This document discusses improving the bit error rate of OFDM transmission using turbo codes. It provides an overview of OFDM and its benefits, including its ability to combat multipath interference. However, OFDM results in burst errors that can degrade coding efficiency. The document proposes using turbo codes with OFDM since turbo codes can achieve performance close to the Shannon limit. It reviews the basic principles of turbo code design and encoding/decoding. The rest of the document outlines simulations done to test the performance of a turbo code combined with OFDM over AWGN and impulsive noise channels.
The document analyzes the performance of LDPC coded WLAN physical layer under BPSK and 16-QAM modulation. It finds that an LDPC encoded WLAN system with a code rate of (48,46) performs best under BPSK modulation in an AWGN channel, achieving the lowest bit error rate. Simulation results show LDPC coding improves performance by reducing bit error rates compared to without coding. The best performing configuration provides power efficiency through lower transmitted power requirements for a given bit error rate.
This document summarizes issues related to medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless ad hoc networks. It discusses common MAC protocols like ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, CSMA, and their variants. It also covers protocols specific to wireless networks like MACA, MACAW, and CSMA/CA. Additional topics covered include Bluetooth, wireless mesh networks, mobile ad hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks. Simulation tools for modeling wireless ad hoc networks are also mentioned.
This document discusses an FPGA implementation of a four phase code design using a modified genetic algorithm. It summarizes the key aspects of the implementation as follows:
1) The proposed architecture efficiently implements a modified genetic algorithm on an FPGA to identify good pulse compression sequences based on discrimination factor.
2) Pulse compression techniques in radar allow long pulses to achieve high energy while maintaining the range resolution of short pulses. The receiver compresses the long signal into a narrow signal.
3) The criteria for good pulse compression sequences include high merit factor and discrimination factor. Merit factor measures quality by comparing main lobe energy to side lobe energy. Discrimination factor compares the main peak to maximum side lobes.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document analyzes the performance of a turbo coded WiMAX system over different communication channels, including AWGN, Rayleigh, and Rician channels. It describes the key components of the WiMAX physical layer, including randomization, forward error correction, interleaving, symbol mapping, and encoding of turbo codes. Simulation results are presented comparing the performance of the different channels, with AWGN showing better performance at higher numbers of turbo code iterations. With convolution coding alone performance was weaker, but turbo coding provided about a 7dB enhancement.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses the design and analysis of multirate filters for WiMAX applications. It proposes a programmable multirate filter architecture that can be implemented using software-defined radio technology and multirate signal processing principles. The filters are designed using MATLAB's filter design and analysis tool to meet WiMAX specifications. A digital upconverter is presented that uses three cascaded FIR filters with interpolation factors of 1, 2, and 4 to achieve an overall interpolation factor of 8 as required by WiMAX. The filters are analyzed and simulated in MATLAB to verify they satisfy WiMAX's spectral mask requirements.
Cooperative Diversity - An Introduction to Cooperative CommAshish Meshram
The document provides an introduction to cooperative diversity and cooperative communication techniques. It discusses the motivation for cooperative diversity as a way to achieve spatial diversity without multiple antennas at mobile units. The key aspects covered include:
- Cooperative diversity protocols like amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) where the relay assists transmission from the source to the destination.
- The application of cooperative diversity techniques to improve cellular capacity and coverage, wireless local area networks, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and wireless sensor networks.
- The mathematical modeling of the relay channel and simplified single-relay system models for AF and DF protocols.
- Analysis of outage probability for the AF protocol and
This document describes the design and implementation of a wideband digital down converter (DDC) on an FPGA. It discusses the theoretical blocks of a DDC including a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), mixer, cascaded integrate-comb (CIC) filter, compensation FIR filter, and programmable FIR filter. It also describes implementing each block using advanced methods and testing the design on an FPGA using Xilinx software and a Chip Scope Pro Analyzer tool. Simulation results showing the output at each DDC block are presented.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes the performance of LDPC coded WLAN physical layer under BPSK and 16-QAM modulation. It finds that an LDPC encoded WLAN system with a code rate of (48,46) performs best under BPSK modulation in an AWGN channel, achieving the lowest bit error rate. Simulation results show LDPC coding improves performance by reducing bit error rates compared to without coding. The best performing configuration provides power efficiency through lower transmitted power requirements for a given bit error rate.
This document summarizes issues related to medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless ad hoc networks. It discusses common MAC protocols like ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, CSMA, and their variants. It also covers protocols specific to wireless networks like MACA, MACAW, and CSMA/CA. Additional topics covered include Bluetooth, wireless mesh networks, mobile ad hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks. Simulation tools for modeling wireless ad hoc networks are also mentioned.
This document discusses an FPGA implementation of a four phase code design using a modified genetic algorithm. It summarizes the key aspects of the implementation as follows:
1) The proposed architecture efficiently implements a modified genetic algorithm on an FPGA to identify good pulse compression sequences based on discrimination factor.
2) Pulse compression techniques in radar allow long pulses to achieve high energy while maintaining the range resolution of short pulses. The receiver compresses the long signal into a narrow signal.
