The rapid development in wireless networking has been witnessed in past several years, which aimed on high speed and long range applications. There are different protocol standards used for the short range wireless communication namely the Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wimax and Wi-Fi. Among these standards ZigBee is based on IEEE 802.15.4 protocol can meet a wider variety of real industrial needs due to its long-term battery operation and reliability of the mesh networking architecture. The increasing demand for low data rate and low power networking led to the development of ZigBee technology. This technology was developed for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), directed at control and military applications, where low cost, low data rate, and more battery life were main requirements. This paper presents VerilogHDL simulation of the Top level module (Cyclic Redundancy Check, Bit-to-Symbol block, Symbol-to-Chip block, OQPSK block and Pulse shaping) of the ZigBee transmitter for IoT applications.
A SURVEY OF THE S TATE OF THE A RT IN Z IG B EEIJCI JOURNAL
ZigBee is one of the most widely used wireless comm
unication technologies. ZigBee is being widely used
for sensor communications and many other research f
ields. Why consider ZigBee? Because it is cheap and
has better compatibility when compared to other com
munication technologies. We have given a detailed
description on comparison between all the available
technologies. In this paper, we have discussed so
me
basic concepts about ZigBee and its security aspect
s in networking. We have also listed out the major
manufacturers who are into the production of the tr
ansceivers for ZigBee
U.S. Wireless Overview & Outlook Presentation (V02C)Mark Goldstein
The latest version (V02C) of my overview of wireless spectrum, technologies and opportunities in just 20 slides. Tried to capture all of today's wireless essentials in this brief briefing. Enjoy!
Low Power Wireless Technologies and Standards for the Internet of ThingsDuncan Purves
Presentation on low power wireless technologies and standards for the Internet of Things (iOT), given at the BCS Communications Management Association AGM on 5th April 2016
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Unofficial guide to Nokia 5G Associate Certification. Just some exam notes I made for the certification, I would recommend Nokia extensive online training to all.
BL0 100 Nokia 5G Foundation Exam
A SURVEY OF THE S TATE OF THE A RT IN Z IG B EEIJCI JOURNAL
ZigBee is one of the most widely used wireless comm
unication technologies. ZigBee is being widely used
for sensor communications and many other research f
ields. Why consider ZigBee? Because it is cheap and
has better compatibility when compared to other com
munication technologies. We have given a detailed
description on comparison between all the available
technologies. In this paper, we have discussed so
me
basic concepts about ZigBee and its security aspect
s in networking. We have also listed out the major
manufacturers who are into the production of the tr
ansceivers for ZigBee
U.S. Wireless Overview & Outlook Presentation (V02C)Mark Goldstein
The latest version (V02C) of my overview of wireless spectrum, technologies and opportunities in just 20 slides. Tried to capture all of today's wireless essentials in this brief briefing. Enjoy!
Low Power Wireless Technologies and Standards for the Internet of ThingsDuncan Purves
Presentation on low power wireless technologies and standards for the Internet of Things (iOT), given at the BCS Communications Management Association AGM on 5th April 2016
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Unofficial guide to Nokia 5G Associate Certification. Just some exam notes I made for the certification, I would recommend Nokia extensive online training to all.
BL0 100 Nokia 5G Foundation Exam
Whitepaper: Mobile Networks in a smart digital future - deploying a platform ...Petr Nemec
The Internet of Things poses particular challenges on the mobile networks of the future - this Whitepaper gives an outlook on what CSPs need to consider when choosing a viable upgrade path and migration strategy towards meeting IoT and NB-IoT (narrow band IoT) requirements.
Citizen Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) is a shared spectrum service with three tiers of users. The three tiers in ranked order of priority are the incumbent access (IA), priority access license (PAL) and general authorized access (GAA). CBRS uses LTE TDD as the radio access method and is not a new radio technology. CBRS is a dynamic spectrum control scheme using short term leases to enable services. This paper will briefly discuss many of the technical issues pertaining to specific CBRS that are not LTE -TDD specific.
Verilog Based Design and Simulation of MAC and PHY Layers for Zigbee Digital ...IJERA Editor
The past several years have witnessed a rapid development in the wireless network area. So far wireless networking has been focused on high-speed and long range applications. Zigbee technology was developed for a Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), aimed at control and military applications with low data rate and low power consumption. Zigbee is a standard defines the set of communication protocols for low-data-rate short-range wireless networking. Zigbee-based wireless devices operate in 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz frequency bands. The maximum data rate is 250K bits per second. Zigbee is mainly for battery-powered applications where low data rate, low cost, and long battery life are main requirements. This paper explores Verilog design for various blocks in Zigbee Transmitter architecture for an acknowledgement frame. The word digital has made a dramatic impact on our society. Developments of digital solutions have been possible due to good digital system design and modeling techniques. Further developments have been made and introduced VLSI in order to reduce size of the architecture, to improve speed of operation, improvements in predictability of the circuit behavior. Digital Zigbee Transmitter comprises of Cyclic Redundancy Check, Bit-to-Symbol block, Symbol-to-chip block, Modulator and Pulse shaping block. The work here is to show how we can design Zigbee transmitter with its specifications by using Verilog with less number of slices and Look up tables (LUTs).
