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This slide explains Inflectional morphology which is the study of the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories.
If you like this slide, please become my patron in my Patreon account :
www.patreon.com/bayujakamagistra
Thank You Very Much
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3. RULE OF WORD FORMATION
* Rule Productivity
* Exceptions and Suppletions
* Lexical Gaps
By:
FAUZIA I. ADIL
4. Rule Productivity
Productivity is the “property of an affix to be used to coin
new complex words” (Plag 2003: 44).
The main difference is that a possible word is “a word whose
semantic, morphological and phonological structure is in
accordance with the rules and regularities of a language” but
it doesn’t always become an actual word.
“cannibalizable” this word hasn’t become lexicalized and
can’t be found in the OED.
5. Among derivational morphemes, the suffix –able
can be conjoined with any verb to derive an
adjective.
Example:
accept + able laugh + able
breathe + able adapt + able
Rule Productivity
Morphological processes like inflection are productive.
-suffix: -ing, the plural –s, -ed
6. The “un-Rule’ is most productive for adjectives
that are derived from verbs.
unenlightened, unsimplified
The rule that adds an –er to verbs in English to
produce a noun meaning “one who does” is a
nearly productive morphological rule.
lover, hunter, examiner, analyzer
Rule Productivity
7. In the morphologically complex words, we can
generally predict the meaning based on the
meaning of the morphemes that make up the
word.
unhappy – not happy
acceptable – fit to be accepted
undo – reverse doing
unloosen – let loose
Rule Productivity
8. The suffix-ery forming abstract adjectives or
nouns like “slavery” or “bravery” used to be
productive several hundred years ago.
The -th-pattern having coined words such as
“growth”, “health” or “warmth” used to be very
productive in the past as well.
Rule Productivity
9. A pattern is productive if it is repeatedly used in
language to produce further instances of the same
type. e.g. the past tense affix –ed in English is
productive.
Non-productive or unproductive patterns lack any
potential to produce further instances; e.g. the
change from mouse to mice is not a productive
plural formation.
Rule Productivity
10. Exceptions and Suppletions
Semi-productive forms are those where there is a
limited or occasional creativity.
e.g. un- is sometimes, but not universally, applied to
words to form their opposites, e.g. happy-unhappy, but
not sad- unsad
-ant suffix
Dependant assistant applicant
But never shoutant, buildant, writ(e)ant
11. Exceptions and Suppletions
Suppletion the use of two or more phonetically distinct
roots for different forms of the same word.
Example: Adjective bad and its suppletive comparative
form worse.
Suppletion is most likely to be found in the paradigms
of high-frequency words. (Aronoff, 2011)
The paradigm for verb be is characterized by
suppletion.
-am, are, is, was, were have completely different
phonological shapes.
12. Exceptions and Suppletions
Morphological process that forms plural from
singular noun does not apply to words like:
child, man, foot, and mouse
These words are exceptions to the English
inflectional rule of plural formation.
Verbs like go, sing, bring, run and know are
exceptions to the inflectional rule for producing
past tense verbs in English.
13. Exceptions and Suppletions
Suppletive forms cannot use the regular rules of
inflectional morphology to add affixes to words
that are exceptions.
child/children
When a new word enters the language, the
regular inflectional rules generally apply.
geek- geeks fax- faxes
14. Exceptions and Suppletions
The exception to the regular inflectional rules
maybe a word “borrowed” from a foreign
language.
Latin: datum- data
When a verb is derived from a noun, even if it is
pronounced the same as an irregular verb, the
regular rules apply to it.
The police ringed the bank with armed men.
The police rang the bank with armed men.
15. Exceptions and Suppletions
Making compounds plural is not always simply
adding –s
mother-in-law/mothers-in-law not mother-in-laws
footman/footmen not footmans
16. Lexical Gaps
Accidental gaps or lexical gaps
-word or a form of a word that would be permitted by the
grammatical rules of a language but nevertheless does not
exist in the language.
-Are well-formed but nonexisting words.
There are always gaps in the lexicon-words not present
but that could be added.
-slarm, krobe
17. Lexical Gaps
Three major kinds of lexical gaps:
Phonological gaps- has to do with the sounds that make up
words.
/str/ -string
“stremp”
/emp/- hemp
Morphological gaps- is the absence of a word that could
exist given the morphological rules of a language, including
its affixes.
-arrive arrival arrivation
Semantic gaps- gap where there should be a word to describe
a very real concept , thing or feeling.
-cousin can refer to either male of female cousin
18. Some morphological rules are productive meaning they
apply freely to the appropriate stem like re-, repaint, redo.
Other rules are more constrained.
Inflectional morphology is productive: the plural –s
applies freely even to nonsense words.
Suppletive forms escape inflectional morphology, so
instead of “ mans we have men.
19. References:
Plag, I. (2003). Word-formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kerstens, joha; Eddy Ruys; Joost Zwars, eds, (2001). “accidental gap” Lexicon of Linguistics.
Utrecht institute of Linguistics OTS. Retrieved 2011—2-12.
David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008.
Geoffrey Finch, Linguistic Terms, and Concepts. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
An Introduction to Language 9e VICTORIA FROMKIN: Late, University of California,
Los Angeles ROBERT RODMAN,North Carolina State University, Raleigh NINA
HYAMS University of California, Los Angeles.