3) The criteria for good pulse compression sequences include high merit factor and discrimination factor. Merit factor measures quality by comparing main lobe energy to side lobe energy. Discrimination factor compares the main peak to maximum side lobes.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document analyzes the performance of a turbo coded WiMAX system over different communication channels, including AWGN, Rayleigh, and Rician channels. It describes the key components of the WiMAX physical layer, including randomization, forward error correction, interleaving, symbol mapping, and encoding of turbo codes. Simulation results are presented comparing the performance of the different channels, with AWGN showing better performance at higher numbers of turbo code iterations. With convolution coding alone performance was weaker, but turbo coding provided about a 7dB enhancement.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses the design and analysis of multirate filters for WiMAX applications. It proposes a programmable multirate filter architecture that can be implemented using software-defined radio technology and multirate signal processing principles. The filters are designed using MATLAB's filter design and analysis tool to meet WiMAX specifications. A digital upconverter is presented that uses three cascaded FIR filters with interpolation factors of 1, 2, and 4 to achieve an overall interpolation factor of 8 as required by WiMAX. The filters are analyzed and simulated in MATLAB to verify they satisfy WiMAX's spectral mask requirements.
Cooperative Diversity - An Introduction to Cooperative CommAshish Meshram
The document provides an introduction to cooperative diversity and cooperative communication techniques. It discusses the motivation for cooperative diversity as a way to achieve spatial diversity without multiple antennas at mobile units. The key aspects covered include:
- Cooperative diversity protocols like amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) where the relay assists transmission from the source to the destination.
- The application of cooperative diversity techniques to improve cellular capacity and coverage, wireless local area networks, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and wireless sensor networks.
- The mathematical modeling of the relay channel and simplified single-relay system models for AF and DF protocols.
- Analysis of outage probability for the AF protocol and
This document describes the design and implementation of a wideband digital down converter (DDC) on an FPGA. It discusses the theoretical blocks of a DDC including a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), mixer, cascaded integrate-comb (CIC) filter, compensation FIR filter, and programmable FIR filter. It also describes implementing each block using advanced methods and testing the design on an FPGA using Xilinx software and a Chip Scope Pro Analyzer tool. Simulation results showing the output at each DDC block are presented.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Design and Performance Evaluation Of Modulation Techniques Suitable For ADSL ...Ash Milan
This document discusses modulation techniques for ADSL modems. It begins with an abstract that introduces ADSL and the goal of evaluating modulation techniques to achieve high bandwidth.
The body of the document is divided into two main sections. The first section provides background on ADSL technology, including defining an ADSL modem and explaining how transmission rates vary based on distance from the local exchange.
The second section discusses modulation schemes used in ADSL modems, including phase-shift keying (PSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and their basic receiver block diagrams. It provides equations to describe these modulation techniques.
Small form factor cognitive radio implemented via fpga partial reconfiguratio...Roberto Uribeetxeberria
This document describes a cognitive radio system implemented on an FPGA that can replace a wired video transmission system. Key points:
- The system senses the availability of the wireless transmission channel and can change its intermediate frequency based on channel conditions using FPGA partial reconfiguration.
- It implements an OQPSK modulation scheme and was designed using Xilinx System Generator rapid prototyping tools.
- The transmitter acquires video streaming data, modulates it using OQPSK, and upconverts it to either a 5MHz or 10MHz intermediate frequency depending on channel availability.
- The receiver searches for the signal power, reconfigures to the target frequency, performs synchronization and demodulation, and outputs the
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
This document summarizes the porting and optimization of the ITU-T G.729.1 speech coding algorithm to the SC3850 DSP core. The authors modified the reference G.729.1 code to fix-point C and optimized it for the SC3850 architecture through techniques like replacing functions with intrinsics, inlining small functions, and restructuring loops and memory accesses. They achieved over 90% improvement in cycles per second (MCPS) through these optimizations while maintaining bit-exact accuracy against the ITU test vectors. The G.729.1 codec is an 8-32 kbps scalable wideband speech codec standardized by ITU, useful for applications like VoIP, audio conferencing, and
Matlab Based Decimeter Design Analysis Wimax Appliacationiosrjce
The document discusses the design and analysis of a digital down converter (DDC) for WIMAX applications using MATLAB. It contains the following key points:
1. It describes the functional blocks and design of a DDC including a mixer, numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), and FIR filter chain.
2. It analyzes different window functions that can be used for FIR filter design including Kaiser, Blackman-Harris, and presents the magnitude response, phase response, and step response of filters designed using Kaiser and Blackman windows.
3. It compares the implementation cost of the filters designed using different windows by calculating the number of multipliers and adders used.
This document describes a digital down converter (DDC) implemented on a Xilinx FPGA Virtex-5 device. The DDC allows a received intermediate frequency (IF) signal to be down converted to baseband. It uses a direct digital synthesizer to generate sine and cosine signals to mix with the input samples in a mixer, producing in-phase and quadrature signals. These pass through a low-pass filter to reject images and yield a complex baseband representation of the original signal. Implementing the filter as a multi-stage FIR filter approach optimizes the DDC with respect to hardware complexity, speed and power dissipation compared to a single-stage FIR filter. The DDC is controlled by commands received over
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses serial communication, including:
1) The advantages of serial communication over parallel communication for long distance communication due to lower wiring costs.
2) The differences between synchronous and asynchronous communication and between simplex, half duplex, and full duplex modes.
3) How start and stop bits are used to frame data for asynchronous serial communication and how baud rate and bits per second are measured.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the performance of turbo coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) over fading channels. It describes how OFDM can mitigate inter-symbol interference caused by frequency selective fading channels by dividing the channel into parallel subchannels. It then provides details on turbo coding, including the encoder and iterative decoder design. The system model studied transmits a turbo coded OFDM signal over a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel and evaluates the performance for rate 1/3 and 1/2 turbo codes. Simulation results are presented to analyze the bit error rate.
