solutions to help protect biodiversity such as establishing nature reserves and protecting habitats in national parks.
Biodiversity provides many essential benefits to humanity and the planet. It gives us clean water through algae that remove pollutants, food through plants, animals and seafood, and medicine as approximately 50% of medicines come from natural sources. Biodiversity also offers materials for shelter like wood and bamboo, livelihoods such as fishing, beauty and inspiration for art, wildlife for enjoyment, and services like crop pollination, soil health, clean air and flood control through trees. Losing biodiversity would threaten our basic needs and resources.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of genes, species, and ecosystems on Earth. It is divided into genetic, species, and ecological diversity. Genetic diversity refers to variety within a species. Species diversity measures variety between species in a region. Ecological diversity looks at diversity at the community and ecosystem levels. Biodiversity provides humans with resources and is declining at an alarming rate due to habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and co-extinctions. Conservation efforts focus on in situ protection of habitats and species in their natural environment and ex situ conservation of threatened species in special care units.
Biodiversity refers to all living things in an ecosystem. It allows ecosystems to support life and recover from environmental changes. An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact and depend on each other. However, biodiversity and ecosystems are threatened by human activities like habitat destruction, pollution, and introduction of invasive species. Biodiversity plays an important role in ecosystems by providing habitats, food sources, nutrient cycling, pollination, and other essential functions. While human activities pose the greatest threats, individuals can help protect biodiversity through practices like recycling, reducing pollution and carbon footprints, and sustainable consumption.
This document discusses biodiversity and ecosystems. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms within an ecosystem or planet. Biodiversity is important because it supports ecosystem functions like decomposition and provides resources like food, medicine, and oxygen. Ecosystems are physical environments shared by living organisms. While biodiversity loss originated through natural causes, the current extinction rate is 100 times higher than the natural rate due to human activities like habitat destruction. Potential future issues from loss of biodiversity include increased pollution, extinction of more species, decreased food supplies, and increased diseases. Politics, culture, population growth, and lack of environmental regulations can exacerbate biodiversity loss.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It can be measured by wealth, the number of species in an ecosystem, and relative abundance, the number of individuals of each species. Threats to biodiversity include human destruction through deforestation and hunting as well as climate change. These threats can be reduced through indirect means like decreasing pollution or direct actions such as protecting natural areas.
Causes of Species Extinction
There are several causes of species extinction according to the document. Hunting, trapping, habitat destruction, pollution, and overharvesting can all directly cause populations to decline and potentially go extinct. Indirect causes of extinction mentioned include climate change, water and air pollution, and human activities that destroy coastal and forest habitats. As human populations and activities increase, they place greater pressure on global biodiversity by contributing to problems like deforestation, pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources. Maintaining sustainable practices is important to prevent further species losses.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, diversity between species, and diversity of ecosystems. There are three main types of biodiversity: diversity of species, ecosystems, and genes. The document outlines how biodiversity is distributed based on climate, altitude, soils, and species interactions. It also discusses the major benefits biodiversity provides through ecological services like waste degradation, climate regulation, and nutrient cycling. The document closes by covering threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and degradation from human activities, and approaches to conservation like protected areas and environmental education.
The document discusses biodiversity concepts and measurements. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms and genetic diversity on Earth. Biodiversity has three main components - genetic diversity within species, species diversity in an area, and ecosystem diversity. Maintaining biodiversity is important for economic, utilitarian, psychological, and intrinsic reasons. Some threats to biodiversity include habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and weak conservation efforts. The document also discusses methods to measure biodiversity such as species richness, evenness, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index.
This presentation was made by Amanella Arevallo, Philippines, at the 12th Annual Meeting of OECD-Asian Senior Budget Officials held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 15-16 December 2016
Priority Sites for Conservation in the Philippines: Key Biodiversity Areas (K...No to mining in Palawan
The document discusses Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in the Philippines, which are globally significant sites identified using criteria of vulnerability and irreplaceability. 128 KBAs covering over 6 million hectares were identified for threatened and endemic species. Currently 45 KBAs have protected area status, while the remaining 83 lack formal protection. 10 sites were prioritized as Alliance for Zero Extinction sites that are last strongholds for critically endangered species. Safeguarding KBAs requires a network of protected areas and community reserves within compatible land uses.
Toxicology deals with the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living beings. This branch of science has been equally recognised in medical as well as scientific field
This document provides an overview of biodiversity in the Philippines. It begins by defining key terms like endemism. It then discusses the high plant diversity in the Philippines, noting there are an estimated 12,000 plant species, with many ferns, orchids, and mosses being endemic. The document highlights some examples of endemic species within these groups. It also addresses the country's status as one of 17 megadiverse countries and notes the large numbers of endemic animal species like birds, mammals, and reptiles found in the Philippines. Threats to the country's biodiversity like habitat loss are also examined.