Zigbee technology and its application inIJCNCJournal
Wireless home automation systems have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers for more than a
decade. The major technologies used to implement these systems include Z-Wave, Insteon, Wavenis,
Bluetooth, WiFi, and ZigBee. Among these technologies the ZigBee based systems have become very popular
because of its low cost and low power consumption. In this paper ZigBee based wireless home automation
systems have been addressed. There are two main parts of this paper. In the first part a brief introduction of
the ZigBee technology has been presented and in the second part a survey work on the ZigBee based wireless
home automation system has been presented. The performances of the ZigBee based systems have also been
compared with those of other competing technologies based systems. In addition some future opportunities
and challenges of the ZigBee based systems have been listed in this paper.
Gi-Fi (Gigabit Fidelity) or Gigabit Wireless is the world's first handset incorporated on a solitary chip that works at 60GHz on CMOS process.
It transfers data at the rate of 5Gbps
It provides low power utilization in a scope of 10 meters .
The most striking feature of Gi-Fi technology is high security.
Gi-Fi refers to the faster versions of IEEE 802.11 standards.
It’s a 5x5 mm chip , Its small size makes it portable and deployment is quick.
Gi-Fi is a remote transmission framework which is multiple times quicker than Wi-Fi .
Now the files like videos, audios, or anything which has a large amount of data can be transferred from one device to another in a matter of seconds.
Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart CampusIJMER
A network which connects a bunch of distributed low-power sensor nodes together, with each node dedicated to a predefined operation can be visualized as a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).
Impact of Frequency Offset on Interference between Zigbee and Wifi for Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Zigbee is a low cost communication technology used for low data rate communication system such as industrial automation etc. Because of its low complexity it is widely adopted for many applications. But the utilization of the same spectrum band by the WLAN system causes interference between both the systems. The proposed approach presents an analysis of this interference effect on Zigbee system when operated with WLAN sources at different distances and different power. It also analyzes the effect when a frequency offset is established between both systems. The simulation results shows that a small offset can provide sufficient improvement in the performance. Keywords: Smart Grids, Zigbee Network, Mesh Network, Wireless LAN (WLAN), BER
Whitepaper: Mobile Networks in a smart digital future - deploying a platform ...Petr Nemec
The Internet of Things poses particular challenges on the mobile networks of the future - this Whitepaper gives an outlook on what CSPs need to consider when choosing a viable upgrade path and migration strategy towards meeting IoT and NB-IoT (narrow band IoT) requirements.
Citizen Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) is a shared spectrum service with three tiers of users. The three tiers in ranked order of priority are the incumbent access (IA), priority access license (PAL) and general authorized access (GAA). CBRS uses LTE TDD as the radio access method and is not a new radio technology. CBRS is a dynamic spectrum control scheme using short term leases to enable services. This paper will briefly discuss many of the technical issues pertaining to specific CBRS that are not LTE -TDD specific.
Verilog Based Design and Simulation of MAC and PHY Layers for Zigbee Digital ...IJERA Editor
The past several years have witnessed a rapid development in the wireless network area. So far wireless networking has been focused on high-speed and long range applications. Zigbee technology was developed for a Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), aimed at control and military applications with low data rate and low power consumption. Zigbee is a standard defines the set of communication protocols for low-data-rate short-range wireless networking. Zigbee-based wireless devices operate in 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz frequency bands. The maximum data rate is 250K bits per second. Zigbee is mainly for battery-powered applications where low data rate, low cost, and long battery life are main requirements. This paper explores Verilog design for various blocks in Zigbee Transmitter architecture for an acknowledgement frame. The word digital has made a dramatic impact on our society. Developments of digital solutions have been possible due to good digital system design and modeling techniques. Further developments have been made and introduced VLSI in order to reduce size of the architecture, to improve speed of operation, improvements in predictability of the circuit behavior. Digital Zigbee Transmitter comprises of Cyclic Redundancy Check, Bit-to-Symbol block, Symbol-to-chip block, Modulator and Pulse shaping block. The work here is to show how we can design Zigbee transmitter with its specifications by using Verilog with less number of slices and Look up tables (LUTs).