Generation and Implementation of Barker and Nested Binary codesIOSR Journals
This document discusses the generation and implementation of Barker and nested binary codes for use in radar applications. It begins with background on Barker codes and nested binary codes, which are types of phase coded waveforms used for pulse compression. Barker codes have the optimal autocorrelation sidelobe properties but are limited in length. Nested binary codes are formed by taking the Kronecker product of two Barker codes, which allows the generation of longer codes while maintaining good autocorrelation. The document then presents the methodology for implementing Barker and nested binary codes using linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). Finally, it discusses measures for comparing signal performance such as merit factor and proposes an efficient VLSI architecture using LFSRs to generate these codes for implementation
This document describes an FPGA-based design and implementation of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transceiver module using VHDL. The key components developed include a serial-to-parallel converter, 4-QAM modulator, 64-point IFFT using a radix-4 butterfly structure, FFT, 4-QAM demodulator, and parallel-to-serial converter. The design utilizes CORDIC algorithms instead of multipliers to improve resource usage. The OFDM transceiver core was implemented and tested on a Xilinx Spartan-3AN FPGA using a loopback configuration.
The document summarizes a proposed scheme for rapid signal acquisition in direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication systems operating in high Doppler environments. The scheme uses time domain correlation of differential signals to estimate pseudo-noise (PN) code phase, followed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) to precisely estimate Doppler frequency. An area-efficient field programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture is presented that combines time and frequency domain approaches. The architecture achieves 52% area occupancy when synthesized for a Virtex-6 FPGA and operates at 134 MHz, allowing for fast signal acquisition needed in applications like missile guidance systems.
The document discusses a study that implemented low density parity check (LDPC) decoding using a min sum algorithm with reduced complexity compared to existing methods. It used quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation to improve bit error rate over previous approaches that used binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The proposed method was able to achieve a lower bit error rate than other existing techniques using fewer iterations, improving performance flexibility by varying the code size. It implemented LDPC decoding on an irregular parity check matrix using a split row technique to reduce interconnect complexity and increase parallelism in the row processing stage compared to standard decoding algorithms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document evaluates the performance of the AODV and DSR routing protocols for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) multimedia traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It conducts simulations in NS-2 to analyze four performance metrics: packet received, throughput, routing overhead, and network load. The results show that AODV outperforms DSR for packet received, throughput, and routing overhead. DSR has higher network load than AODV. Therefore, the document concludes that AODV is better suited than DSR for VBR multimedia transmission in mobile ad hoc networks.
FPGA Implementation of Efficient Viterbi Decoder for Multi-Carrier SystemsIJMER
In this paper, we concern with designing and implementing a Convolutional encoder and
Adaptive Viterbi Decoder (AVD) which are the essential blocks in digital communication system using
FPGA technology. Convolutional coding is a coding scheme used in communication systems for error
correction employed in applications like deep space communications and wireless communications. It
provides an alternative approach to block codes for transmission over a noisy channel. The block
codes can be applied only for the blocks of data where as the Convolutional coding has an advantage
that it can be applied to both continuous data stream and blocks of data. The Viterbi decoder with
PNPH (Permutation Network based Path History) management unit which is a special path
management unit for faster decoding speed with less routing area. The proposed architecture can be
realized by an Adaptive Viterbi Decoder having constraint length, K of 3 and a code rate (k/n) of 1/2
using Verilog HDL. Simulation is done using Xilinx ISE 12.4i design software and it is targeted into
Xilinx Virtex-5, XC5VLX110T FPGA
The document compares the performance of single stage and double stage interleavers in communication systems using turbo codes. A single stage interleaver uses one random interleaver between two convolutional encoders, while a double stage interleaver uses two interleavers in series. The document suggests that a double stage interleaver can improve the bit error rate (BER) of the system compared to a single stage interleaver by further scrambling the input bits. It also provides details on the components of a turbo code system such as convolutional encoders, interleavers, puncturing, and iterative decoding.
This document discusses the performance analysis of a DS-CDMA rake receiver system in the presence of nonlinear distortion. It begins by introducing CDMA technology and explaining how rake receivers are used in CDMA systems to combine signals from multiple propagation paths to maximize signal-to-noise ratio. It then analyzes the effects of nonlinear distortion from high power amplifiers on the bit error rate performance of DS-CDMA signals. Specifically, it develops analytical expressions to characterize the relationship between input back-off level and signal characteristics that impact bit error rate degradation. Finally, it derives an expression for the bit error rate in the presence of the considered nonlinear predistortion-high power amplifier chain.
Podcasts allow people to download audio or video files from the internet to listen to or watch on their own schedule. Podcasts can be created by anyone and uploaded to servers where they can be found by podcatchers, which read RSS feeds to identify and automatically download new podcast episodes. Podcast creators are called podcasters, and popular examples include DJ Tiesto's "Tiesto's Club Life" podcast.
This document summarizes a research paper on using cryptography and steganography for data security. It discusses how both cryptography and steganography can be used to securely transmit confidential information, but combining them provides additional security. The document then provides background on cryptography and steganography techniques. It explains symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and algorithms like AES, DES, and Diffie-Hellman. It also discusses how the paper aims to develop a new system that embeds encrypted data using steganography for enhanced security. In under 3 sentences.
