A Fresh Look Forward for Tropical Vegetables
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This document summarizes a presentation on the future of tropical vegetables over the next 40 years. It identifies challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and pests and diseases, but also opportunities from new technologies, improved nutrition understanding, and empowering women. Key points discussed include adapting vegetables to abiotic and biotic stresses, minimizing postharvest losses, protected cultivation techniques, and developing improved and genetically modified varieties. The presentation advocates for changing mindsets around agriculture and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals of improving agriculture systems and raising rural prosperity.
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A Fresh Look Forward for Tropical Vegetables
- 1. A ‘Fresh’ Look Forward for Tropical Vegetables 40th Anniversary Celebratory Colloquium AVRDC @ 40: A ‘Fresh’ Look Forward 17 October 2013
- 2. Global Vegetables Vegetables introduced from other parts of the world (often temperate regions) 2 Temperate climate: distinct cold and hot seasons; no extremes of temperature or precipitation; maritime and continental influences Tropical climate: 22°C to 35°C, little variation throughout the year; seasons usually distinguished by variation of rainfall and cloudiness.
- 3. Traditional Vegetables Either endemic crops domesticated and cultivated where they originated Or introduced crops that are now recognized through custom, habit and tradition as naturalized or traditional vegetables 3
- 4. Vegetables: the next years 4 Challenges Opportunities Climate change and climatic events affecting production Increased urbanization and loss of arable land Pests and diseases Adverse policies Wastage Better understanding of the need for good nutrition New technologies for better production systems Employment and income Empowering women Globalization
- 5. Climate change and climatic events 2011 East African drought Oxfam East Africa 5 Floods, Taiwan 2007 European cold wave 2012, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dan Brickley, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- 6. Global warming Historical context 1878-2011 6 0.75oC/100 years 4.0oC/100 years
- 7. Increased temperatures can affect fruit set and seed viability 7
- 8. Adapting to abiotic stresses Studies to develop salinity-tolerant lines Incorporate traits and genes from wild relatives 8 LA1606 LA1579 Arka Meghali CLN2498E CA 4 LA1606 - S. pimpinellifolium shows good levels of tolerance to continued salinity (200mM) stress Screening vegetables for salinity-prone environments at ICBA, Dubai UAE Seawater inundation – Funafuti atoll
- 9. Risks: biotic stresses 9 Bacterial wilt Cucurbit polerovirus Anthracnose Powdery mildew Tomato fruit worm Bruchids
- 10. Pests – effect of climate changes on distribution and behavior Pest distribution • range expansion or 10 contraction • exploitation of new areas by invasive species • higher temperatures can increase generations • higher temperatures may enhance locomotion Pest behavior • death of dormant pupae at elevated temperatures • unsuccessful mating Species Biotype at 17°C at 33°C Generation time Bemisia tabaci on sweet pepper B 49 days 18 days Q 46 days 17 days Natural enemies Pollinators Muniz & Nombela, 2001 Helicoverpa armigera °C Exposure time (min) Eggs/ female Successful mating (%) 45 12.5 566 14 15 213 0 46.5 5 361 0 10 10 0 Mirondis et al., 2010
- 11. Conducive conditions for tomato diseases 11 Late blight Bacterial spot Powdery mildew Leaf mold Early blight Bacterial wilt Fusarium wilt Increase in humidity Increase in temperature
- 12. Population growth Increasing world population Greatest population growth predicted in Asia and Africa 2.5 2.0 1983 1993 2003 2013 1973 1983 1993 2003 2013 2023 2033 2043 Julien Harneis 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Population numbers (billion) Agricultural population Number of people (billion) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Asia Africa Americas Europe Oceania
- 13. Maximizing vegetable productivity Mauritius – protected tomato production 13 Vietnam – protected vegetable cultivation in Da Lat Brunei – protected seedling production Oman – protected field production
- 14. Minimizing crop losses Pre- and postharvest losses in chili and tomato in India (Tamil Nadu) as percentage of potential yield 14 Sources: AVRDC-TNAU survey 2013 (pre-harvest losses); Viswanathan et al. 1998 Status of Harvest and Post Harvest Losses of Tomato in Tamil Nadu, Agricultural Engineering Today 22(5/6): 28-35 (postharvest losses)