Zigbee technology and its application inIJCNCJournal
Wireless home automation systems have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers for more than a
decade. The major technologies used to implement these systems include Z-Wave, Insteon, Wavenis,
Bluetooth, WiFi, and ZigBee. Among these technologies the ZigBee based systems have become very popular
because of its low cost and low power consumption. In this paper ZigBee based wireless home automation
systems have been addressed. There are two main parts of this paper. In the first part a brief introduction of
the ZigBee technology has been presented and in the second part a survey work on the ZigBee based wireless
home automation system has been presented. The performances of the ZigBee based systems have also been
compared with those of other competing technologies based systems. In addition some future opportunities
and challenges of the ZigBee based systems have been listed in this paper.
Gi-Fi (Gigabit Fidelity) or Gigabit Wireless is the world's first handset incorporated on a solitary chip that works at 60GHz on CMOS process.
It transfers data at the rate of 5Gbps
It provides low power utilization in a scope of 10 meters .
The most striking feature of Gi-Fi technology is high security.
Gi-Fi refers to the faster versions of IEEE 802.11 standards.
It’s a 5x5 mm chip , Its small size makes it portable and deployment is quick.
Gi-Fi is a remote transmission framework which is multiple times quicker than Wi-Fi .
Now the files like videos, audios, or anything which has a large amount of data can be transferred from one device to another in a matter of seconds.
Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart CampusIJMER
A network which connects a bunch of distributed low-power sensor nodes together, with each node dedicated to a predefined operation can be visualized as a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).
Impact of Frequency Offset on Interference between Zigbee and Wifi for Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Zigbee is a low cost communication technology used for low data rate communication system such as industrial automation etc. Because of its low complexity it is widely adopted for many applications. But the utilization of the same spectrum band by the WLAN system causes interference between both the systems. The proposed approach presents an analysis of this interference effect on Zigbee system when operated with WLAN sources at different distances and different power. It also analyzes the effect when a frequency offset is established between both systems. The simulation results shows that a small offset can provide sufficient improvement in the performance. Keywords: Smart Grids, Zigbee Network, Mesh Network, Wireless LAN (WLAN), BER
IoT Communication Protocols, Socket Programming with Python, MQTT & HTTPAnshu Pandey
Notes on IoT COmmunication protocols like Wifi, Bluetooth, Sigfox, XBee, LoraWAN. A complete description and python code for socket programming, TCP client, and Server, UDP Client, and Server. HTTP v/s MQTT. MQTT Python programming for raspberry pi
After the read, you will learn the characteristics of the 6 wireless protocols IEEE protocols: LoRa, NB-IoT, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, BLE, WiMax.
In the field of IoT, a wide range of communication technologies wireless protocols exist simultaneously. In terms of transmission distance, there are BLE, WI-FI, ZigBee, sub1G, etc., which are widely used in the context of local wireless networks, such as wearable, home, and enterprise applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The pattern and realization of zigbee wi-fi wireless pathwayeSAT Journals
Abstract
The application of WSN/ZigBee is having enormous growth and how to connect WSN/ZigBee to the present standard network
seamlessly is an issue what is worth studying. In this paper, it patters and realizes a ZigBee—Wi-Fi wireless pathway based on
STM32W108 RF chip and embedded Wi-Fi module. In ZigBee network, wireless pathway as a sink, it receives information from
sensor nodes and interacts with them. In WLAN, wireless pathway communicates with PC or network servers by means of AP. Both
the hardware scheme and software scheme of the wireless gateway are introduced. Then the performance of the wireless pathway is
tested, and the result shows that it can be used for general purposes and the performance is stable. The wireless pathway can realize
communication effectively between ZigBee network and WLAN.
Index Terms: STM32W108, ZigBee, WI-Fi, Wireless gateway
Technological Standard Created for Control and Sensor Networks
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
High level Communication
Operates in Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) and
Device-to-Device networks
Wireless Data Communication Techniques to Coordinate Distributed Rooftop PVs ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A necessity of the availability of communication network to provide data transfer amongst the
coordinated single-phase rooftop photovoltaic (PV) in unbalanced three-phase low voltage (LV) feeder is
essential since fetching data within the sensor of each PV unit requires real-time measurement and
reliable data exchange within smart grid (SG), loads and other PV units. The main objective of this paper is
to model the popular Wi-Fi, WiMax and ZigBee wireless data communication techniques into algorithms
using numerical analysis. Those communication technologies have low cost and low power consumption.
