Zigbee is a wireless networking technology used for low-power, low data rate applications. It operates in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands between 868-915MHz and 2.4GHz. Zigbee devices include low-power digital radios, sensors and controls that allow for wireless monitoring and control applications. Zigbee uses mesh networking which allows many devices to interconnect to extend wireless range and connectivity. Its low power consumption allows longer life with smaller batteries. Common applications include wireless lighting, HVAC and security systems.

1. ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY
WIRELESS CONTROL THAT SIMPLY WORKS
SHOAIB AHMED SIDDIQUI

2. THE ZIGBEE NAME
 Named for the “waggle” dance that honey
bees do to communicate with each other
 Erratic, zig-zagging patterns of bees
between flowers
 Symbolizes communication between nodes
in a mesh network
 Network components analogous to queen
bee, drones, worker bees

3. WHAT IS ZIGBEE ?
• ZigBee is a Ad-hoc networking technology for LR-
WPAN.
• Technological Standard Created for Control and
Sensor Networks
• Based On IEEE 802.15.4 standard that defines the PHY
and Mac Layers for ZigBee.
• Low in cost ,complexity & power consumption as
compared to competing technologies.
• Data rates touch 250Kbps for 2.45Ghz ,40 Kbps
915Mhz and 20Kbps for 868Mhz band.

4. • ZigBee is an established set of specifications for wireless personal
area networking (WPAN) i.e. digital radio connections between
computers and related devices.
• ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications which require
a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
• Created by the ZigBee Alliance

5. ZIGBEE ALLIANCE
and many more....

6. 6
HISTORY
ZigBee-style networks began to be conceived
around 1998, when many installers realized
that both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth were going to
be unsuitable for many applications.
During the last quarter of 2007, ZigBee PRO,
the enhanced ZigBee specification was
finalized.

7. WHAT DOES ZIGBEE DO?
• It is used for embedded application for low data rates
and Low power consumption, In expensive
• Designed for wireless controls and sensors
• Operates in Personal Area Networks (PAN’s) and
device-to-device networks
• Connectivity between small packet devices
• Control of lights, switches, thermostats, appliances,
etc.

8. ZIGBEE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps
• Support for Low Latency Devices
• CSMA-CA Channel Access
• Low Power Usage consumption
• 3 Frequencies bands with 27 channels
• Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)
• Supports large number of nodes
• Very long battery life
• ZigBee transmission range is approx. 1-100 meters.

9. WHY ZIGBEE IS NEEDED
• For Long Battery Lives
• It require low cost and very low current drain.
• It doesn't need much power
• It uses low data rates
9

10. HOW ZIGBEE WORKS
• Topology
• Star
• Cluster Tree
• Mesh
• Network coordinator, routers, end devices

11. MESH NETWORKING

12. MESH NETWORKING

13. MESH NETWORKING

14. MESH NETWORKING

15. MESH NETWORKING

16. ARCHITECTURE

17. ZIGBEE PROTOCOL STACK ARCHITECTURE
•
Defined in ZigBee
specification
Defined in 802.15.4
standard

18. PHYSICAL LAYER
PHY functionalities:
• Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver
• Energy Detection (ED) within the current channel
• Link Quality Indication (LQI) for received packets
• Clear Channel Assessment for CSMA-CA
• Channel frequency selection
• Data transmission and reception

19. PHY LAYER TASKS
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• Sleeping
Activation and
deactivation of the radio
transceiver
• Estimating received signal powerReceiver Energy
Detection
• Quality of a received signal
• Tune its transceiver in to specific channelLink Quality Indication
• Energy Detection mode
• Carrier Sense mode
• Carrier Sense with Energy Detection mode
Clear Channel
Assessment
• Tune its transceiver in to specific channel
Channel Frequency
Selection

20. OPERATING FREQUENCIES
• ISM ( INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL)
• 868 MHz European Band at 20kbps
• 915 MHz North American Band at 40kbps
• 2.4 GHz Global Band at 250kbps
Center
Frequency(MHz
Frequency Band
(MHz)
No. of
channels
Channel
(k)
Bit Rate (kb/s)
868 868-868.8 1 0 20
915 902-928 10 1-10 40
2450 2400-2483.5 16 11-26 250

21. MAC LAYER
• This layer provides interface between physical
layer and network layer
• Interface between the SSCS and the PHY
layer.
• Similar to the PHY layer, the MAC layer
supports two services.
• The MAC data service is responsible for the
transmission and reception of the MPDUs
through the PHY data service.

22. MAC LAYER
• The MAC management service, if the device
is a coordinator, manages the network
beacons. It is also responsible for PAN
association and disassociation, frame
validation, and acknowledgment providing “a
reliable link between two peer MAC entities.”
• Uses the CSMA/CA for channel access and
handles and maintains the GTS mechanism.
• Supports device security.

23. MAC LAYER FRAME FORMATS
• The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines four
different frame types: the beacon, data,
acknowledgment, and MAC command
frame.
• All frame types are based on the general
MAC frame format.
• The frame control field describes and
specifies the above different frame types.