To successfully organize a project management office (PMO), an organization must establish executive ownership and accountability for the PMO, develop a server environment to support portfolio management of all work packages, and provide training to PMO staff and product managers. The PMO should also tie cost models and schedules together to produce a portfolio of projects with tailored estimates, and establish clear policies and procedures as well as dashboards for easy access to project status information. Regular reviews between senior managers and product managers can help build commitment to using PMO services.
Distribution and Expenditures of Philippine National BudgetPat Reyes
The document provides an overview of the Philippine national budget process and key details of national budgets from 2011-2016. It discusses how the budget is formulated based on agency estimates and submitted to Congress for approval. It also outlines the budget execution process where funds are released and spent. Major allocations in recent budgets have gone to education, infrastructure, social services, and disaster response. The 2015 budget aimed to fund inclusive development through investments in poverty reduction, jobs, and growth while keeping the fiscal deficit below 2% of GDP.
This document outlines the Philippine government's budget preparation process which includes:
1) A budget call issued by the Department of Budget and Management to government agencies to submit their budget proposals.
2) Stakeholder engagement sessions held for agencies to discuss their proposals with civil society groups.
3) Technical budget hearings held for agencies to defend their proposals to DBM panels.
4) An executive review process where budget proposals are prioritized and approved by the President and Cabinet.
5) The approved budget is then presented to Congress for legislation into the annual budget law.
The document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation methods for programs. It discusses key concepts like monitoring, evaluation, attributes of each, and who conducts them. The five phases of evaluation are outlined: planning, method selection, data collection and analysis, reporting, and implementing recommendations. Specific monitoring and evaluation tools are also described. The overall summary is:
Monitoring and evaluation follow a five phase process including planning, method selection, data collection and analysis, reporting, and implementing recommendations to improve programs. Key concepts like monitoring, evaluation, attributes of each, tools used, and who conducts them are outlined.
6 M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation of Aid ProjectsTony
A series of course modules on project cycle, planning and the logical framework, aimed at team leaders of international NGOs in developing countries.
This is part 6 of 11, beginning with 2 modules on leadership and conflict resolution, then 9 modules on project cycle management.
This module has 3 handouts and presenter notes as separate documents.
Sample Proposal: http://www.slideshare.net/Makewa/6-watsan-training-sample-proposal-09
Slides as a handout: http://www.slideshare.net/Makewa/6-me-handout
Presenter notes: http://www.slideshare.net/Makewa/6-module-6-presenter-notes
Philippine Milestones on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Management
Ms. Teresita Samson Castillo
Vice-Minister, Department of Environment and Natural Resources Philippines
2010 Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
3-7 May 2010
Oceanic pelagic zone biology biome projecthbasham1
The ocean pelagic zone consists of the open ocean beyond coastal regions. It is divided into four subzones based on depth: (1) the epipelagic zone near the surface where sunlight allows photosynthesis, (2) the mesopelagic zone where little sunlight penetrates, (3) the bathypelagic zone in complete darkness where organisms eat falling debris or prey on each other, and (4) the abyssopelagic zone with extreme darkness and pressure. Organisms in the pelagic zone have adapted to the varying light levels, temperatures, pressures, and food availability of the different subzones.
Public Budgeting System and Expenditures PhilippinesKaren S.
The document discusses public budgeting systems and expenditures from several perspectives. It defines a budget and provides theories on budgeting. It views the budget as an economic process of allocating resources, a political process of competition for limited resources, and an administrative process for planning, coordination and evaluation. The budget impacts a nation's fiscal health and economy. Budgeting theories from developed countries do not always apply to developing countries that face more constraints due to underdevelopment.
The government budget is a plan that estimates revenues and expenditures for government programs and projects for the fiscal year. It is prepared by the executive branch and must be approved by the legislative branch. The budget allocates funds for operations, salaries, capital projects, and debt repayment from sources like taxes and borrowings. It supports the national development plan through a multi-step process of preparation, authorization, implementation, and accountability.
Integrating big data into the monitoring and evaluation of development progra...UN Global Pulse
This report provides guidelines for evaluators, evaluation and programme managers, policy makers
and funding agencies on how to take advantage of the rapidly emerging field of big data in the design
and implementation of systems for monitoring and evaluating development programmes.