- 15. Rural – urban population shifts Decreasing predicted rural population Increasing pressure on urban land Potential misuse of resources 15 Global rural – urban population distribution
- 16. Food wastage In 2007, the total amount of food wastage occupied almost 1.4 billion hectares (about 28% of the world’s agricultural land) OpenIDUser2 [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via 16 Wikimedia Commons Food Wastage Footprint, FAO 2013
- 17. Wastage and losses In Oceania • Within 48 hours 27% of 17 harvested eggplant is unsalable due to dehydration • After 4 days 38% of the tomatoes that reach market are lost due to rots. In the Greater Mekong • Poor packaging/transport • Adverse storage condition • Poor quality • Cannot sell all produce
- 18. Wastage and losses 18 Slide Deck – WFLO Appropriate Postharvest Technology Planning Project (http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-1848.pdf)
- 19. Transportation issues Getting vegetables • Where they are needed • When they are needed, 19 and • In good condition Typical route for produce from the Sigatoka valley to Suva, Fiji Thursday morning Sunday morning
- 20. Adverse policies Often inappropriate or non-existent 20 policies, which may be poorly enforced: • Seed sector • Land tenure • Agricultural input supply • Good agricultural practices • Support for marketing fresh produce • Food safety • Availability of information
- 21. Common global food and nutrition issues 21 Low nutrient starch-based diets Low vegetable consumption Low vegetable diversity Few basic skills and inputs
- 23. Vegetable availability and gaps Food may not always be available when it is needed 23 FAO/WHO recommended daily consumption of vegetables Seasonal and year-round availability of vegetables in Bangladesh
- 24. Potential solutions to improve nutrition 24 Garden nutrient supply Year-round home gardens Improved processing and recipes Enhanced skills of partners
- 25. Protected vegetable cultivation Protected production of vegetables in Punjab, India 25
- 26. Expansion and mechanization of protected cultivation 26 Singapore Singapore Oman Oman Taiwan
- 27. Vegetables improve incomes net houses new varieties mungbeans vegetable soybeans Ten times the income from open field production 27 Tripled yields; profits quadrupled Additional US$600/ha instead of leaving the land fallow Extra US$28 income per kg of seed sown
- 28. Improving the value chain 28
- 29. Better quality vegetables in the market Careful harvesting 29 Sanitary preparation for market Proper marketing and care of produce Quality, attractive products for the consumer
- 30. Engagement of the private sector Best-practice hubs Working towards common goals 30
- 31. Market chains Processing industries Linking vegetable production to processing industry will increase the demand and eventually the production and consumption of vegetables 31 Engaging value chain actors
- 32. Appropriate postharvest technologies Simple evaporative cooler constructed from bricks and sand, no cement 32 Solar dryers (IITA) Commercial freeze dryer
- 33. Empowering women High-value crops Smaller land areas Small-scale enterprises Contribute to family and community nutrition 33 Farmers can earn $1,000/ha of African eggplant per season
- 34. Empowering women – business opportunities Nurseries specialized in production of grafted tomato and other vegetable seedlings for sale to farmers Training and support to women nursery entrepreneurs 34 Simple beginnings can lead to profitable outcomes
- 35. Empowering women – nourishing families Understanding the need for good nutrition How to prepare nutritious meals Using home-grown vegetables Opportunities to sell extra produce 35
- 36. Improving the quality of our crops Nutrient dense crops Focus on nutritional quality not shelf life, size and color 36 Calcium Phosphorus Iron Vitamin A Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Ascorbic acid
- 37. Globalisation 37 Export opportunities World Trade Competition Organization • Eliminate non-tariff trade barriers (sanitary and phytosanitary measures) Codex alimentarius • Quality, size, tolerances, presentation, labelling, contamination and hygiene Exports of fresh vegetables (1999-2001 average)
- 38. Information, business skills and job creation Increased bargaining power Reducing cheating by middlemen Locating forwards sales contract opportunities Sustainable solution to agricultural poverty and regular good quality supply of produce to the market Picture-based local language price details at 38 market (Sri Lanka) Mobile telephony – data sharing Harsha de Silva LIRNEasia and Director, e-development labs (private) limited
