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3. A. Derivation
Derivation
1. 2. 3. 5.
4.
Lexeme Template & Constraints Affix
Productivity
formation Idiosyncrasies on ordering
derivation
4. A1. Lexeme formation Derived
lexemes
Lexem
Same category
lexemes
N, A, V
Open classes
Adv
Words
Closed classes Function words: pronoun, conjungtion, etc.
Category-determining Nominalization, verbalization, adjectivalization, adverbialization
Derivation process
Category-neutral
5. Examples of Lexeme Formation (Dutch)
Derivation of nouns
A N suffixation schoon “beautiful” schoon-heid “beauty”
V N prefixation praat “to talk” ge-praat “talking”
N N prefixation zin “sense” on-zin “nonsense”
Derivation of adjectives
N A suffixation meester “master” meester-lijk “masterly”
V A suffixation lees “to read” lees-baar “readable”
A A prefixation gewoon “common” on-gewoon “uncommon”
Derivation of verbs
N V suffixation analyse “analysis” analys-eer “to analyse”
A V suffixation kalm “calm” kal-eer “to calm down”
V V prefixation rijd “to ride” be-rijd “to ride on”
6. Parasynthetic word formation :
simultaneous attachment of prefix and suffix
(Dutch) aanraakbaar onaanraakbaar
Rules for derivational pattern describe:
Formal (phonology & synctatic) properties
Semantic properties
Meaning of a complex word =
compositional function {meaning of base + morphological structure}
Specific subclasses of verbs can be created by derivational process
a case of change in synctactic valency
(Bolivian Quechua) churi-y-ta llank’a-chi-saq
son-1SG-ACC work-CAUS-1SG-FUT
“I will make my son work”
7. A2. Templates & Idiosyncrasies
Example of Inheritance Tree: -bar adjectives (Dutch)
-bar
ess zahl halt
“can be V-ed”
“eat” “pay” “keep”
essbar zahlbar haltbar
“can SAFELY be eaten” “MUST be paid” “can be kept LONG”
10. A4. Productivity
Language- Existence of competing word-formation
internal processes
factors e.g. –lijk –baar (Dutch, “able”)
Productivity
Language- Cultural habits & politeness rules
external e.g. –in (German) vs –in (Dutch)
factors
How to measure the degree of productivity (P) = n1/N
Type frequency (V) : number or different word type or a certain
morphological type
Token frequency (N) : summed frequency of use of all the words of
the particular type in a sample language of use
Hapaxes (n1) : new word types that occur only once in corpus
(Shakespeare) Hororificabilitudinitatibus
11. A5. Affix Ordering
Affix order might be predicted / determined by:
Input constraints
readibility (N) = (read + able) + ity
–ity selects adjectives as bases & creates nouns
Stratal restriction:
non native root + non-native suffixes + native suffixes
stabiliseer-baar (not: stabil-baar-iseer)
Intended semantic scope of the affixes used
(Bolivian Quechua)
llank’-schi-rpari-in “He really helped him work”
qunga-rpari-schi-wa-n “He helped me forget completely”
12. B. Compounding / Composition
Compounding
1. 2. 3. 5.
4.