The report is organized in two parts. Part I: Development evaluation in the age of big data reviews the data revolution and discusses the promise, and challenges this offers for strengthening development monitoring and evaluation. Part II: Guidelines for integrating big data into the monitoring and evaluation frameworks of development programmes focuses on what a big data inclusive M&E system would look like.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, levels, importance, threats, and status in the Philippines. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. The lecture notes cover the three main levels of biodiversity and provides examples. It emphasizes that biodiversity is important to preserve for economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons. Major threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive species. The document concludes that the Philippines is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with over half of its plant and animal species being endemic.
This document summarizes the sustainable tourism and biodiversity conservation efforts of El Nido Resorts in Palawan, Philippines. El Nido Resorts operates several island resorts and has implemented various programs to support the local environment and community, including installing mooring buoys to protect coral reefs, supporting wildlife monitoring and protection initiatives, and hosting community cleanups and education events. Their efforts have received recognition from several sustainability awards and helped establish a model of balancing tourism development and conservation. Ongoing challenges include maintaining this balance of economic and environmental interests.
The State of the Philippine Environment Mights Rasing
State of the Philippine Environment presented by Rev. Pepz Cunanan at the Young Leaders Summit 2014, organized by Young People's Ministries
http://pinoyyouth.org
This document defines biodiversity and discusses its types, values, distribution, and importance for balancing nature. It outlines threats like habitat loss and overexploitation, as well as conservation efforts. Key points include that biodiversity encompasses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity, and provides values like consumption, production, social/cultural, and ecosystem services. Most biodiversity is in tropical regions. Anthropogenic threats endanger many species, but conventions aim to promote conservation.
A ppt presentation on biodiversity and it's importance and how valuable the biodiversity is for us. It shows about how can a human save the biodiversity through it's sustainable use.
The document discusses different types of protected areas in India that conserve biodiversity - biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and zoos. It provides background on India's biodiversity and lists threats like habitat loss. Biosphere reserves aim to conserve biodiversity and support sustainable development. Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks protect habitats and species. The document lists several biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and national parks in Kerala. Zoos provide ex-situ conservation of endangered species.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems. There are three main types of biodiversity: genetic diversity within species, species diversity between ecosystems, and ecosystem diversity across landscapes. Maintaining biodiversity is important as each species and ecosystem provides vital services like food, medicine, stable climate, water purification and more, with global economic value estimated at $16.54 trillion annually. Loss of any species or ecosystem impacts these services and reduces nature's ability to adapt over time.
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It defines biodiversity as the total genetic variation among all living organisms, including ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity. Biodiversity provides value through contributions to medicine, agriculture, and ecosystem services. However, human activities like habitat loss, overhunting, invasive species, pollution, and climate change threaten biodiversity by reducing species and genetic diversity. Conservation efforts aim to protect individual species through breeding programs, preserve habitats through protected areas like parks and reserves, and consider local human interests by providing incentives for conservation.
Biological diversity
It is that part of nature which includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species.
Biological diversity deals with the nature’s variety in the biosphere.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity provides essential ecological services and balance in nature. However, biodiversity is being threatened by habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and other human-caused factors. International conventions have aimed to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. The document also analyzes biodiversity in India, finding many species are threatened. Overall, the document stresses the importance of biodiversity for human survival and the need for cooperative conservation efforts.
This document defines biodiversity and describes its levels and value. It discusses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity provides consumptive use value through food, medicine, and fuel. It has productive use value when commercially used. Biodiversity also has social, aesthetic, option, and ecosystem service values. Major threats include habitat loss and poaching. Conservation efforts include in situ protection of wildlife and ex situ measures like seed banks and zoos.
The document summarizes a zoology seminar on biodiversity and conservation. It defines biodiversity and describes the different levels of biological diversity. It then discusses threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and overexploitation. The document advocates for biodiversity conservation and outlines several steps to conserve biodiversity, including protecting ecosystems, sustainable agriculture, and combating climate change.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity. It is highest near the equator, especially in tropical rainforests and coral reefs. Biodiversity exists at the ecosystem, species, and genetic levels. There are an estimated 3-50 million species currently living, though only 1.4 million have been identified and named. Biodiversity is important for ecological functions like nutrient cycling, soil formation, and pollination that support human life. It also provides consumptive benefits like food and medicine, with many drugs derived from natural compounds. Loss of biodiversity could undermine ecosystem services and the life-sustaining benefits that people derive from nature.
The document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. The three main types of biodiversity are genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Most biodiversity is located in tropical regions. Threats include habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts include protected areas, restoration, environmental education, and international agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
Unit-4-Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystems.pptx3mintuhalder18mh
This document provides information about the course "Environmental Sciences" at B. Tech. First Year. It includes the course code, credits, distribution of marks between assessments, grading system, and unit topics. Specifically:
- The course code is CYFC0101, it is worth 3 credits, and includes lectures but no tutorials or practical sessions.
