This document discusses yarn strength testing. Yarn strength is an important indicator of quality and ability to withstand loads during weaving and knitting without breaking. There are different machines that can test single yarn strength at varying speeds, from 300 tests per hour to over 30,000 tests per hour. Key properties measured include breaking force, elongation, and variation within samples. Understanding yarn strength helps predict performance and end breaks during processing.
Coarse cleaner and fine cleaner presentation.KATHAMAHANTY
Blow-room is the starting of the spinning process, where the fiber is opened, cleaned, mixed, micro dust removed.Course cleaner & fine cleaner help to remove the dust, dirt, tufts,& other coarser and finer impurities.
Coarse cleaner and fine cleaner presentation.KATHAMAHANTY
Blow-room is the starting of the spinning process, where the fiber is opened, cleaned, mixed, micro dust removed.Course cleaner & fine cleaner help to remove the dust, dirt, tufts,& other coarser and finer impurities.
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
fiber strength and fiber fineness are described in detail about the machinery and discussed about new computerized testing machines which are used to determine the strength and fineness of the fiber.
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
fiber strength and fiber fineness are described in detail about the machinery and discussed about new computerized testing machines which are used to determine the strength and fineness of the fiber.
An experimental sample about tear strength testing of a fabric by Elmendorf's Tear Tester. This will helpful for the Textile Engineering student to know the measuring process of tear strength of a fabric.
Quality is a relative term. It means customer needs is to be satisfied. Quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Testing In response to ever-changing governmental regulations and the ever-increasing consumer demand for high quality, softlines testing and textile testing help to minimize risk and protect the interest of both manufacturers and consumers. It is important that testing is not undertaken without adding some benefit to the final product.
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, Because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
when it can no longer do so.
To a lady An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is concerned even though the cloth may
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. Why do we test textiles?
To find “HOW STRONG THEY ARE”!
This indicates that the strength of fibres
and fibrous structures is commonly
regarded as the CRITERION of
QUALITY
3. YARN TYPES BASED Warp
ON
ENDUSE Weft
Hosiery
Industrial yarns
and Sewing threads
4. PROPERTIES IMPORTANT FROM THE
POINT OF YARN QUALITY
Linear density or count
Twist
Tensile properties
Regularity or Evenness
Hairiness
5. Yarn strength
Is an indication of the yarn quality with
reference to its end use. (warp, weft,
hosiery, industrial yarns, sewing thread,
etc
Breaking strength aids in predicting the
performance in actual use
Extensibility, elasticity etc are also
important tensile characteristics.
7. TENSILE PROPERTIES OF YARN
2 4 6
100
200
Peak Load
Elongation%
Breaking
Strength
(g)
THE BREAKING FORCE IS THE HIGHEST FORCE VALUE WHICH IS REGISTERED
WHEN CARRYING OUT A TENSILE TEST. Tenacity is the specific strength at break.
8. The strength of a yarn depends on
various factors
1. Characteristics of the fibre used
2. Processing conditions
3. Twist inserted during spinning
4. Atmospheric conditions
5. Type of testing (speed of testing)
6. The previous history of the specimen
7. Capacity of the machine used
9. YARN STRENGTH
In winding warping, sizing, weaving ,
knitting etc, the yarn is generally used
in the form of Individual Strands
Short term variations are reflected in
single strand strength test
11. Yarn strength
The tensile testing of yarns has always
been an important quality control
procedure.
Tensile force & elongation values
provide indications….as to whether the
raw material is suitable
Makes possible for forecasting with
respect to subsequent processing and
the end product
12. SINGLE YARN STRENGTH
Uster Tensorapid
Uster Tensojet
• Breaking tenacity
g/tex, cN/tex
• Breaking elongation
%
• Breaking energy
• Time to break
• Mean value
• Standard deviation
• 95% confidence levels
• Coefficient of variation
(CV%)
• Individual values
• Stroke diagram
• Freq-distributions
Additional Information
15. Tensile test results
1. Mean breaking strength
2. CV % of strength
3. Mean breaking elongation %
4. CV% of elongation at break
5. Tenacity or RKm Value
16. Influence of Moisture on Tensile
characteristics
Textile Fibres
Hydrophobic
Hygroscopic
Moisture affects the force to break and elongation values
in the case of Hygroscopic fibres
17. To obtain reproducible results Tensile
tests are to carried out at standard
testing conditions 21 +/- 1 C, 65%
RH +/- 2%
All yarns which absorb moisture exhibit a
higher elongation with increasing RH%
18. Ultra high speed Tensile testing
USTER Tensorapid – 300 tests/hour
USTER Tenso Jet – 30000 tests/hour
UTJ-4(ultra high speed tensile testing)-42 times faster
than the fastest test with UTR
- Fully automatic measurements at extremely high speeds
of 400m/min
- Testing of all common staple fibre yarns
- Makes possible a means of forecasting the suitability of
the yarn for subsequent processing, particularly with
respect to end breaks.
- Detection of seldom-occurring weak places
- With continuously increasing speeds of textile
machinery, the reduction of end breaks is a primary
technological problem
19. Aids in prediction of the number of strength or elongation
related end-breaks to be expected at the weaving machine.
20.
21.
22. Even an apparently high yarn quality can occasionally fall
short of the Process requirements as a result of weak places.
Fault free yarns show an ELLIPTIC SCATTER
23. The mean breaking force of a yarn is not the decisive criterion, but seldom occurring or isolated
weak places, which in the most unfavourable case coincide with the highest loads on the weaving
machine leading to a breakage.
24.
25. With the new generation tensile testing
equipments..
-detailed information and objective data is provided with respect
to the measured values
- Graphical format of the results like stroke diagrams, scatter
plots, histograms of both force and elongation are available
- With tensile testing not only the mean
value of the breaking force but the
variation is equally important
- Higher variation can mean more
extreme values
26. UTJ4_Yarn strength results
The number of end-breaks on a
weaving machine is proportional to the
number of isolated weak places in the
yarn. Hence, to detect isolated weak
places the number of tests has to
drastically increased, which is possible
with UTJ4
27. Yarn strength
Each yarn is subjected to peak loads
during weaving and knitting, which the
yarn must resist without breaking in
order that the number of end-breaks
and the number of machine stops will
be contained at a minimum
