IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FPGA Implementation of Efficient Viterbi Decoder for Multi-Carrier SystemsIJMER
In this paper, we concern with designing and implementing a Convolutional encoder and
Adaptive Viterbi Decoder (AVD) which are the essential blocks in digital communication system using
FPGA technology. Convolutional coding is a coding scheme used in communication systems for error
correction employed in applications like deep space communications and wireless communications. It
provides an alternative approach to block codes for transmission over a noisy channel. The block
codes can be applied only for the blocks of data where as the Convolutional coding has an advantage
that it can be applied to both continuous data stream and blocks of data. The Viterbi decoder with
PNPH (Permutation Network based Path History) management unit which is a special path
management unit for faster decoding speed with less routing area. The proposed architecture can be
realized by an Adaptive Viterbi Decoder having constraint length, K of 3 and a code rate (k/n) of 1/2
using Verilog HDL. Simulation is done using Xilinx ISE 12.4i design software and it is targeted into
Xilinx Virtex-5, XC5VLX110T FPGA
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FPGA Implementation of LDPC Encoder for Terrestrial TelevisionAI Publications
The increasing data rates in digital television networks increase the demands on data capacity of the current transmission channels. Through new standards, the capacity of existing channels is increased with new methods of error correction coding and modulation. In this work, Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are implemented for their error correcting capability. LDPC is a linear error correcting code. These linear error correcting codes are used for transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel. LDPC codes are finding increasing use in applications requiring reliable and highly efficient information transfer over noisy channels. These codes are capable of performing near to Shannon limit performance and have low decoding complexity. LDPC uses parity check matrix for its encoding and decoding purpose. The main advantage of the parity check matrix is that it helps in detecting and correcting errors which is a very important advantage against noisy channels. This work presents the design and implementation of a LDPC encoder for transmission of digital terrestrial television according to the Chinese DTMB standard. The system is written in Verilog and is implemented on FPGA. The whole work is then verified with the help of Matlab modelling.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FPGA Implementation of Efficient Viterbi Decoder for Multi-Carrier SystemsIJMER
In this paper, we concern with designing and implementing a Convolutional encoder and
Adaptive Viterbi Decoder (AVD) which are the essential blocks in digital communication system using
FPGA technology. Convolutional coding is a coding scheme used in communication systems for error
correction employed in applications like deep space communications and wireless communications. It
provides an alternative approach to block codes for transmission over a noisy channel. The block
codes can be applied only for the blocks of data where as the Convolutional coding has an advantage
that it can be applied to both continuous data stream and blocks of data. The Viterbi decoder with
PNPH (Permutation Network based Path History) management unit which is a special path
management unit for faster decoding speed with less routing area. The proposed architecture can be
realized by an Adaptive Viterbi Decoder having constraint length, K of 3 and a code rate (k/n) of 1/2
using Verilog HDL. Simulation is done using Xilinx ISE 12.4i design software and it is targeted into
Xilinx Virtex-5, XC5VLX110T FPGA
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FPGA Implementation of LDPC Encoder for Terrestrial TelevisionAI Publications
The increasing data rates in digital television networks increase the demands on data capacity of the current transmission channels. Through new standards, the capacity of existing channels is increased with new methods of error correction coding and modulation. In this work, Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are implemented for their error correcting capability. LDPC is a linear error correcting code. These linear error correcting codes are used for transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel. LDPC codes are finding increasing use in applications requiring reliable and highly efficient information transfer over noisy channels. These codes are capable of performing near to Shannon limit performance and have low decoding complexity. LDPC uses parity check matrix for its encoding and decoding purpose. The main advantage of the parity check matrix is that it helps in detecting and correcting errors which is a very important advantage against noisy channels. This work presents the design and implementation of a LDPC encoder for transmission of digital terrestrial television according to the Chinese DTMB standard. The system is written in Verilog and is implemented on FPGA. The whole work is then verified with the help of Matlab modelling.