24. MAC LAYER FRAME FORMATS
• The MAC frame format is
composed of a MHR, a MAC
payload, and a MFR.
• Different frame types have
different MAC payload fields.

25. GENERAL MAC LAYER FRAME
FORMAT
 Each frame includes a MFR, which contains a FCS.
 The data in the MPDU follows the same order as the
PPDU: the least significant bits are left in the frame and
are transited first.

26. TRAFFIC MODES
ZigBee employs either of two modes, beacon or non-beacon to
enable the to-and-fro data traffic.
Beacon mode is used when the coordinator runs on batteries
and thus offers maximum power savings, whereas the Non-
Beacon mode finds favor when the coordinator is mains-
powered.

27. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC LAYER
• Device Classes
• Full function device (FFD)
• Can function in any topology
• Capable of being Network coordinator
• Can talk to any other device (FFD/RFD)
• Reduced function device (RFD)
• Limited to star topology
• Cannot become network coordinator
• Talks only to FFDs
• Address
• All devices must have 64 bit IEEE addresses
• Short (16 bit) addresses can be allocated to
reduce packet size

28. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC LAYER
• Frame Types
• Data Frame
• used for all transfers of data
• Beacon Frame
• used by a coordinator to transmit beacons
• Acknowledgment Frame
• used for confirming successful frame reception
• MAC Command Frame
• used for handling all MAC peer entity control transfers

29. BEACON FRAME FORMAT
 The beacon frame is transmitted periodically by the PAN
coordinator.
 It provides information about the network management
through the super frame and GTS fields.
 It also synchronizes the network devices and indicates the
proper communication period for them.

30. DATA FRAME FORMAT
 Encapsulates data from the higher layers.

31. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FRAME
FORMAT
 Does not have a payload.
 When a device receives a packet, it is not obliged to
response with an acknowledgement packet

32. COMMAND FRAME FORMAT
 Useful for communication between the network devices.
 The command identifier specifies actions like association,
disassociation, and data, GTS or beacon request.

33. SUPER FRAME STRUCTURE

34. SUPER FRAME
• In the LR-WPAN, every PAN has its own
coordinator. The PAN coordinator manages
the communication in the local area; it has
two options, to use or not use the super
frame structure.
• The super frame uses network beacons.
• If the coordinator does not want to use a
super frame structure, it suspends the beacon
transmission.

35. SUPER FRAME
• The beacon is important for device association and
disassociation.
• If the coordinator wishes to maintain close
communication control in the PAN, and to support
low-latency devices it usually uses the super frame.
• A super frame determines a specific time period,
beacons bound it.

36. DATA TRANSFER TYPES
• Three different types of data transfer exist.
• Data transfer from a device to the PAN
coordinator.
• Data transfer from the PAN.
• Peer-to-peer Data Transfer
• The types differ if the coordinator uses or does
not beacons

37. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC LAYER
• Transmission Mode
• Slotted (Beacon enable mode )
• Periodic data and Repetitive low latency data using.
• Un-slotted (Non-Beacon enable mode)
• Intermittent data using.

38. MAC LAYER
• Transmission Mode
• Beacon enable mode
• Periodic data
• Repetitive low latency data using.
• Non-Beacon enable mode
• Intermittent data using.

39. ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)
 The coordinator forms the roots of the network tree and might Bridge to other
networks.
ZigBee Router (ZR)
 As well as Running an application function. A router can act as
an intermediate router. Passing on Data from other devices.
ZigBee End Device (ZED)
 Contains just enough functionality to talk to talk to the parent
node either the coordinator or a router. It cannot relay data
from other devices.
ZigBee Device Model

40. • ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)
- One and only one required for each ZigBee network.
- ZigBee Network has unique PAN ID and channel no.
- Initiates network formation.
- Acts as 802.15.4 PAN coordinator (FFD).
- May act as router once network is formed.
• ZigBee Router (ZR)
- Optional network component.
- May associate with ZC or with previously associated ZR.
- Acts as 802.15.4 coordinator (FFD).
- Participates in multi hop routing of messages.
• ZigBee End Device (ZED)
- Joins ZC or ZR.
- Optional network component.
- Acts as 802.15.4 End device (RFD).
- Optimized for very low power operation
- Shall not allow association and shall not participate in routing.

41. ZIGBEE FEATURES:-
.

43. APPLICATION SECTORS
HOME
AUTOMATION
ZigBee
LOW DATA-RATE
RADIO DEVICES
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVD/CD
remote
PC &
PERIPHERALS
consoles
portables
educational
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
INDUSTRIAL &
COMMERCIAL
monitors
sensors
automation
control
security
HVAC
lighting
closures

44. CONCLUSION
• ZigBee will play a vital role in the mass adoption
of cost effective, low power, mesh networking
technology for monitoring and control
applications, based on an open global standard.
• Near Future more flexibility and cost savings for
consumers and greater control over household
appliances.
• Used for campus-wide electrical and security
systems from a single computer

45. THANK YOU