El documento presenta el calendario de eventos regionales de varias universidades en México. La Región III, del Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, tendrá su universiada regional del 29 de marzo al 4 de abril en Cd. Obregón, Sonora. La Región VI, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, realizará sus competencias de diferentes deportes del 16 al 30 de marzo en la Ciudad de México. La Región VII, de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, llevará a cabo sus actividades del 22 al 28 de
Design and Performance Evaluation Of Modulation Techniques Suitable For ADSL ...Ash Milan
This document discusses modulation techniques for ADSL modems. It begins with an abstract that introduces ADSL and the goal of evaluating modulation techniques to achieve high bandwidth.
The body of the document is divided into two main sections. The first section provides background on ADSL technology, including defining an ADSL modem and explaining how transmission rates vary based on distance from the local exchange.
The second section discusses modulation schemes used in ADSL modems, including phase-shift keying (PSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and their basic receiver block diagrams. It provides equations to describe these modulation techniques.
Small form factor cognitive radio implemented via fpga partial reconfiguratio...Roberto Uribeetxeberria
This document describes a cognitive radio system implemented on an FPGA that can replace a wired video transmission system. Key points:
- The system senses the availability of the wireless transmission channel and can change its intermediate frequency based on channel conditions using FPGA partial reconfiguration.
- It implements an OQPSK modulation scheme and was designed using Xilinx System Generator rapid prototyping tools.
- The transmitter acquires video streaming data, modulates it using OQPSK, and upconverts it to either a 5MHz or 10MHz intermediate frequency depending on channel availability.
- The receiver searches for the signal power, reconfigures to the target frequency, performs synchronization and demodulation, and outputs the
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
This document summarizes the porting and optimization of the ITU-T G.729.1 speech coding algorithm to the SC3850 DSP core. The authors modified the reference G.729.1 code to fix-point C and optimized it for the SC3850 architecture through techniques like replacing functions with intrinsics, inlining small functions, and restructuring loops and memory accesses. They achieved over 90% improvement in cycles per second (MCPS) through these optimizations while maintaining bit-exact accuracy against the ITU test vectors. The G.729.1 codec is an 8-32 kbps scalable wideband speech codec standardized by ITU, useful for applications like VoIP, audio conferencing, and
Matlab Based Decimeter Design Analysis Wimax Appliacationiosrjce
The document discusses the design and analysis of a digital down converter (DDC) for WIMAX applications using MATLAB. It contains the following key points:
1. It describes the functional blocks and design of a DDC including a mixer, numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), and FIR filter chain.
2. It analyzes different window functions that can be used for FIR filter design including Kaiser, Blackman-Harris, and presents the magnitude response, phase response, and step response of filters designed using Kaiser and Blackman windows.
3. It compares the implementation cost of the filters designed using different windows by calculating the number of multipliers and adders used.
This document describes a digital down converter (DDC) implemented on a Xilinx FPGA Virtex-5 device. The DDC allows a received intermediate frequency (IF) signal to be down converted to baseband. It uses a direct digital synthesizer to generate sine and cosine signals to mix with the input samples in a mixer, producing in-phase and quadrature signals. These pass through a low-pass filter to reject images and yield a complex baseband representation of the original signal. Implementing the filter as a multi-stage FIR filter approach optimizes the DDC with respect to hardware complexity, speed and power dissipation compared to a single-stage FIR filter. The DDC is controlled by commands received over
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses serial communication, including:
1) The advantages of serial communication over parallel communication for long distance communication due to lower wiring costs.
2) The differences between synchronous and asynchronous communication and between simplex, half duplex, and full duplex modes.
3) How start and stop bits are used to frame data for asynchronous serial communication and how baud rate and bits per second are measured.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the performance of turbo coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) over fading channels. It describes how OFDM can mitigate inter-symbol interference caused by frequency selective fading channels by dividing the channel into parallel subchannels. It then provides details on turbo coding, including the encoder and iterative decoder design. The system model studied transmits a turbo coded OFDM signal over a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel and evaluates the performance for rate 1/3 and 1/2 turbo codes. Simulation results are presented to analyze the bit error rate.
Generation and Implementation of Barker and Nested Binary codesIOSR Journals
This document discusses the generation and implementation of Barker and nested binary codes for use in radar applications. It begins with background on Barker codes and nested binary codes, which are types of phase coded waveforms used for pulse compression. Barker codes have the optimal autocorrelation sidelobe properties but are limited in length. Nested binary codes are formed by taking the Kronecker product of two Barker codes, which allows the generation of longer codes while maintaining good autocorrelation. The document then presents the methodology for implementing Barker and nested binary codes using linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). Finally, it discusses measures for comparing signal performance such as merit factor and proposes an efficient VLSI architecture using LFSRs to generate these codes for implementation
This document describes an FPGA-based design and implementation of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transceiver module using VHDL. The key components developed include a serial-to-parallel converter, 4-QAM modulator, 64-point IFFT using a radix-4 butterfly structure, FFT, 4-QAM demodulator, and parallel-to-serial converter. The design utilizes CORDIC algorithms instead of multipliers to improve resource usage. The OFDM transceiver core was implemented and tested on a Xilinx Spartan-3AN FPGA using a loopback configuration.
The document summarizes a proposed scheme for rapid signal acquisition in direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication systems operating in high Doppler environments. The scheme uses time domain correlation of differential signals to estimate pseudo-noise (PN) code phase, followed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) to precisely estimate Doppler frequency. An area-efficient field programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture is presented that combines time and frequency domain approaches. The architecture achieves 52% area occupancy when synthesized for a Virtex-6 FPGA and operates at 134 MHz, allowing for fast signal acquisition needed in applications like missile guidance systems.