The benefits and drawbacks of those considered wireless data communications are shown as the required
data that transferred and appropriate coding is also proposed. The number of transmitted symbols and the
processing time delay of the proposed data coding are numerically analyzed, the results indicated that the
100% penetration level of PV that resulted higher injected reactive power back into the networks is able to
be overcome since the coordinated PVs along the feeder is communicating to lower the unbalanced
voltage profile.
IEEE 802 Standard Network’s Comparison under Grid and Random Node Arrangement...Eswar Publications
The IEEE 802 standard well-known as 802.11 called as Wi-Fi network, 802.15.4 called as ZigBee or sensor network and 802.15.1 called as Bluetooth network. The network such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi works in 2.4 GHz ISM band. All the above networks works in same ISM band of 2.4 GHz, but the performance of the network varies. The performance of simulation depends upon the coverage area, data rates, and power consumption in each network. The heterogeneous network performances is evaluated with static and mobility model in random and grid node placement by varying the traffic loads of one CBR and with five CBR for each network. The
simulation result is compared in terms of jitter, average end to end delay and throughput to analyze the network performance in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.11 network shows the low jitter and delay value with high throughput compared with sensor network.
THE UWB SOLUTION FOR MULTIMEDIA TRAFFIC IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Those research projects invest in theory and practice in order to extend the spectrum of use of norms, standards and technologies which are emerged in wireless communications.
The performance of these technologies is strongly related to domains of use and limitations of their characteristics. In this paper, we give a comparison of ZigBee technology, most widely used in sensor networks, and UWB (Ultra Wide Band) which presents itself as competitor that present in these work better results for audiovisual applications with medium-range and high throughput.
Similar to ZIGBEE TRANSMITTER FOR IOT WIRELESS DEVICES (20)
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
1. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
DOI : 10.5121/vlsic.2017.8501 1
ZIGBEE TRANSMITTER FOR IOT WIRELESS
DEVICES
A.Mounica1
and G.V.Subbareddy2
1
MTech VLSI Design, Dept of ECE, GRIET Hyderabad, India.
2
Associative Professor in Dept of ECE, GRIET Hyderabad, India.
ABSTRACT
The rapid development in wireless networking has been witnessed in past several years, which aimed on
high speed and long range applications. There are different protocol standards used for the short range
wireless communication namely the Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wimax and Wi-Fi. Among these standards ZigBee is
based on IEEE 802.15.4 protocol can meet a wider variety of real industrial needs due to its long-term
battery operation and reliability of the mesh networking architecture. The increasing demand for low data
rate and low power networking led to the development of ZigBee technology. This technology was
developed for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), directed at control and military applications,
where low cost, low data rate, and more battery life were main requirements. This paper presents Verilog-
HDL simulation of the Top level module (Cyclic Redundancy Check, Bit-to-Symbol block, Symbol-to-Chip
block, OQPSK block and Pulse shaping) of the ZigBee transmitter for IoT applications.
KEYWORDS
Cyclic Redundancy Check, Bit-to-Symbol, Symbol-to-Chip, Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Modulator and Pulse Shaping.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. MOTIVATION
ZigBee standard was specifically developed to address the need for very low cost implementation
of low data rate wireless networks with ultra low power consumption. The ZigBee Standard
reduces the implementation cost by simplifying the communication protocols at reduced data rate.
The minimum requirements to meet ZigBee specifications are relatively relaxed as compared to
other standards such as IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth. This reduces the complexity and cost of
implementing ZigBee compliant transceivers. This feature of ZigBee enhances the application in
wireless sensor network for gathering information from sensors such as temperature, humidity,
pressure and other physical parameters[1]. ZigBee is the only standards-based technology that
addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control sensory network applications.
1.2. INTRODUCTION
There are different types of wireless networks such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wimax and Zigbee[2].
The IEEE802.15.1 protocol is used for Bluetooth. We are using FHSS (Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum) method in Bluetooth. The advantages of Bluetooth is easy to install, low cost,
low power consumption, Data rate is 1Mbps, transmission distance is 30-50mts. The Bluetooth
2. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
2
disadvantages are system resources requires 250KB, low battery life 1-7 days, Transmission
range is 1-10 days and network size is 7.
The IEEE 802.11 protocol is used for Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. Wi-Fi operating
frequency is 2.4GHz or 5.8GHz bands. The Wi-Fi advantages are System resources requires
1MB, transmission range is 1-100mts, bandwidth is 11,000Kb/s. In these Wi-Fi for installation or
created with AP(Acess Point) and Speed is 1.3GHz. Disadvantages of Wi-Fi is Higher cost, speed
and performance can vary for different devices, Battery life is 5 days and the network size is 32.
The IEEE 802.16 protocol is used for Wimax. Wimax stands for Worldwide interoperability for
Microwave Access.In Wimax OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) method is used.
