6LoWPAN allows the use of IPv6 over low-power wireless networks. It compresses IPv6 packet headers to accommodate the small packet sizes of low-power wireless standards like 802.15.4. 6LoWPAN finds applications in home automation, healthcare, industrial automation, and environmental monitoring. It defines adaptations for addressing, forwarding, routing, header compression, and security to enable IPv6 connectivity over low-power wireless networks. Implementations of 6LoWPAN exist in open-source operating systems like Contiki and TinyOS, as well as commercial solutions.

1. 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks)

2. Introduction IP based devices web services security management frame size issues power & duty cycle multi cast topology bandwidth reliability Internet of things

3. Related Technologies RFC 4944 ISA 100 IPSO

4. Applications Home building automation Health care Industry Automation & Logistics Vehicular Automation Environmental monitoring and many more

5. Architecture

6. Protocol stack UDP is preferred

7. Link layers Compatibility with existing technologies like 802.15.4, Sub-GHz Radio and Power- line communications. Adaptation for IP Addressing of nodes (Locally & Globally)

8. Addressing Extended Unique identifier(EUI-64) -- like Zigbee Configurable short addressing(8-16 bits) Similar like IPv6 64 bits IID is used--- generally called Stateless Address Auto configuration (SAA)

9. Forwarding and Routing 1. IP Routing Model 2. LoWPAN Routing(L3 , Route over)

10. Forwarding and Routing (contd..) 3(a). DLL mesh forwarding (L2, Mesh Under) 3(b). LoWPAN adaptation (L2, Mesh Under)

11. Header Compression Headers of IP is compressed(IPv6 headers occupy more space) Router decompresses the header and transmits over different link MTU is not sufficient Need to achieve flow control Must be used when needed The throughput of network reduces Fragmentation and Reassembly

12. Data Packet of 802.15.4 802.15.4 IPv6 header Payload 802.15.4 Mesh Addr Frag IPv6 header Payload 802.15.4 Fragmentation IPv6 header Payload 128 bytes Payload decreases Fragmentation Header Mesh Header

13. IP Header format (HC) For IP , HC1 is used HC2 bit indicates further transport protocols UDP, TCP, ICMPv6 IPv6 Header UDP

14. RFC4944’s HC TF,FL into 2 bits Version, Payload Length, Link Local Prefix UDP ports (61616-61631) Uni Cast Multi Cast Global

15. Improved HC (IPHC) TF,FL are individually compressed Hop limit compression Removes prefixes for IPv6 addresses Supports Multicast for ND, SLAAC 4 bit index represents 16 contexts (if CID is set) U M G

16. Networking Issues Establishing a network (Commissioning) new node joining Network re-organizing Uses Service Set ID (WLAN) Security (Wireless Protected Access) Prefix match -- Home network Neighbor Discovery DHCPv6 (Stateless Address Auto configuration) Registration Reg. collision Multi-hop registration Various operations (node, router, edge router) Bootstrapping

17. Networking Issues (contd..) Objectives Confidentiality Integrity Availability Layer2 mechanisms As 802.15.4 implements AES(CCM, RFC 3610) 13 byte key based on 8 byte MAC Id 2^22= 7 weeks of key repetition Layer3 mechanisms (Internet Key Exchange [RFC 2409]) Doesn’t suit for LoWPANs Key Management (Enhanced L3) Username & Password Long, Short, Group, Pair wise keys Security

18. Other Aspects Mobility Roaming (macro) Handover (micro) Causes Physical movement Radio channel Network performance Sleep schedules Node failure Node & Network controlled (Wi-Fi, cellular systems) Solutions for Mobility Commissioning Bootstrapping Security Updating DNS Notifying upper layers So far nodes are considered stationary

19. Other Aspects (contd..) MIPv6 Proxy Home Agent

20. Other Aspects (contd..) Proxy MIPv6 NEMO (NEtwork MObility)

21. Application protocols General IPv6 HTTP, FTP, SIP, SNMP, RTP, SLP Need modifications SOAP, REST (Simple Object Access Protocol, REpresenational State Transfer) Need Port Address

22. Application protocols (contd..) Networking Host Issues Compression Security

23. Application protocols (contd..) Protocol paradigms End to End Real Time Streaming / Session Pub/ Sub Common Protocols Web service protocols MQTT (MQTT-S) ZIGBEE Compact Application Protocol Service Discovery SLP, UPnP, DPWS Industry Specific (BACnet, oBIX, ANSI c12.19) ZCAP, MQTT has own discovery features

24. Implementing 6lowpan Single Chip Two Chip

25. Implementing 6lowpan (contd..) Protocol Stacks ContikiOS & uIPv6 TinyOS & BLIP Sensinode NanoStack Jennic 6LoWPAN Nivis ISA100 (Industrial Standard)

26. Implementing 6lowpan (contd..) ContikiOS C MSP430, AVR, HC12, Z60, etc.. 2kB RAM, 40kB ROM LoWPAN Support Multitasking Event driven kernel uIP stack Thread based COOJA Simulator TMote TinyOS nesC MSP430, AVR 0.4kB RAM LoWPAN Support BLIP TOS Simulator FIFO OS merges with Program TelosB, IMote etc..

27. Implementing 6lowpan (contd..) H/W Platform Contiki OS TinyOS Application development Hardware Interaction layer Hardware Implementation Layer nesC TinyOS