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Word formation
The document discusses the concepts of rule productivity, exceptions and suppletions, and lexical gaps in morphology. It provides examples to illustrate each concept. Rule productivity refers to the ability of an affix or morphological process to coin new complex words according to the rules of a language. Highly productive rules like suffixation with -ing or plural -s are regularly used to form new words. Exceptions and suppletions are instances that do not follow regular morphological rules, such as irregular verb forms. Lexical gaps are words that are permitted by grammar rules but do not exist, such as potential words that are phonologically or semantically possible but not present in the lexicon.
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Word formation
- 1. ACTIVITY List the possible7 letter words that you can form from the words: landholder productivity
- 2.
- 3. RULE OF WORDFORMATION * Rule Productivity * Exceptions and Suppletions * Lexical Gaps By: FAUZIA I. ADIL
- 4. Rule Productivity Productivity isthe âproperty of an affix to be used to coin new complex wordsâ (Plag 2003: 44). The main difference is that a possible word is âa word whose semantic, morphological and phonological structure is in accordance with the rules and regularities of a languageâ but it doesnât always become an actual word. âcannibalizableâ this word hasnât become lexicalized and canât be found in the OED.
- 5. ďŽ Among derivationalmorphemes, the suffix âable can be conjoined with any verb to derive an adjective. Example: accept + able laugh + able breathe + able adapt + able Rule Productivity Morphological processes like inflection are productive. -suffix: -ing, the plural âs, -ed
- 6. ďŽ The âun-Ruleâis most productive for adjectives that are derived from verbs. unenlightened, unsimplified ďŽ The rule that adds an âer to verbs in English to produce a noun meaning âone who doesâ is a nearly productive morphological rule. lover, hunter, examiner, analyzer Rule Productivity
- 7. ďŽ In themorphologically complex words, we can generally predict the meaning based on the meaning of the morphemes that make up the word. unhappy â not happy acceptable â fit to be accepted undo â reverse doing unloosen â let loose Rule Productivity
- 8. ďŽ The suffix-eryforming abstract adjectives or nouns like âslaveryâ or âbraveryâ used to be productive several hundred years ago. ďŽ The -th-pattern having coined words such as âgrowthâ, âhealthâ or âwarmthâ used to be very productive in the past as well. Rule Productivity
- 9. ďŽ A patternis productive if it is repeatedly used in language to produce further instances of the same type. e.g. the past tense affix âed in English is productive. ďŽ Non-productive or unproductive patterns lack any potential to produce further instances; e.g. the change from mouse to mice is not a productive plural formation. Rule Productivity
- 10. Exceptions and Suppletions ďŽSemi-productive forms are those where there is a limited or occasional creativity. e.g. un- is sometimes, but not universally, applied to words to form their opposites, e.g. happy-unhappy, but not sad- unsad -ant suffix Dependant assistant applicant But never shoutant, buildant, writ(e)ant
- 11. Exceptions and Suppletions Suppletionthe use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word. Example: Adjective bad and its suppletive comparative form worse. Suppletion is most likely to be found in the paradigms of high-frequency words. (Aronoff, 2011) The paradigm for verb be is characterized by suppletion. -am, are, is, was, were have completely different phonological shapes.
- 12. Exceptions and Suppletions ďŽMorphological process that forms plural from singular noun does not apply to words like: child, man, foot, and mouse ďŽ These words are exceptions to the English inflectional rule of plural formation. ďŽ Verbs like go, sing, bring, run and know are exceptions to the inflectional rule for producing past tense verbs in English.
- 13. Exceptions and Suppletions ďŽSuppletive forms cannot use the regular rules of inflectional morphology to add affixes to words that are exceptions. child/children ďŽ When a new word enters the language, the regular inflectional rules generally apply. geek- geeks fax- faxes
- 14. Exceptions and Suppletions ďŽThe exception to the regular inflectional rules maybe a word âborrowedâ from a foreign language. Latin: datum- data ďŽ When a verb is derived from a noun, even if it is pronounced the same as an irregular verb, the regular rules apply to it. The police ringed the bank with armed men. The police rang the bank with armed men.
- 15. Exceptions and Suppletions ďŽMaking compounds plural is not always simply adding âs mother-in-law/mothers-in-law not mother-in-laws footman/footmen not footmans
- 16. Lexical Gaps Accidental gapsor lexical gaps -word or a form of a word that would be permitted by the grammatical rules of a language but nevertheless does not exist in the language. -Are well-formed but nonexisting words. ďŽ There are always gaps in the lexicon-words not present but that could be added. -slarm, krobe
- 17. Lexical Gaps Three majorkinds of lexical gaps: Phonological gaps- has to do with the sounds that make up words. /str/ -string âstrempâ /emp/- hemp Morphological gaps- is the absence of a word that could exist given the morphological rules of a language, including its affixes. -arrive arrival arrivation Semantic gaps- gap where there should be a word to describe a very real concept , thing or feeling. -cousin can refer to either male of female cousin
- 18. ďŽ Some morphologicalrules are productive meaning they apply freely to the appropriate stem like re-, repaint, redo. ďŽ Other rules are more constrained. ďŽ Inflectional morphology is productive: the plural âs applies freely even to nonsense words. ďŽ Suppletive forms escape inflectional morphology, so instead of â mans we have men.
- 19. References: Plag, I. (2003).Word-formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kerstens, joha; Eddy Ruys; Joost Zwars, eds, (2001). âaccidental gapâ Lexicon of Linguistics. Utrecht institute of Linguistics OTS. Retrieved 2011â2-12. David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008. Geoffrey Finch, Linguistic Terms, and Concepts. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. An Introduction to Language 9e VICTORIA FROMKIN: Late, University of California, Los Angeles ROBERT RODMAN,North Carolina State University, Raleigh NINA HYAMS University of California, Los Angeles.