The advantages of Wimax is high speed data and speed 10Mbps to 10Kilometers with line of
site. The disadvantages of Wimax is power consumption more, other wireless equipment could
cause interference and weather conditions like rain could cause interrupt the signal.
The IEEE 802.15.4 protocol is used for Zigbee. Zigbee uses DSSS(Direct sequence spread
spectrum method). The advantages of Zigbee is low power, low cost, long battery life (1-100mts),
unlimited network size(264) and transmission range is 1-100mts.Zigbee operating frequency
is868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions
worldwide. Zigbee provides a data integrity check and authentication function.AES-128 is
adopted.
ZigBee is a wireless networking for a high-level communication protocols using small, low-
power and low-cost radios[3]. It is used to create Personal Area Network .Zigbee is an IEEE
802.15.4 based specification. This IEEE standard describes physical and MAC layer only[4].
Data rate of Zigbee is 250 Kbps. Zigbee devices can use System-on-chip solutions with integrated
radio and 60-250 flash memory[5]. Zigbee basically operates three frequency bands. In the
industrial, scientific and medical(ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA
and Australia, and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. In this operating frequency is 2.4
GHz and data transmission range is from 10 to 100 meters [6]. It operates on 2.4 GHz with data
rate of 250 Kbps .
ZigBee supports three types of network topologies; star topology, mesh topology, and combined
topology. The ZigBee concentrate on the low data rate and low power consumption, directed
towards remote control and military applications. ZigBee uses very low data rate and has a long
battery life, which makes it widely useful in monitoring and control applications[7]. Therefore,
markets as building automation, industrial control, lighting in smart homes, personal health care,
and commercial control are perfect fits. The human interface devices such as keyboards, mice,
joysticks etc. and high end remote control for consumer electronics are also good fits.
Figure 1. ZigBee transmitter and receiver
3. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
3
ZigBee devices are now getting more attention towards Internet of Things (IOT). The ZigBee
standard is maintained by ZigBee alliance. Fig.1 displays a commercial ZigBee transmitter and
receiver pair[3].
IOT: In today’s world everything is going smart, smart power grids, smart sensor networks,
smart homes, and smart water distribution systems. The common perspective for these systems is
usually associated with one single concept, known as Internet of Things (IOT). The IOT make use
of intelligently connected devices, and systems to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. For example, in a smart home, air
conditioner can communicate with your car so that when car is nearby, it could automatically
switch on or when you enter home the light automatically glows up. For these interconnected
networks, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) could become the important technology.
2. ZIGBEE TRANSMITTER
2.1 SPECIFICATION
Zigbee digital transmitter in 2.4GHZ band is designed using Verilog for acknowledgement frame
(or) architecture. There are two types of layers. (i) Physical layer and (ii) Medium Access Control
(MAC) layer.
Physical layer supports 3 frequency bands are 2.45 GHZ band with 16 channels, 915 MHZ band
with 10 channels, 868 MHZ band with 1 channel. In these Zigbee transmitter we are using 2.4
GHZ band because it is a world wide band. In these scheme, we focus on 2.4 GHZ band
application which has 16 channels with spacing of 5 MHZ and data rate is 250 Kbps.
MAC layer defines two types of nodes they are Reduced Function Devices (RFDs) and Full
Function Devices (FFDs).RFDs can only act as end device and are equipped with sensors or
actuators like transducers, light, switches and lamps. They may only interact with a single FFDs.
FFDs are equipped with a full set of MAC layer functions, which enables them to act as a
network coordinator or a network end-device.
Table 1. Specification
The IEEE 802.15.4 defines four MAC frame structures: beacon, data, acknowledgement and
MAC command frames. The beacon frame is used by a coordinator to transmit beacons. The
function of beacons is to synchronize the clock of all the devices within the same network. The
data frame is used to transmit data. Meanwhile, the acknowledgment frame is used to confirm
successful frame reception. The MAC commands are transmitted using a MAC command frame.
4. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
4
The represents the acknowledgment frame format:
Figure 2. Architecture
The ZigBee standard employs Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technique to avoid
interference. The modulation is done using Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Key (O-QPSK)
modulator, which sum the in-phase signal with a half cycle delayed quadrature phase signal. The
ZigBee transmitter has been designed for the use of acknowledgment frame format, which is the
simplest MAC sub layer frame format without Medium Access Control (MAC) payload. It
provides the active feedback from the receiver to sender that the packet has been received without
error.
2.2. MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) LAYER
The MAC layer comprises of MAC Header (MHR) and MAC Footer (MFR). The MHR consists
of MAC frame control and data sequence number, while MAC Footer (MFR) constitutes Frame
Control Sequence (FCS).