A new channel coding technique to approach the channel capacityijwmn
After Shannon’s 1948 channel coding theorem, we have witnessed many channel coding techniques developed to achieve the Shannon limit. A wide range of channel codes is available with different complexity levels and error correction performance. Many powerful coding schemes have been deployed in the power-limited Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. However, it seems like we have arrived at an end of advancement path, for most of the existing channel codes. This article introduces a new coding technique that can either be used as the last coding stage of concatenated coding scheme or in parallel configuration with other powerful channel codes to achieve reliable error performance with moderately complex decoding. We will go through an example to understand the overall approach of the proposed coding technique, and finally we will look at some simulation results over an AWGN channel to demonstrate its potential.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Hardware implementation of (63, 51) bch encoder and decoder for wban using lf...ijitjournal
Error Correcting Codes are required to have a reliable communication through a medium that has an
unacceptable bit error rate and low signal to noise ratio. In IEEE 802.15.6 2.4GHz Wireless Body Area
Network (WBAN), data gets corrupted during the transmission and reception due to noises and
interferences. Ultra low power operation is crucial to prolong the life of implantable devices. Hence simple
block codes like BCH (63, 51, 2) can be employed in the transceiver design of 802.15.6 Narrowband PHY.
In this paper, implementation of BCH (63, 51, t = 2) Encoder and Decoder using VHDL is discussed. The
incoming 51 bits are encoded into 63 bit code word using (63, 51) BCH encoder. It can detect and correct
up to 2 random errors. The design of an encoder is implemented using Linear Feed Back Shift Register
(LFSR) for polynomial division and the decoder design is based on syndrome calculator, inversion-less
Berlekamp-Massey algorithm (BMA) and Chien search algorithm. Synthesis and simulation were carried
out using Xilinx ISE 14.2 and ModelSim 10.1c. The codes are implemented over Virtex 4 FPGA device and
tested on DN8000K10PCIE Logic Emulation Board. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time an
implementation of (63, 51) BCH encoder and decoder carried out.
Implementation of Viterbi Decoder on FPGA to Improve Designijsrd.com
In the data transmissions over wireless channels are affect by attenuation, distortion, interference and noise, which affects the receiver's ability to receive correct information. Convolution coding with Viterbi decoding is a FEC technique that is particularly suited to a channel in which transmitted signal is corrupted mainly by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).Convolutional codes are used for error correction. They have rather good correcting capability and perform well even on very bad channels with error probabilities. Viterbi decoding is the best technique for decoding the Convolutional codes but it is limited to smaller constraint lengths. Viterbi algorithm is a well-known maximum-likelihood algorithm for decoding of convolutional codes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
-Study of the functionality of 2MB mother board, providing E1 data interfaces
-CMS LAB,TEST EQUIPMENT, QUALITY CONTROL. - ABOUT BEL,ROTATIONAL PROGRAM.-FPGA,ADSP,DSO,VHDL.
-E1 EUROPEAN DATA FORMAT , LINK, SPECIFICATION
ENCODING TECHNIQUES- HDB3, AMI
Chaos Encryption and Coding for Image Transmission over Noisy Channelsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A new channel coding technique to approach the channel capacityijwmn
After Shannon’s 1948 channel coding theorem, we have witnessed many channel coding techniques developed to achieve the Shannon limit. A wide range of channel codes is available with different complexity levels and error correction performance. Many powerful coding schemes have been deployed in the power-limited Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. However, it seems like we have arrived at an end of advancement path, for most of the existing channel codes. This article introduces a new coding technique that can either be used as the last coding stage of concatenated coding scheme or in parallel configuration with other powerful channel codes to achieve reliable error performance with moderately complex decoding. We will go through an example to understand the overall approach of the proposed coding technique, and finally we will look at some simulation results over an AWGN channel to demonstrate its potential.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Hardware implementation of (63, 51) bch encoder and decoder for wban using lf...ijitjournal
Error Correcting Codes are required to have a reliable communication through a medium that has an
unacceptable bit error rate and low signal to noise ratio. In IEEE 802.15.6 2.4GHz Wireless Body Area
Network (WBAN), data gets corrupted during the transmission and reception due to noises and
interferences. Ultra low power operation is crucial to prolong the life of implantable devices. Hence simple
block codes like BCH (63, 51, 2) can be employed in the transceiver design of 802.15.6 Narrowband PHY.