The document discusses a study that implemented low density parity check (LDPC) decoding using a min sum algorithm with reduced complexity compared to existing methods. It used quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation to improve bit error rate over previous approaches that used binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The proposed method was able to achieve a lower bit error rate than other existing techniques using fewer iterations, improving performance flexibility by varying the code size. It implemented LDPC decoding on an irregular parity check matrix using a split row technique to reduce interconnect complexity and increase parallelism in the row processing stage compared to standard decoding algorithms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document evaluates the performance of the AODV and DSR routing protocols for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) multimedia traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It conducts simulations in NS-2 to analyze four performance metrics: packet received, throughput, routing overhead, and network load. The results show that AODV outperforms DSR for packet received, throughput, and routing overhead. DSR has higher network load than AODV. Therefore, the document concludes that AODV is better suited than DSR for VBR multimedia transmission in mobile ad hoc networks.
FPGA Implementation of Efficient Viterbi Decoder for Multi-Carrier SystemsIJMER
In this paper, we concern with designing and implementing a Convolutional encoder and
Adaptive Viterbi Decoder (AVD) which are the essential blocks in digital communication system using
FPGA technology. Convolutional coding is a coding scheme used in communication systems for error
correction employed in applications like deep space communications and wireless communications. It
provides an alternative approach to block codes for transmission over a noisy channel. The block
codes can be applied only for the blocks of data where as the Convolutional coding has an advantage
that it can be applied to both continuous data stream and blocks of data. The Viterbi decoder with
PNPH (Permutation Network based Path History) management unit which is a special path
management unit for faster decoding speed with less routing area. The proposed architecture can be
realized by an Adaptive Viterbi Decoder having constraint length, K of 3 and a code rate (k/n) of 1/2
using Verilog HDL. Simulation is done using Xilinx ISE 12.4i design software and it is targeted into
Xilinx Virtex-5, XC5VLX110T FPGA
The document compares the performance of single stage and double stage interleavers in communication systems using turbo codes. A single stage interleaver uses one random interleaver between two convolutional encoders, while a double stage interleaver uses two interleavers in series. The document suggests that a double stage interleaver can improve the bit error rate (BER) of the system compared to a single stage interleaver by further scrambling the input bits. It also provides details on the components of a turbo code system such as convolutional encoders, interleavers, puncturing, and iterative decoding.
This document discusses the performance analysis of a DS-CDMA rake receiver system in the presence of nonlinear distortion. It begins by introducing CDMA technology and explaining how rake receivers are used in CDMA systems to combine signals from multiple propagation paths to maximize signal-to-noise ratio. It then analyzes the effects of nonlinear distortion from high power amplifiers on the bit error rate performance of DS-CDMA signals. Specifically, it develops analytical expressions to characterize the relationship between input back-off level and signal characteristics that impact bit error rate degradation. Finally, it derives an expression for the bit error rate in the presence of the considered nonlinear predistortion-high power amplifier chain.
Podcasts allow people to download audio or video files from the internet to listen to or watch on their own schedule. Podcasts can be created by anyone and uploaded to servers where they can be found by podcatchers, which read RSS feeds to identify and automatically download new podcast episodes. Podcast creators are called podcasters, and popular examples include DJ Tiesto's "Tiesto's Club Life" podcast.
This document summarizes a research paper on using cryptography and steganography for data security. It discusses how both cryptography and steganography can be used to securely transmit confidential information, but combining them provides additional security. The document then provides background on cryptography and steganography techniques. It explains symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and algorithms like AES, DES, and Diffie-Hellman. It also discusses how the paper aims to develop a new system that embeds encrypted data using steganography for enhanced security. In under 3 sentences.
El documento presenta el calendario de eventos regionales de varias universidades en México. La Región III, del Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, tendrá su universiada regional del 29 de marzo al 4 de abril en Cd. Obregón, Sonora. La Región VI, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, realizará sus competencias de diferentes deportes del 16 al 30 de marzo en la Ciudad de México. La Región VII, de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, llevará a cabo sus actividades del 22 al 28 de
The document describes the design and implementation of a wideband digital down converter (DDC) on an FPGA. It discusses the theoretical blocks of a DDC including a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), mixer, cascaded integrate-comb (CIC) filter, compensation FIR filter, and programmable FIR filter. It also provides details on implementing each block, such as using an NCO for frequency control and mixing to downconvert signals. Filtering is implemented in stages including a CIC filter for high decimation rates in hardware-efficient form. The DDC system is tested at both the system level and on a FPGA board to extract wideband signals from an analog-to-digital converter output.
E-Learning Patterns as an analysis framwork to foster excellent e-learningChristian Kohls
This document discusses using patterns as a framework for analyzing and documenting excellent e-learning designs. It addresses the key issues of fitness between a solution and its context, analyzing good practices as patterns, reliability of patterns, how patterns emerge, and what makes a good pattern. Contextual factors for educational settings that are addressed include the organizational form, domain, political issues, skills of teachers and students, complexity of content, and goals. Problems and forces that can arise in a context are also discussed.
Presentations given by Slovenian, Czech, Luxemburg and Finish National Rural Networks at the European National Rural Networks meeting held in Prague on February 13th, 2009.
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference. In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB. Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB.
Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document describes a space-time block coding (STBC) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system for text message transmission over fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. It evaluates the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system using different digital modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, QAM-8) over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels and fading channels. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding is concatenated with convolutional coding in the system to improve error performance. Simulation results show that the system is effective in retrieving the transmitted text message under noise and fading conditions, and that BER performance degrades with increasing noise power as expected.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a space-time block coded (STBC) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system for text message transmission over fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. The system utilizes low-density parity-check channel coding concatenated with convolutional coding. Simulation results show that the proposed system achieves good error rate performance, especially when using BPSK modulation with 2x4 transmit antennas in AWGN, Rayleigh, and Rician fading channels. The system is effective in properly identifying and retrieving transmitted text messages in noisy and fading environments.
Implementation of High Speed OFDM Transceiver using FPGAMangaiK4
Abstract - Proficient, multi mode and re-configurable architecture of interleaver/de-interleaver for multiple standards, like DVB, OFDM and WLAN is presented. Interleaver plays vital role in 4G technologies to recover symbols from burst errors. The aim of our work is to design a reconfigurable modulation technique called Adaptive modulation scheme uses QAM, QPSK and BPSK modulation that adapt themselves based on channel Signal to Noise ratio. Subcarrier allocation algorithm specifically used to focus on utilizing channels with high gains. Our proposed model can achieves a data rate of min 2.5 Gbps as per 3GPP standard by adaptive modulation technique using QAM, BPSK and QPSK.
Analysis of Women Harassment inVillages Using CETD Matrix ModalMangaiK4
Abstract-It is commonly understood that misbehavior intends to upset .Law says ,the repeated intentional misbehavior towards women is an offensive. The main concept of this paper can find something interesting that will make us reflect on what is done by women’s rights and gender equality. To solve such problem, in this paper we are interested to adopt CETD matrix.
This document discusses the effects of time offset (TO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems and proposes interference cancellation techniques. It introduces the OFDM system model and how CFO causes loss of orthogonality between subcarriers, resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI) that degrades performance. The paper proposes an ICI reduction scheme using self-cancellation and evaluates its performance compared to standard OFDM. It also discusses using space-time block coding (STBC) with OFDM to improve performance by reducing bit error rate (BER) under different signal-to-noise ratios. Simulation results show STBC effectively mitigates the effects of inter-
Turbo codes are error-correcting codes with performance that is close to the
Shannon theoretical limit (SHA). The motivation for using turbo codes is
that the codes are an appealing mix of a random appearance on the channel
and a physically realizable decoding structure. The communication systems
have the problem of latency, fast switching, and reliable data transfer. The
objective of the research paper is to design and turbo encoder and decoder
hardware chip and analyze its performance. Two convolutional codes are
concatenated concurrently and detached by an interleaver or permuter in the
turbo encoder. The expected data from the channel is interpreted iteratively
using the two related decoders. The soft (probabilistic) data about an
individual bit of the decoded structure is passed in each cycle from one
elementary decoder to the next, and this information is updated regularly.
The performance of the chip is also verified using the maximum a posteriori
(MAP) method in the decoder chip. The performance of field-programmable
gate array (FPGA) hardware is evaluated using hardware and timing
parameters extracted from Xilinx ISE 14.7. The parallel concatenation offers
a better global rate for the same component code performance, and reduced
delay, low hardware complexity, and higher frequency support.
This document discusses the use of cyclic prefixes in OFDM transmission to mitigate inter-block interference caused by multipath propagation. It contains the following key points:
1) OFDM divides the frequency band into multiple narrow sub-carriers to combat frequency selectivity of channels. Cyclic prefixes are added to prevent interference between blocks.
2) The last samples of each OFDM symbol are copied and prefixed to form the cyclic prefix, which absorbs multipath interference from previous symbols.
3) At the receiver, the cyclic prefix is removed and the remaining samples are processed. The cyclic prefix prevents symbol spreading during convolution with the channel, allowing independent processing of each block.
This document discusses the use of cyclic prefixes in OFDM transmission to mitigate inter-block interference caused by multipath propagation. It contains the following key points:
1) OFDM divides the frequency band into multiple narrow sub-carriers to combat frequency selectivity of channels. Cyclic prefixes are added to prevent interference between blocks.
2) The last samples of each OFDM symbol are copied and added to the front as a cyclic prefix, which absorbs multipath interference from previous symbols.
3) At the receiver, the cyclic prefix is removed and the remaining samples are processed. The cyclic prefix prevents symbol spreading during convolution with the channel, allowing independent processing of each block.
This document analyzes the performance of a four user optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) communication system under the effect of jitter. Simulations were conducted using Rsoft Optsim to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor of the system with jitter varying from 0 to 3 picoseconds. The results show that as jitter increases, BER increases and Q-factor decreases for different fiber lengths of 10km, 30km, 50km and 70km. Specifically, BER varies from 2.11E-02 to 1.71E-02 as jitter increases for a 10km fiber length. For a 30km length, BER increases from 2.11E-02 to 1.71
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative study of_digital_modulation (1)Bindia Kumari
This document compares different digital modulation techniques that can be used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and WiMAX networks. It simulates BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation in MATLAB and measures their performance in terms of bit error rate and throughput. The results show that higher order modulations like 64-QAM provide much higher throughput but also higher bit error rates compared to lower order modulations at a given signal-to-noise ratio. The best configuration balances low bit error rates and high throughput.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes the simulation of a turbo coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Key points:
1) OFDM divides a wideband channel into narrowband channels to mitigate multipath fading effects. Turbo codes are added to OFDM to improve performance at high data rates.
2) Turbo codes use parallel concatenated convolutional codes for encoding and iterative decoding. Simulation shows turbo coded OFDM outperforms uncoded OFDM with lower bit error rates over both additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels.