2.2.1. FRAME CONTROL (FC)
Frame Control is a 16-bit long field, which gives information about the frame types, source and
destination addressing modes. Frame types indicate whether the frame is beacon type, ACK
frame, MAC command frame etc. (beacon-starting one)
2.2.2. DATA SEQUENCE NUMBER (DSN)
DSN is an 8-bit value, which is used when stream of data is sent. It acts as a counter that
increments itself after each frame.
2.2.3. FRAME CONTROL SEQUENCE (FCS)
It is a 16-bit field which contains 16-bit CRC for detecting errors during transmission. This frame
is passed to the Physical (PHY) layer as the Physical Service Data Unit (PSDU), which becomes
PHY payload.
2.3. PHYSICAL (PHY) LAYER
The PHY Payload which actually comes from acknowledgment frame (PSDU) is prefixed with
Synchronous Header (SHR) and PHY Header (PHR).
5. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
5
2.3.1. SYNCHRONOUS HEADER (SHR)
The SHR has preamble sequence and start of frame delimiter.
The preamble sequence is a 32-bit field used for synchronization between transmitter and
receiver. It consists of string of 0s and 1s. After detecting sync field, the receiver starts
synchronization with the incoming signal. (Synchronization-two or more things at the same time).
The Start of Frame Delimiter is an 8-bit long field which indicates beginning of the frame.
(Delimiter-separation).
2.3.2. PHR
It consists only frame length. It is an 8-bit long field, where 7-bits indicate length of PSDU and
reserved 1-bit indicates if packet is received or not.
2.3.3. PSDU
It becomes PHY payload which actually comes from acknowledgement frame (PSDU) i.e.., MHR
and MFR. It is prefixed with SHR and PHR.
2.4. PPDU
It’s a data holding one. From the frame which is coming from the PSDU with an additional PLCP
preamble and header as a PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU). The PPDU is also called as the
PLCP Service Data Unit (PSDU) and is typically referred to as physical layer operation. At last it
totally comes under PPDU is 88-bits.
Table: Summarizes the bit length and value of each field employed in this project, which sums up
into the total length of PPDU i.e. 88 bits.
Table 2. Bit Length of Each Field in the PPDU
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ZIGBEE TRANSMITTER
ZigBee transmitter comprises of five blocks viz.: CRC, Bit-to-Symbol, Symbol-to-Chip, O-QPSK
Modulator and Pulse shaping. Below Fig. shows the basic block diagram of a ZigBee transmitter.
From the PPDU 11 octets are given to CRC. Cyclic Redundancy check is a data transmission
error detecting technique. This block calculates 16 bit CRC, which is appended at the end of data
6. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
6
bits. The CRC is calculated over the data of MHR and MFR payloads of MAC layer. The output
from CRC block is fed to the input of Bit-to-Symbol block.
Bit-to-Symbol block takes 88 bits as input and maps that binary information into symbols. The 4
LSBs (b0, b1, b2, b3) of each octet are mapped into one data symbol (S1) and 4 MSBs (b4, b5,
b6, b7) of each octet are mapped into other data symbol (S2). Thus, a total of 22 symbols are
taken out from the Bit-to Symbol block and given output to the Symbol-to-Chip block.
Figure 3. Block diagram of Zigbee transmitter.
In Symbol-to-Chip block, DSSS technique is performed where 32-bit PN sequence is generated
for every symbol. The output gets 704 Chips and given the output to OQPSK.
The ZigBee standard uses OQPSK modulating technique. This modulator is used to avoid inter-
symbol interference and other transmission noises. It will never jump more than 90 degree. But
QPSK will jump 180 degree. So, we cause band noise.
Pulse shaping of I-phase and Q-phase data stream is achieved by processing the signal. This helps
to reduce side lobes keeping inter symbol interference (ISI) low.
4. CRC, BIT-TO-SYMBOL, SYMBOL-TO-CHIP, OQPSK
4.1. CRC
CRC stands for Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes. Error detecting is a technique of detecting bit
errors occurring due to noise or attenuation during data transmission. The error detecting
techniques are parity checking, checksum, redundancy checking, and cyclic redundancy
checking. The CRC calculation is based on the polynomial arithmetic. The bits of the binary data
represent the coefficients of the polynomial. For example, the message 11001001 represents a
polynomial of x7+x6+x3+1. The sender and receiver, both have the generator polynomial. The
arithmetic involved in CRC calculation is modulo-2 division.
4.1.1. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The CRC can be implemented using linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) as shown in the fig. 4.
In this project, CRCCCITT has been used, which have generator polynomial x16+ x12 + x5+1.