In this paper, implementation of BCH (63, 51, t = 2) Encoder and Decoder using VHDL is discussed. The
incoming 51 bits are encoded into 63 bit code word using (63, 51) BCH encoder. It can detect and correct
up to 2 random errors. The design of an encoder is implemented using Linear Feed Back Shift Register
(LFSR) for polynomial division and the decoder design is based on syndrome calculator, inversion-less
Berlekamp-Massey algorithm (BMA) and Chien search algorithm. Synthesis and simulation were carried
out using Xilinx ISE 14.2 and ModelSim 10.1c. The codes are implemented over Virtex 4 FPGA device and
tested on DN8000K10PCIE Logic Emulation Board. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time an
implementation of (63, 51) BCH encoder and decoder carried out.
Implementation of Viterbi Decoder on FPGA to Improve Designijsrd.com
In the data transmissions over wireless channels are affect by attenuation, distortion, interference and noise, which affects the receiver's ability to receive correct information. Convolution coding with Viterbi decoding is a FEC technique that is particularly suited to a channel in which transmitted signal is corrupted mainly by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).Convolutional codes are used for error correction. They have rather good correcting capability and perform well even on very bad channels with error probabilities. Viterbi decoding is the best technique for decoding the Convolutional codes but it is limited to smaller constraint lengths. Viterbi algorithm is a well-known maximum-likelihood algorithm for decoding of convolutional codes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
-Study of the functionality of 2MB mother board, providing E1 data interfaces
-CMS LAB,TEST EQUIPMENT, QUALITY CONTROL. - ABOUT BEL,ROTATIONAL PROGRAM.-FPGA,ADSP,DSO,VHDL.
-E1 EUROPEAN DATA FORMAT , LINK, SPECIFICATION
ENCODING TECHNIQUES- HDB3, AMI
Chaos Encryption and Coding for Image Transmission over Noisy Channelsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is an open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
BER Performance for Convalutional Code with Soft & Hard Viterbi DecodingIJMER
Viterbi decoding has a fixed decoding time. It is well suited to hardware decoder. Hear we proposed Viterbi algorithm with Decoding rate 1/3. Which dynamically improve performance of the channel
The discrete Fourier transform has many applications in science and engineering. For example, it is often used in digital signal processing applications such as voice recognition and image processing.
Ajay Kumar.Ph.D Research scholar at National Institute of Technology my mail id:-- ajaymodaliger@gmail.com
In this presentation slide i have Explained how to reducing Computational time complexity of Discrete Fourier transform(DFT) from O(n^2 ) to nlogn through Radix-2 .FFT Algorithm in this work i have also introduced how we can use Radix-2 FFT in encrypted signal processing application by considering homomarphic properties(RSA) of Paillier cryptosystem.
Brasil e Reino Unido lançam publicação em parceria
Iniciativa da Embaixada Britânica, relatório sobre sustentabilidade traz dados e pesquisas a respeito da mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas na agricultura
Marcos Giesteira
Uma parceria entre os governos do Brasil e do Reino Unido na área de agricultura de baixo carbono resultou na publicação intitulada “Semeando Sustentabilidade”. O conteúdo foi produzido a partir de uma rodada de encontros entre especialistas, produtores e tomadores de decisão dos dois países, que ocorreu entre os dias 21 e 25 de fevereiro deste ano, no Reino Unido.
Participaram da missão brasileira representantes do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário, Embrapa, Banco do Brasil, Senado Federal, Instituto Agronegócio Responsável (Ares) e Universidade de Campinas (Unicamp).
O grupo visitou propriedades rurais em Hampshire, no sudeste da Inglaterra, e reuniu-se com membros de duas das principais cadeias varejistas do Reino Unido (Tesco e John Lewis/Waitrose). Os brasileiros também participaram de um debate com executivos da consultoria Carbon Trust, uma das maiores prestadoras de serviço no ramo de inventários de emissões e certificação de cadeias produtivas.