- Marks are distributed between various assessments, a mid-semester exam, end-semester exam, and attendance requirements.
- Grades are assigned on a scale from S to U based on percentage marks obtained, and how grade points are calculated.
- Unit 4 will cover topics like biodiversity distribution in India and globally, ecosystem types in India, and
Answer (6)THREE WAYS HUMAN HAVE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED BIODIVERSITY .pdfangelsfashion1
Answer (6)
THREE WAYS HUMAN HAVE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED BIODIVERSITY :-
(A) Population:-
Growth of the human population is a major factor affecting the environment. Simply put,
overpopulation means that there are more people than there are resources to meet their needs.
Almost all the environmental problems we face today can be traced back to the increase in
population in the world. The human population is at 6 billion; with an annual global growth rate
of 1.8%, three more people are added to the earth every second.
(B) Habitat Removal and Alteration :-
Habitat fragmentation is the loss and subdivision of a habitat and the corresponding increase in
other habitats in the landscape. Conversion of habitat represents the greatest threat to
biodiversity, since almost all human activities cause alterations to the natural environment to a
greater or lesser degree. Almost 10% of Canada\'s ecoregions are estimated to be at high risk for
loss of biodiversity because of habitat removal.
(C) Overharvesting/Overexploitation :-
Overharvesting has had the greatest effect on biodiversity. In fact, overharvesting and habitat
loss often occur simultaneously, as removal of an organism from its environment can have
irreversible impacts on the environment itself.
Humans have historically exploited plant and animal species in order to maximize short-term
profit, at the expense of sustainability of the species or population. This exploitation follows a
predictable pattern: initially, a species harvested from the wild can turn a substantial profit,
encouraging more people to get involved in its extraction. This increased competition encourages
the development of more large-scale and efficient methods of extraction, which inevitably
deplete the resource.
(D) Pollution :-
Toxic discharges: This includes metals, organic chemicals, and suspended sediments usually
found in industrial and municipal effluents that are discharged directly into waterbodies. Toxic
discharges can inversely impact the biota (living organisms) in an ecosystem by killing them,
weakening them, or affecting their ability to carry out essential biological functions (feeding,
reproducing, etc.).
bacterial contamination: For example, fecal coliforms that come from human waste are found in
municipal effluent discharges. Potable water is treated to destroy fecal coliforms which can make
people ill if ingested.
nutrient buildup: Most concern are phosphorus and nitrogen which often originate as run-off
from fertilizers applied on agricultural fields. These nutrients, naturally present in very low
concentrations, stimulate rapid growth of algae and aquatic plants, ultimately limiting the amount
of oxygen and light available to other organisms in the ecosystem. As well, aquatic environments
can be degraded by habitat alteration and presence of invasive species.
Answer (7);
SPECIES DIVERSITY
This refers to the variety of species within a particular region. The number of species in a region
is a measure for such.
Ecosystem diversity deals with the study of different ecosystems in a location and their effects on humans and the environment. It focuses on the variation in biological communities, including the number of ecosystem types and habitats. Grasslands, tundras, deserts, and rainforests are some examples of diverse ecosystems that contribute to a balanced environment. The conservation of biodiversity is important and can be achieved through in situ conservation of species within their natural habitats, and ex situ conservation in zoos, botanical gardens, and gene banks.
Biodiversity and its conservation. In situ conservation of biodiversity. Threats to biodiversity. Endangered and endemic species of India, germplasm conservation
This chapter discusses biodiversity issues including the loss of biodiversity and extinction of species. It describes biodiversity in terms of genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. The value of biodiversity is explained from biological, economic, and intrinsic perspectives. Major threats to biodiversity are habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and persecution of pest species. About 40% of the world's land has been converted for agriculture and pasture, contributing to deforestation and threatening many species.
This document discusses biodiversity and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It notes key goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity including conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit-sharing. It then discusses factors influencing biodiversity, threats like habitat loss and climate change, and the ecological, economic, and scientific roles of biodiversity. The document provides information on biodiversity in India and conservation efforts there like the Biological Diversity Act. It summarizes India's rich biodiversity and threats facing it.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Biodiversity
1.
2. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life . This can
refer to genetic variation, species variation, or ecosystem
variation
Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality
of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region".