The implemented CRC is serial in nature; therefore output will come only after all the input bits
are fed to the CRC block. The CRC is calculated over the data of MHR and MFR payloads of
MAC layer.
7. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
7
Figure 4. Cyclic Redudancy Check
The algorithm used for this CRC calculation is given below: (1) Initialize all linear feedback shift
registers to zero. (2) Enter the data (LSB first) into registers of the divider. (3) After the last bit
entered in the divider, the remainder consists of FCS of 16-bit. (4) The FCS is then appended at
the end of data bits to obtain the transmitted frame.
4.2. BIT-TO-SYMBOL
Bit to Symbol block maps bits into symbols. This 88 bits data is passed through Bit-to-Symbol
block sequentially, starting with the preamble field and ending with last octet of the PPDU i.e.
FCS which is generated by CRC. Fig. shows how one octet is divided into corresponding
symbols. Therefore, it takes 11 octets as input, where the 4 LSBs (b0, b1, b2, b3) are mapped into
one data symbol (S1) and the 4 MSBs (b4, b5, b6, b7) are mapped into next data symbol (S2).
Thus, 11 octets maps into 22 symbols.
Figure 5. Bit-to-Symbol
Digital signal of data bit ‘1’ and ‘0’ inside the PHY Protocol Data Unit(PPDU) is encoded as per
the spreading function. Here binary inputs are mapped to data symbols. For four bit symbol there
are sixteen possible symbol starting from 0000 to 1111 are mapped to data symbol. Thus there are
sixteen symbol to chip mapping as presented in following section.
4.3. SYMBOL-TO-CHIP:
The process of Symbol-to-chip mapping is present in the below fig.
8. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
8
Table 3. Symbol-to-Chip
In this block each data symbol of 4 bits are mapped to 32 bit chip PN sequence as prescribed in
the ZigBee standard. The output which has come from bit-to-symbol as taken input of symbol-to
chip. They are mapping and converting the output of chip as 704.The process of mapping is
presented in the DSSS sequence for mapping is presented at Table.
4.4. O-QPSK
OQPSK modulator is the improved version of QPSK. The Chip sequences representing each data
symbol are modulated on to the carrier using OQPSK with half sine pulse shaping. The
fundamental OQPSK method is to sum the in-phase signal delayed by half a cycle is order to
avoid the sudden phase shift change. It will never jump more than 90 degree. But QPSK will
jump 180 degree. So, we cause band noise.
Figure 6. OQPSK block
Each data symbol is represented by 32 bit chip sequence which increases the chip rate by 32 times
of symbol rate, and produces a 2 Mbps (1024) DSSS signal.To perform offset between I-phase
and Q-phase data stream, the Q-phase chip is delayed by chip period(Tc).
5. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The behaviour of the Zigbee digital transmitter can be modelled using Verilog through Xilinx
ISE. The VHDL module for each transmitter can be combined, then synthesized, simulated, and
implemented on Spartan3E FPGA.
9. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
9
The input data comprise 22 symbols. Each data symbol from the bit-to-symbol block is append
onto a 32-chip PN sequence using the DSSS method. The output data are 704 chips in total with
the frequency of 2 MHz . The numbers of chips produced are based on[88 bits/4] symbols x 32
= 704 chips Based on this equation, each even chip of output data is registered as C0, C2 …..
C704, and each odd chip is registered as C1, C3 …C703, which is totally 352 chips each for
Iphase and Q-phase.
6. SIMULATION RESULT
6.1. TOP LEVEL MODULE SIMULATION RESULT
The above input signal is applied to the ZigBee Transmitter for IOT Wireless Device.
input enable,clk,rst,data_in;
wire [7:0]crc_out;
wire[3:0]sym1,sym2,sym3,sym4,sym5,sym6,sym7,sym8,sym9,sym10,sym11,sym12,sym13,sym1
4,sym15,sym16,sym17,sym18,sym19,sym20,sym21,sym22; it takes bits as the input and
produces symbols as the output.
wire[31:0]c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6,c7,c8,c9,c10,c11,c12,c13,c14,c15,c16,c17,c18,c19,c20,c21,c22; it
gives the chip as the output.
Figure 7. Top_level Zigbee Transmitter
From the simulation result the output signal of ZigBee Transmitter for IOT Wireless Device.
Output: final out;
it gives the pulse shaping.