Segundo o chefe da Assessoria de Gestão Estratégica do Ministério da Agricultura, Derli Dossa, o modelo produtivo sustentável da Fazenda Leckford e o contato com um programa de computador que quantifica o fluxo de carbono proporcionaram novos conhecimentos aos integrantes da missão.
“A Inglaterra está à frente na questão do pagamento por serviços ambientais, em ações efetivas de motivação da sociedade, no monitoramento e quantificação da pegada de carbono”, explica Dossa. A expressão "pegada de carbono" corresponde à quantidade de dióxido de carbono (CO²) e outros gases de efeito estufa emitidos como resultado direto ou indireto de uma atividade. “Os ingleses demonstraram que podem nos ajudar a avançar no controle de emissões, respeitando-se as diferenças e características de cada país”, ressalta o chefe da assessoria do ministério.
A publicação foi lançada nesta terça-feira, 16 de agosto, durante a primeira oficina para nivelamento dos profissionais que serão responsáveis pela capacitação de multiplicadores do Programa Agricultura de Baixo Carbono (ABC). O encontro vai até 18 de agosto na sede da Embrapa Estudos e Capacitação, em Brasília. O material está disponível no site do Ministério da Agricultura no endereço:
Turbo codes are error-correcting codes with performance that is close to the
Shannon theoretical limit (SHA). The motivation for using turbo codes is
that the codes are an appealing mix of a random appearance on the channel
and a physically realizable decoding structure. The communication systems
have the problem of latency, fast switching, and reliable data transfer. The
objective of the research paper is to design and turbo encoder and decoder
hardware chip and analyze its performance. Two convolutional codes are
concatenated concurrently and detached by an interleaver or permuter in the
turbo encoder. The expected data from the channel is interpreted iteratively
using the two related decoders. The soft (probabilistic) data about an
individual bit of the decoded structure is passed in each cycle from one
elementary decoder to the next, and this information is updated regularly.
The performance of the chip is also verified using the maximum a posteriori
(MAP) method in the decoder chip. The performance of field-programmable
gate array (FPGA) hardware is evaluated using hardware and timing
parameters extracted from Xilinx ISE 14.7. The parallel concatenation offers
a better global rate for the same component code performance, and reduced
delay, low hardware complexity, and higher frequency support.
Hard Decision Viterbi Decoder: Implementation on FPGA and Comparison of Resou...IJERA Editor
Viterbi decoder is the most important part in receiver section of wireless communication system. Viterbi
algorithm is one of the most common decoding algorithms used for decoding convolutional codes. Viterbi
decoder employs Maximum Likelihood technique to decode the convolutionally encoded data stream. In
practice, most of the communication systems use Viterbi decoding scheme in processors. But increased interest
on high speed Viterbi decoder in a single chip forced to realize with the speed of Giga-bit per second, without
using memory or off-chip processors. Implementation of proposed design and realization is possible due to
advanced Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technologies and advanced Electronic Design Automatic
(EDA) tools. This paper involves designing an optimum structure of Viterbi decoder and implementing it on
different FPGA devices to compare the resource utilizations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Convolutional encoding with Viterbi decoding is a good forward error correction technique suitable for channels affected by noise degradation. Fangled Viterbi decoders are variants of Viterbi decoder (VD) which decodes quicker and takes less memory with no error detection capability. Modified fangled takes it a step further by gaining one bit error correction and detection capability at the cost of doubling the computational complexity and processing time. A new efficient fangled Viterbi algorithm is proposed in this paper with less complexity and processing time along with 2 bit error correction capabilities. For 1 bit error correction for 14 bit input data, when compared with Modified fangled Viterbi decoder, computational complexity has come down by 36-43% and processing delay was halved. For a 2 bit error correction, when compared with Modified fangled decoder computational complexity decreased by 22-36%.
For wireless communication, the demand for high speed, low power and low cost Viterbi decoding are always required. Convolutional coding with Viterbi decoding is a very powerful method for forward error correction and detection method. It has been popularly used in many wireless communication systems to improve the limited capacity of its communication channels. VLSI technology in advance is using low power, less area and high speed constraints is often used for encoding and decoding of data.