An advantage of this definition is that it seems to
describe most circumstances and presents a unified view
of the traditional three levels at which biological variety
has been identified:
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Genetic diversity
3. Genetic diversity
This represents the heritable variation within and
between populations of organisms. Ultimately, this
resides in variations in the sequence of the four base-
pairs which, as components of nucleic acids, constitute
the genetic code.
Species diversity
Perhaps because the living world is most widely
considered in terms of species, biodiversity is very
commonly used as a synonym of species diversity, in
particular of 'species richness', which is the number of
species in a site or habitat.
Ecosystemdiversity
The quantitative assessment of diversity at the
ecosystem, habitat or community level remains
problematic.
4. Coral reefs are
amongst the most
diverse ecosystems
on earth.
Rain forests are an
example of
biodiversity on the
planet and typically
possess a great deal
of species diversity.
This is the Gambia
River in
Senegal's Niokolo-
Koba National Park.
5. The word 'biodiversity' is a contraction of biological
diversity.
Diversity is a concept which refers to the range of
variation or differences among some set of entities;
biological diversity thus refers to variety within the living
world.
The term 'biodiversity' is indeed commonly used to
describe the number, variety and variability of living
organisms. This very broad usage, embracing many
different parameters, is essentially a synonym of 'Life on
Earth'.
Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots,and
has been increasing through time but will be likely to
slow in the future.
6. The period since the emergence of humans has displayed
an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying
loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction,
the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts,
particularly habitat destruction.
Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a
number of ways, both positively and negatively.
The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United
Nations Decade on Biodiversity.
7.
8. Direct values
The direct value include food resources like grains, vegetables, fruits
which are obtained from plant resources and meat, fish, egg, milk
and milk products from animal resources. These also include other
values like medicine, fuel, timber, fiber, wool, wax, resin, rubber, silk
and decorative items.
Consumptive use value: These are the direct use values where the
biodiversity products can be harvested and consumed directly.
Example: Food, fuel and drugs. These goods are consumed locally
and do no figure in national and international market.
Productive use values: These are the direct use values where the
product is commercially sold in national and international market.
Many industries are dependent upon these values. Example- Textile,
leather, silk, paper and pulp industry etc. Although there is an
international ban on trade of products from endangered species like
tusks of elephants, wool from sheep, fur of many animals etc. These
are traded in market and fetch a booming business.
9. Indirect values
Biodiversity provides indirect benefits to human beings which
support the existence of biological life and other benefits
which are difficult to quantify. These include social and
cultural values, ethical values, aesthetic values, option values
and environment service values.
Social and cultural value: Many plants and animals are
considered holy and sacred in India and are worshipped like
Tulsi, peepal, cow, snake etc. In Indian society great cultural
value is given to forest and as such tiger, peacock and lotus are
named as the national animal, bird and flower respectively.
Ethical: These values are related to conservation of biodiversity
where ethical issue of ‘all life forms must be preserved’ is laid
down. There is an existence value which is attached to each
species because biodiversity is valuable for the survival of
human race. Moreover all species have a moral right to exist
independent of our need for them.
10. Aesthetic value: There is a great aesthetic value which is
attached to biodiversity. Natural landscapes at undisturbed
places are a delight to watch and also provide opportunities for
recreational activities like bird watching, photography etc. It
promotes eco-tourism which further generates revenue by
designing of zoological, botanical gardens, national parks,
wild life conservation etc.
Environment service values: The most important benefit of
biodiversity is maintenance of environment services which
includes
Carbon dioxide fixation through photosynthesis.
Maintaining of essential nutrients by carbon (C), oxygen (O), Nitrogen
(N), Sulphur (S), Phosphorus (P) cycles.
Maintaining water cycle and recharging of ground water.
Soil formation and protection from erosion.
Regulating climate by recycling moisture into the atmosphere.
11. In 2006 many species were formally classified
as rare or endangered or threatened; moreover, scientists have
estimated that millions more species are at risk which have not
been formally recognized. About 40 percent of the 40,177
species assessed using the IUCN Red List criteria are now
listed as threatened with extinction—a total of 16,119.
• Habitat destruction:- Habitat destruction has played a key
role in extinctions, especially related to tropical
forest destruction. Factors contributing to habitat loss are :
overpopulation, deforestation, pollution (air pollution, water
pollution, soil contamination) and global warming or climate
change.
12. Hybridization, genetic pollution/erosion and food
security:- In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green
Revolution popularized the use of
conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized
breeds originated in developed countries and were further
hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to
create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases.
Local governments and industry have been pushing
hybridization. Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and
indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic
erosion and genetic pollution. This has resulted in loss of
genetic diversity and biodiversity as a whole.
Climate change
Human overpopulation