6.2. INDIVIDUAL BLOCKS SIMULATION RESULTS
The individual blocks simulation results are given below:
10. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
10
Figure 8. Cyclic Redudancy Check
Figure 9. Bit-to-Symbol
Figure 10. Symbol-to-Chip
11. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
11
Figure 11. Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulator
6.3. DESIGN SUMMARY
7. CONCLUSION
This paper describes the design a wireless transmitter based on zigbee transmitter. In this five
blocks such as CRC block, Bit-to-Symbol block, Symbol-to-Chip, OQPSK and Pulse shaping as a
part of the ZigBee transmitter for 2.4 GHz frequency band. CRC was employed to detect the
errors during transmission of data. The binary data was sent to CRC and CRC codes were
generated. The output of CRC block was fed to Bit-to-Symbol block, where 88 bits were mapped
into 22 symbols. The output of Bit-to-symbol block is fed to the symbol-to-chip block and output
704 Chips. The symbol-to-chip output is fed to OQPSK. The fundamental O- QPSK method is to
sum the in-phase signal with a quadrature phase signal delayed by half a cycle in order to avoid
the sudden phase shift change. The pulse shaping block will detect the ISI(Inter-Symbol-
Interference).
12. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
12
ZigBee is the ideal choice of protocol for home automation and smart energy, because different
ZigBee devices can be connected. As more ZigBee devices are linked, communication paths
between devices multiply, eliminating the risk of single-point signal failure. ZigBee is an open,
global standard for wireless communication between IoT devices. With ZigBee, IoT devices can
easily be connected to other IoT devices. The ZigBee protocol is secure and stable, which is one
of the reasons why it has become one of the world’s most widely adopted protocols.
REFERENCES
[1] Akshay kanwar, Aditi khazanchi, “Zigbee: The New Bluetooth technology”, International Journal of
Engineering and Computer Science ISSN:2319-7242 Volume 1 issue 2 Nov 2012.
[2] Lee. JS, Su. YW and Shen. CC,”A comparative study of wireless protocols: Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee
and WiFi,”Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
(IECON),pp. 4651, November 2007.
[3] Tarek Elarabi, Vishal Deep, Chasham Deep,“Design and Simulation of State-of-Art ZigBee
Transmitter for IoT Wireless Devices”, IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and
Information Technology (ISSPIT), 2015.
[4] Pasala Raja Prakasha Rao, Verilog Based Design and Simulation of MAC and PHY Layers for Zigbee
Digital Transmitter Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 5), December 2014, pp.09-17.
[5] Khanh T. L., ”ZigBee System on Chip (SoC) Design,” High Frequency Electronics, pp. 16-25,
January 2006.
[6] R. Divyabharti, Design and Simulation of ZigBee using Verilog, Information Communication and
Embedded Systems, pp 882-888, Chennai, India, Feb 2013,.
[7] Y. Zhou, X. Yang, X. Gou, M. Zhou and L. Wang, ”A Design of Greenhouse Monitoring and Control
System Based on ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network,” Proceedings of the International Conference on
Wireless Communications, Networking and MobileComputing, pp.25632567, 2007.
[8] A. E. Oualkadi, L. V. Andendorpe and D. Flandre, System-level Analysis of O-QPSK Transceiver for
2.4 GHz band IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Standard, 14th International Conference on Mixed Design, pp.
469-474, June 2007.
[9] S.Shuklaand N.W.Bergmann, Single bit error correction implementation in CRC-16 on FPGA, Field-
Programmable Technology, 2004. Proceedings. 2004 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 319-322,
2004.
[10] X. Deng, M. Rong, T. Liu, Y. Yuan and D. Yu, Segmented Cyclic Redundancy Check: a Data
Protection Scheme for Fast Reading RFID Tags Memory, Proceedings of WCNC, pp. 1576-1581,
2008.
[11] O. O. Khalifa, M. D. R. Islam and S. Khan, Cyclic Redundancy Encoder for Error Detection in
Communication Channels, RF and Microwave Conference, pp.224-226,October 2004.
[12] Rafidah Ahmad, Othman Sidek and Shukri Korakkottil Kunhi Mohd.,”Development of Bit-to-Chip
Block for ZigBee Transmitter on FPGA,” 2009 Second International Conference on Computer and
Electrical Engineering, Volume: 1, pp. 492-496, 2009.
13. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.5, October 2017
13
WEBSITES
[1] ZigBee Alliance (2015) [Online]. Available: http://www.zigbee.org
[2] Digi International (2015) [online]. Available: http:// www.digi.com
[3] IEEE 802.15.4-2003 Standard. Available: http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.15.4-
2003.pdf.
[4] Boca Raton, ZigBee Network Protocols and Applications ,FL,CRCPress.
AUTHORS
A.Mounica,
M Tech VLSI, ECE,
GRIET,
Hyderabad.
G.Venkata Subba Reddy,
Associative Professor, ECE,
GRIET,
Hyderabad