3) The simulation model includes a turbo encoder, QAM modulation, IFFT/FFT, channel with noise, turbo decoder. Results show turbo coded OFDM provides much
The document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and its applications in various wireless communication standards. It begins with the motivation for moving from single carrier to multi-carrier modulation schemes to support higher data rates. It then provides an overview of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and OFDM, explaining the basic principles of OFDM including orthogonality, modulation, and an illustrative example. The document discusses the OFDM transceiver and bit error rate performance in AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels. It also covers some applications and standards that use OFDM such as Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T), and various IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standards.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using parallel concatenated turbo codes in wireless sensor networks in an adaptive way. The key points are:
1) Turbo codes can achieve near-Shannon limit performance but decoding is complex, making them difficult to implement on energy-constrained sensor nodes.
2) The proposed approach shifts the complex turbo decoding to the base station while sensor nodes implement encoding and basic error correction.
3) At sensor nodes, a parallel concatenated convolutional code (PCCC) circuit encodes data and detects/corrects errors in forwarded packets. This improves energy efficiency and reliability over the wireless sensor network.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a scheme for image transmission over OFDM systems using LDPC coding and trigonometric transforms. It aims to improve OFDM performance by reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and enhancing image quality. The scheme uses SPIHT for image source coding, BPSK modulation, and inserts DCT or DST transforms after IFFT. Simulation results show the DST transform most effectively reduces PAPR compared to DCT. Reconstructed images also have improved visual quality with DST. The scheme thus enhances OFDM systems for image transmission applications.
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
We are living in the technological era, were we preferred to have the portable devices rather than unmovable devices. We are isolating our self rom the wires and we are becoming the habitual of wireless world what makes the device portable? I guess physical dimensions (mechanical) of that particular device, but along with this the electrical dimension is of the device is also of great importance. Reducing the physical dimension of the antenna would result in the small antenna but not electrically small antenna. We have different definition for the electrically small antenna but the one which is most appropriate is, where k is the wave number and is equal to and a is the radius of the imaginary sphere circumscribing the maximum dimension of the antenna. As the present day electronic devices progress to diminish in size, technocrats have become increasingly concentrated on electrically small antenna (ESA) designs to reduce the size of the antenna in the overall electronics system. Researchers in many fields, including RF and Microwave, biomedical technology and national intelligence, can benefit from electrically small antennas as long as the performance of the designed ESA meets the system requirement.
This document provides a comparative study of two-way finite automata and Turing machines. Some key points:
- Two-way finite automata are similar to read-only Turing machines in that they have a finite tape that can be read in both directions, but cannot write to the tape.
- Turing machines have an infinite tape that can be read from and written to, allowing them to recognize recursively enumerable languages.
- Both models are examined in their ability to accept the regular language L={anbm|m,n>0}.
- The time complexity of a two-way finite automaton for this language is O(n2) due to making two passes over the
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
This document discusses the digital circuit layout problem and approaches to solving it using graph partitioning techniques. It begins by introducing the digital circuit layout problem and how it has become more complex with increasing circuit sizes. It then discusses how the problem can be decomposed into subproblems using graph partitioning to assign geometric coordinates to circuit components. The document reviews several traditional approaches to solve the problem, such as the Kernighan-Lin algorithm, and discusses their limitations for larger circuit sizes. It also discusses more recent approaches using evolutionary algorithms and concludes by analyzing the contributions of various approaches.
This document summarizes various data mining techniques that have been used for intrusion detection systems. It first describes the architecture of a data mining-based IDS, including sensors to collect data, detectors to evaluate the data using detection models, a data warehouse for storage, and a model generator. It then discusses supervised and unsupervised learning approaches that have been applied, including neural networks, support vector machines, K-means clustering, and self-organizing maps. Finally, it reviews several related works applying these techniques and compares their results, finding that combinations of approaches can improve detection rates while reducing false alarms.
This document provides an overview of speech recognition systems and recent progress in the field. It discusses different types of speech recognition including isolated word, connected word, continuous speech, and spontaneous speech. Various techniques used in speech recognition are also summarized, such as simulated evolutionary computation, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, Kalman filters, and Hidden Markov Models. The document reviews several papers published between 2004-2012 that studied speech recognition methods including using dynamic spectral subband centroids, Kalman filters, biomimetic computing techniques, noise estimation, and modulation filtering. It concludes that Hidden Markov Models combined with MFCC features provide good recognition results for large vocabulary, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition.
This document discusses integrating two assembly lines, Line A and Line B, based on lean line design concepts to reduce space and operators. It analyzes the current state of the lines using tools like takt time analysis and MTM/UAS studies. Improvements are identified to eliminate waste, including methods improvements, workplace rearrangement, ergonomic changes, and outsourcing. Paper kaizen is conducted and work elements are retimed. The goal is to integrate the lines to better utilize space and manpower while meeting manufacturing standards.
This document summarizes research on the exposure of microwaves from cellular networks. It describes how microwaves interact with biological systems and discusses measurement techniques and safety standards regarding microwave exposure. While some studies have alleged health hazards from microwaves, independent reviews by health organizations have found no evidence that exposure to microwaves below international safety limits causes harm. The document concludes that with precautions like limiting exposure time and using phones with lower SAR ratings, microwaves from cell phones pose minimal health risks.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the effect of feature reduction in sentiment analysis of online reviews. It uses principle component analysis to reduce the number of features (product attributes) from a dataset of 500 camera reviews labeled as positive or negative. Two models are developed - one using the original set of 95 product attributes, and one using the reduced set. Support vector machines and naive Bayes classifiers are applied to both models and their performance is evaluated to determine if classification accuracy can be maintained while using fewer features. The results show it is possible to achieve similar accuracy levels with less features, improving computational efficiency.