Space time block coding is a technique used in wireless communication to transmit multiple copies of a data stream across a number of antennas and to exploit the various received versions of the data to improve the reliability of data transfer. The fact that the transmitted signal must traverse a potentially difficult environment with scattering, reflection, refraction and so on and may then be further corrupted by thermal noise in the receiver means that some of the received copies of the data may be closer to the original signal than others. This redundancy results in a higher chance of being able to use one or more of the received copies to correctly decode the received signal. In fact, space–time coding combines all the copies of the received signal in an optimal way to extract as much information from each of them as possible.
Performance analysis of viterbi decoder for wireless applicationsacijjournal
Viterbi decoder is employed in wireless communication to decode the convolutional codes; those codes are
used in every robust digital communication systems. Convolutional encoding and viterbi decoding is a
powerful method for forward error correction. This paper deals with synthesis and implementation of
viterbi decoder with a constraint length of three as well as seven and the code rate of ½ in FPGA (Field
Programmable Gate Array). The performance of viterbi decoder is analyzed in terms of resource
utilization. The design of viterbi decoder is simulated using Verilog HDL. It is synthesized and implemented
using Xilinx 9.1ise and Spartan 3E Kit. It is compatible with many common standards such as 3GPP, IEEE
802.16 and LTE.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
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journal of engineering, online Submission
FPGA Implementation of Viterbi Decoder using Hybrid Trace Back and Register E...ijsrd.com
Error correction is an integral part of any communication system and for this purpose, the convolution codes are widely used as forward error correction codes. For decoding of convolution codes, at the receiver end Viterbi Decoder is being employed. The parameters of Viterbi algorithm can be changed to suit a specific application. The high speed and small area are two important design parameters in today’s wireless technology. In this paper, a high speed feed forward viterbi decoder has been designed using hybrid track back and register exchange architecture and embedded BRAM of target FPGA. The proposed viterbi decoder has been designed with Matlab, simulated with Xilinx ISE 8.1i Tool, synthesized with Xilinx Synthesis Tool (XST), and implemented on Xilinx Virtex4 based xc4vlx15 FPGA device. The results show that the proposed design can operate at an estimated frequency of 107.7 MHz by consuming considerably less resources on target device to provide cost effective solution for wireless applications.
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference. In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB. Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB.
Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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Y25124127
1. D.Rahul Varma, A. Uday Kumar, B. Vijaya Bhaskar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.124-127
Reconfigurable Viterbi Decoder
D.RAHUL VARMA, A.UDAY KUMAR, B. VIJAYA BHASKAR
Department of ECE, St.Theresa College of Engg. and Tech., Andhra Pradesh, India
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, St. Theresa College of Engg. and Tech., Andhra Pradesh, India
Associate Professor, Department of ECE, St. Theresa College of Engg. and Tech., Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Forward Error Correction (FEC) bit information symbol (each m-bit string) to be
schemes are an essential component of wireless encoded is transformed into an n-bit symbol,
communication systems. Convolutional codes are where m/n is the code rate (n ≥ m) and
employed to implement FEC but the complexity of The transformation is a function of the
corresponding decoders increases exponentially last k information symbols, where k is the
according to the constraint length. Present constraint length of the code.
wireless standards such as Third generation (3G) Convolution codes are used extensively in
systems, GSM, 802.11A, 802.16 utilize some numerous applications in order to achieve reliable
configuration of convolutional coding. data transfer, Including, digital, video, radio, mobile
Convolutional encoding with Viterbi decoding is a communication and satellite communication.
powerful method for forward error correction. convolutional encoder is used to obtain convolution
The Viterbi algorithm, which is the most codes .It take a single or multi-bit input and generate
extensively employed decoding algorithm for a matrix of encoded outputs. In digital modulation
convolutional codes. The main aim of this project communications systems (such as wireless
is to design FPGA based viterbi algorithm which communication systems, etc.) noise and other
encrypts / decrypts the data . In this project the external factors can alter bit sequences. By adding
encryption / decryption algorithm is designed and additional bits we make bit error checking more
programmed in to the FPGA. successful and allow for more accurate transfers. By
transmitting a greater number of bits than the original
I. INTRODUCTION signal we introduce a certain redundancy that can be
In telecommunication and information used to determine the original signal in the presence
theory, forward error correction (FEC) (also of an error.