- 39. Tackling seasonality Is seasonality a problem, or a solution? An advantage, or a disadvantage? 39 http://www.adelaidefarmersmarket.com.au/www/content/default.aspx?cid=972
- 40. Grafting Rootstocks and scions grafted to produce high-yielding, biotic stress resistant and/or abiotic stress tolerant plants 40 Lam Dong Province, Vietnam: 100% uptake by farmers - grafting with resistant eggplant and tomato rootstocks to manage bacterial wilt of tomato http://cals.arizona.edu/grafting/grafting-robots High-throughput automation
- 41. Supergrafting 41 http://www.fruitsaladtrees.com Grafting multiple scions onto one rootstock Opportunities using perennial rootstocks for annual or biennial crops http://www.pomatoplant.com/
- 42. Supergrafting Multiple scions onto one rootstock: cherry tomato, processing tomato, multiple eggplant types and sweet/chili peppers 42 Dr Sirikul Wassee, Kasetsart University
- 43. Environmental management Protected cultivation • nets, plastic, glass Lighting to extend production • LEDs, day-length Power will be an issue • solar, wind, water Management • computers, smartphones Postharvest management • targeting consumers 43 Too hot, too cold Too humid, too dry Keep insects out Let pollinators in
- 44. Technologies for the home Production technologies and components must be • simple • affordable • easy to use 44 Aeroponic Garden O'Hare Rotunda Building AeroGarden
- 45. Technologies for the home Aquaponics • At home – an indoor system, lit by a window and grow lights, using standard aquaria or fish tanks and a small hydroponic grow bed can produce vegetables 45 http://www.thecoolist.com/geeky-gardening-how- to-grow-vegetables-with-green-technology/ Aquaponic gardens, sensors, microprocessors, clouds and social media Microprocessor Wireless router Water flow rates Tank level Water quality Dissolved oxygen Pumps Heaters Reservoir Feeding rate Twitter Facebook Website updates Text messages
- 46. Module farming High input, high output Economies of scale for intensive production Streamlined, reduced labor costs Potential risks 46 FarmedHere indoor vertical farm (Illinois) One of the four climate controlled, automated, hydroponic, recirculating vertical farming units at Green Farms A&M (Indiana)
- 47. Module farming ‘The Volksgarden’ 47 http://urbanledgrowth.wix.com/urbanledgrowth#!
- 48. Developing improved, adapted vegetables 48 Commercial approval: • Canada – tomato FLAVR SAVR™ [courgette/zucchini] • China – [sweet pepper, tomato] • Mexico – tomato FLAVR SAVR™ • USA - chicory Seed Link™, tomato FLAVR SAVR™ [courgette/zucchini] Genetically-modified vegetables: • Courgette – virus resistance • Eggplant – insect resistance • Sweet pepper – virus resistance • Tomato – delayed ripening/fruit softening/senescence, insect resistance GM.org www.semisweetonline.com
- 49. Preserving vegetables Irradiation • destroys harmful 49 bacteria • extends shelf life • retards maturation of vegetables • reduces spoilage by organisms that can grow under refrigeration • can also be used in place of fumigants and other quarantine procedures Irradiated, dehydrated food for astronauts . Schematic of an irradiation facility
- 50. Preserving vegetables Gamma irradiation of food • permitted by over 50 countries • 500,000 metric tons of food 50 treated annually worldwide • clearances vary: single food category in many European Union countries to any food in Brazil • Pakistan and Brazil: any food may be irradiated to any dose Irradiated strawberries can last more than a week in a domestic refrigerator Vegetable shelf life can be extended 3-5 times
- 51. Changing mindsets Influencing populations Linking education, health, agriculture A new generation of agricultural scientists A new generation of farmers to feed a growing population 51 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1970 United States 1998 United States 1970 Canada 1998 Canada 1970 Japan 1998 Japan 1970 Korea 1998 Korea PERCENTAGE Farmers aged 65 years and older Average age (years) of farmers: 51 57 49 51 47 60 36 50
- 53. Goal 6: Improve agriculture systems and raise rural prosperity Shifting towards healthier diets; Ensuring the supply of safe, nutritious food; Preserving the environment; Reducing food losses and waste; New visions and business models for smallholders; Empowering women along the value chain; and Coherent policies at all levels. 53
- 54. Prosperity for the Poor and Health for All 17 October 2013