This document provides a review of multispectral palm image fusion techniques. It begins with an introduction to biometrics and palm print identification. Different palm print images capture different spectral information about the palm. The document then reviews several pixel-level fusion methods for combining multispectral palm images, finding that Curvelet transform performs best at preserving discriminative patterns. It also discusses hardware for capturing multispectral palm images and the process of region of interest extraction and localization. Common fusion methods like wavelet transform and Curvelet transform are also summarized.
This document describes a vehicle theft detection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The system involves embedding an RFID chip in each vehicle that continuously transmits a unique identification signal. When a vehicle is stolen, the owner reports it to the police, who upload the vehicle's information to a central database. Police vehicles are equipped with RFID receivers. If a stolen vehicle passes within range of a receiver, the receiver detects the vehicle's ID signal and displays its details on a tablet. This allows police to quickly identify and recover stolen vehicles. The system aims to make it difficult for thieves to hide a vehicle's identity and allows vehicles to be tracked globally wherever the detection system is implemented.
This document discusses and compares two techniques for image denoising using wavelet transforms: Dual-Tree Complex DWT and Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT. Both techniques decompose an image corrupted by noise using filter banks, apply thresholding to the wavelet coefficients, and reconstruct the image. The Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT yields better denoising results than the Dual-Tree Complex DWT as it produces more directional wavelets and is less sensitive to shifts and noise variance. Experimental results on test images demonstrate that the Double-Density method achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratios, especially at higher noise levels.
This document compares the k-means and grid density clustering algorithms. It summarizes that grid density clustering determines dense grids based on the densities of neighboring grids, and is able to handle different shaped clusters in multi-density environments. The grid density algorithm does not require distance computation and is not dependent on the number of clusters being known in advance like k-means. The document concludes that grid density clustering is better than k-means clustering as it can handle noise and outliers, find arbitrary shaped clusters, and has lower time complexity.
This document proposes a method for detecting, localizing, and extracting text from videos with complex backgrounds. It involves three main steps:
1. Text detection uses corner metric and Laplacian filtering techniques independently to detect text regions. Corner metric identifies regions with high curvature, while Laplacian filtering highlights intensity discontinuities. The results are combined through multiplication to reduce noise.
2. Text localization then determines the accurate boundaries of detected text strings.
3. Text binarization filters background pixels to extract text pixels for recognition. Thresholding techniques are used to convert localized text regions to binary images.
The method exploits different text properties to detect text using corner metric and Laplacian filtering. Combining the results improves
This document describes the design and implementation of a low power 16-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using clock gating techniques. A variable block length carry skip adder is used in the arithmetic unit to reduce power consumption and improve performance. The ALU uses a clock gating circuit to selectively clock only the active arithmetic or logic unit, reducing dynamic power dissipation from unnecessary clock charging/discharging. The ALU was simulated in VHDL and synthesized for a Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA, achieving a maximum frequency of 65.19MHz at 1.98mW power dissipation, demonstrating improved performance over a conventional ALU design.
This document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. PSO and GA are used to minimize the objective function by adjusting the PID parameters to achieve optimal step response with minimal overshoot, settling time, and rise time. The results show that PSO provides high-quality solutions within a shorter calculation time than other stochastic methods.
This document discusses implementing trust negotiations in multisession transactions. It proposes a framework that supports voluntary and unexpected interruptions, allowing negotiating parties to complete negotiations despite temporary unavailability of resources. The Trust-x protocol addresses issues related to validity, temporary loss of data, and extended unavailability of one negotiator. It allows a peer to suspend an ongoing negotiation and resume it with another authenticated peer. Negotiation portions and intermediate states can be safely and privately passed among peers to guarantee stability for continued suspended negotiations. An ontology is also proposed to provide formal specification of concepts and relationships, which is essential in complex web service environments for sharing credential information needed to establish trust.
This document discusses and compares various nature-inspired optimization algorithms for resolving the mixed pixel problem in remote sensing imagery, including Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). It provides an overview of each algorithm, explaining key concepts like migration and mutation in BBO. The document aims to prove that BBO is the best algorithm for resolving the mixed pixel problem by comparing it to other evolutionary algorithms. It also includes figures illustrating concepts like the species model and habitat in BBO.
This document discusses principal component analysis (PCA) for face recognition. It begins with an introduction to face recognition and PCA. PCA works by calculating eigenvectors from a set of face images, which represent the principal components that account for the most variance in the image data. These eigenvectors are called "eigenfaces" and can be used to reconstruct the face images. The document then discusses how the system is implemented, including preparing a face database, normalizing the training images, calculating the eigenfaces/principal components, projecting the face images into this reduced space, and recognizing faces by calculating distances between projected test images and training images.
This document summarizes research on using wireless sensor networks to detect mobile targets. It discusses two optimization problems: 1) maximizing the exposure of the least exposed path within a sensor budget, and 2) minimizing sensor installation costs while ensuring all paths have exposure above a threshold. It proposes using tabu search heuristics to provide near-optimal solutions. The research also addresses extending the models to consider wireless connectivity, heterogeneous sensors, and intrusion detection using a game theory approach. Experimental results show the proposed mobile replica detection scheme can rapidly detect replicas with no false positives or negatives.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A