called channel coding]) is a system of error Several algorithms exist for decoding
control for data transmission, whereby the sender convolutional codes. For relatively small values of k,
adds systematically generated redundant data to its the Viterbi algorithm is universally used .
messages, also known as an error-correcting A Viterbi decoder uses the Viterbi algorithm for
code (ECC). The carefully designed redundancy decoding a bitstream that has been encoded
allows the receiver to detect and correct a limited using forward error correction based on
number of errors occurring anywhere in the message a convolutional code.There are other algorithms for
without the need to ask the sender for additional data. decoding a convolutionally encoded stream (for
FEC gives the receiver an ability to correct errors example, the Fano algorithm). The Viterbi algorithm
without needing a reverse channel to request is the most resource-consuming, but it does
retransmission of data, but this advantage is at the the maximum likelihood decoding. .
cost of a fixed higher forward channel bandwidth. Here we designed the two stage convolutional
FEC is therefore applied in situations where encoder and viterbi decoder and will implement in
retransmissions are relatively costly, or impossible FPGA.
such as when broadcasting to multiple receivers. The For our illustration we will assume a 4-bit
process of adding this redundant information is and give as an input to the convolutional encoder
known as channel coding. Convolutional coding and rate-1/2 code (two output bits for every input bit).
block coding are the two major forms of channel This will yield a 2x4 output matrix, with the extra
coding. Convolutional codes operate on serial data, bits allowing for the correction. This 8 bit output is
one or a few bits at a time. Block codes operate on given as the input to the viterbi decoder which
relatively large (typically, up to a couple of hundred decodes the convolutional codes into original data.
bytes) message blocks. There are a variety of useful
convolutional and block codes, and a variety of II. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS
algorithms for decoding the received coded ARCHITECTURES
information sequences to recover the original data. In wireless communication AWGN
Convolutional codes are employed to implement (Additive White Gaussian Noise) properties of most
FEC. In telecommunication, a convolutional code is a of the communication media introduce noise in real
type of error-correcting code in which each m- data during transmission.Channel Coding is a
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2. D.Rahul Varma, A. Uday Kumar, B. Vijaya Bhaskar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.124-127
technique to introduce redundant code in real code to
remove interference and error during transmission.
Coded data in sender side thus increased by volume
and error effect becomes less compare with uncoded
data. Receiver end receives this data and decodes the
data using some techniques. Viterbi decoding is one
of the popular techniques to decode data effectively. Fig 5: Block Diagram of viterbi decoder
Viterbi algorithm (VA) is an optimum decoding BMU: Branch metric unit ACS:
algorithm for the convolutional code. Convolutional Add , compare and select TBU: Trace
encoding and Viterbi Decoding are widely used for back unit d in: Input
reliable data transmission. data d out: Output
data
There are different approaches of
implementation for Convolutional Encoder and
Viterbi Decoder in the literatures. previously the IV.VITERBI ALGORITHM
implementation of Convolutional Encoder and The algorithm for Viterbi decoder can be
Viterbi Decoder in the DSP Platform. It is a flexible explained by using the example below. Let us
platform but slow in speed. Using μC Platform consider the input 11010001.
implementation of Convolutional Encoder and Mininum value and minimum path calculation
Viterbi Decoder is also Slow. The input is taken in the form of four sets
each,comprising of 2 bits starting from the MSB. The
To overcome the performance issue of first two bits from the MSB are taken and are XOR-
Convolutional Encoder and Viterbi Decoder, FPGA ed with the values predetermined for the encoder as
based implementation has been proposed. These STATE 0 and the values are obtained.Similarly they
Implementations have Fixed Constraint Length and are also EXOR-ed with the values of STATE 1 and
Code Rate or with Partial Configuration Facility. the values are also noted down. Thus we obtain 2 sets
Complexity of Viterbi decoding algorithm increases of 4 values each , for state 0 and state 1. The
in terms of convolutionally encoded trellis length. corresponding values are compared and the minimum
Increasing the trellis length causes the algorithm to of each of the 2 values is noted down for all the 4
take more time to decode. This will cause values. Also corresponding position values are
transmission speed lower but make the transmission marked as 00,01,10,11 respectively. For the
more reliable. Lowering the trellis length will minimum path calculation, the value corresponding
increase the transmission speed . A highly complex to that particular minimum path is taken and its state
Viterbi Decoder someway loses its advantages, when value (state 0 or state 1) is assigned to the minimum
it is adopted to decode sequences transmitted on a path in decimal notation. This is the function of the
low-noise channel. In this case, low minimum BMU.
distance codes are more suitable for achieving a good
performance, and a higher bit rate can be transmitted
by lowering the coding rate.
III. VITERBI DECODER
Viterbi decoder is most commonly used to
resolve convolution codes. This is essential for the
purpose of secure transmission of data and its
corresponding retrieval during reception. Viterbi
decoders also have the property of compressing the
number of bits of the data input to half. As a result
redundancy in the codes is also reduced. Hence
viterbi decoding is more effective and efficient. The
Viterbi decoder designed here is an 8:4 decoder. The
same logic and concept can also be extended to
further number of bits also. Viterbi decoders are
based on the basic algorithm which comprises of
minimum path and value calculation and retracing the
path. This minimum values calculation is determined
by EX-OR operation and then comparing .This can
be briefed by means of the block diagram .
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3. D.Rahul Varma, A. Uday Kumar, B. Vijaya Bhaskar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.124-127
Once the 1st row is resolved, the second set
of two bits starting from the MSB (01 in our case) is
EXOR-ed as explained for the first set. Now the
corresponding states of the respective values(value 0
or value 1) are obtained and their corresponding
STATE VALUES are noted down(in binary). These
state values denote the minimum distance positions ,
obtained in the previous row resolution. The
corresponding value of the minimum distance is
chosen and is added to the EXOR-ed outputs of the
present row(both in binary) for both value 0 and
value 1. They are then compared and minimum
distance is once again obtained and corresponding
positions are assigned. This is the function of the
ACS unit. The path calculation is the same as the first
row.
The above procedure is repeated for rows 3
and 4 also and their corresponding values are
obtained.
Path trace back procedure
The final step is the trace back procedure,
wherein the all the values are consolidated to obtain
the final output. If the position of minimum value is
00 or 01, a 0 is obtained in the output. For any other
values, a 1 is obtained at the output. In this
calculation, the minimum value of the last row is Fig 9: Synthesis Report of viterbi decoder
taken and based on its position a 1 or 0 is assigned as VI. CONCLUSION
one of the output bits. The corresponding path is In our project, a Viterbi algorithm based on
noted and converted to binary. The minimum value the strongly connected trellis decoding of binary
corresponding to that particular path ,is noted and convolutional codes has been implemented in FPGA.
once again a position based output bit assignment is The use of error-correcting codes has proven to be an
made as explained previously, for the row 3. This is effective way to overcome data corruption in digital
repeated for all the remaining rows . Thus,4 output communication channels. The adaptive Viterbi
bits are obtained. These bits are then concatenated decoders are modelled using Verilog, and post
and a process of bit reversal is made .thus a 4 bit synthesized by Xilinx FPGA logic. We can
output is derived from an 8 bits input that was given implement a higher performance Viterbi decoder
to the viterbi decoder with such as pipelining or interleaving. So in the
The output for the 8 to 4 viterbi decoder is shown future, with Pipeline or interleave the ACS and the
below. The encoded bit is given as input and the 4 trace-back and output decode block, we can make it
bit original message bit is decoded and got as the better.
output.
REFERENCE
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viterbi decoder: ,pp. 379-423 and 23-656, 1948
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[3]. Golay, M. “Notes on digital coding”, Proc.
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[4]. Azim, C., Monir, M. “Implementation of
Viterbi Decoder for WCDMA System”,
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[5]. Wong, Y., Jian, W., HuiChong, O., Kyun,
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4. D.Rahul Varma, A. Uday Kumar, B. Vijaya Bhaskar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
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International conference on Research and
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[6]. Bissi, L., Placidi. P., Baruffa, G., Scorzoni,
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