Compounding Compounds Compounds Synthetic
Interfixes & compounds &
types & phrases and derived
allomorphy noun
words
incorporation
13. B1. Compound Types
Compounding combination of 2 words, one word
modifies the meaning of the other
General pattern XY
“head” in compounds
Germanic language: using Right Hand Rule (RHR)
in some other languages: left-headed compounds
Some examples:
(English)butt call
(Dutch) huis-vrouw “house wife”
(Maori) wai mangu “lit. water black” “ink”
14. Endocentric compounds : with a head
Exocentric compounds : without head
(Italian) porta-lettere “carry letters” “postman”
Bahuvrihi compounds: with special semantic interpretation
(Dutch) spleet-oog “slit eye” “people of Chinese”
Copulative compounds : coordination relation between constituent
Dvandva compounds : function as dual/plural expression
(Punjabi) candrā-dityā-u “the moon and the sun”
Appositive compounds: singular object, not combination
(German) fürstbischof “prince and bishop”
15. B2. Compounds & Phrases
Compounds Phrases
Word-internal constituents CAN’T be Word-internal constituents are affected by
affected by syntactically conditioned rule syntactically conditioned rule
(German) Rótkòhl “red cabbage” (Dutch) ròde kóol “red cabbage”
(German) ein rot-er Kohl “a red cabbage”
(French) salle(-s) à manger “dining room”
Main stress is on the non head Main stress is on the head
Rótkòhl , bláckbòard ròde kóol, blàck bóard
Classify a thing / give name for a Description of a thing
Constructional idiom
particular kind of thing atom bomb atomic bomb
Separable complex
Constructional idiom : have a verbs Separable complex verbs: the constituents
lexicalized syntactic pattern that create can be separated in syntax
new labels / new lexical expressions (Hungarian) level-et (nem) ir
Down’s syndrome, Murphy’s law “He is (not) engaged in letter writing”
16. B3. Compounds & Derived Words
Compounding each constituent = form of a lexeme
Derivation involves affixes (= non-lexeme)
But a lexeme may develop into a derivational morpheme
(grammaticalization):
(a) melk-boer “lit. milk farmer “dairy man”
(b) sigaren-boer “cigar seller”
(c) tijdschriften-boer “magazines seller”
From (b) & (c): -boer = suffix “seller”
-boer as affix-like morpheme affixoids
17. B4. Interfixes & Allomorphy
Case for Greek compounds:
First constituent ends in the vowel /o/ which is added to
the stem-form of the lexeme.
pag-o-vuno “ice mountain, ice berg”
sime-o-stolizmos “flag decoration”
The vowels are called interfixes / linking elements
Phonologically, interfixes belong to the 1st constituent.
pa.go.vu.no / pag.o.vu.no stem allomorphy
18. B5. Synthetic Compounds
& Noun Incorporation
Synthetic compounding:
when a word-formation looks like the simultaneous
use of compounding & derivation
sword swallower, heart breaker, church goer, …
show that possible words can function as building
blocks in word-formation.
the semantic role of the non-head maybe determined
by the argument structure of the verbal base of the
head noun.
19. B5. Synthetic Compounds
& Noun Incorporation
Noun Incorporation:
combination of a noun & a verb into a verbal
compound, where the nouns are non referential.
Compare Noun Incorporation & VerbPhrase:
(Ponapean)
(a) I keng-winih-la “I completed my medicine-taking”
(b) I kanga-la wini-o “I took all that medicine”
In (a), the nouns are non-referential, while in (b), the
object is syntactically independent.
Editor's Notes
Fungsidasarderivasi: membentukleksembaru. Lekseminidapatberubahkategorinyadarikategoriasal, dapat pula tetap. Lihcontoh.Ada 2 kelaskata: terbukadantertutup. Padakelasterbuka, ada N, A, V yang dapatmenjadi input maupun output prosesderivasi. Ada pula adverbia, ygumumnyahanyamenjadi output, tapitidakdapatmenjadi input. Sementaraygtermasukkelastertutupadalahkata-katafungsi
Cth lain category-determining: sufiks –(t)je pembentuk N (Dutch)Blond “blond” blondje “blond girl”, speel “to play” speltje “toy”
Untukmenjelaskan template dankeistimewaanpadaprosesderivasi, dapatdigunakanpohonwarisan. Padacontoh, hasilderivasitidaksajamewarisisifatafiks bar yang dapat DIPREDIKSI, namunjugasifatyg TIDAK DAPAT DIPREDIKSI yang merupakankombinasidengan base-nya.
Semakintinggihapax, berartisemakinbanyakkataygterbentuksecaraunik.Semakinrendahfrekuensi token, semakinrendahpengunaankata yang berulang.Jikakeduanyadibandingkan, menunjukkanderajatproduktifitas yang tinggi.
Urutankatadapatditentukan/diperkirakanberdasarkanpembatas input, pembatasstratal, danlingkupsemantik yang diinginkan.Pd cthterakhir, urutanafiksygberbedamemberikanartiygberbeda.
Intinya, padafrasedapatterjadiinflesi internal dankemampuan konstituen2nya untukterpisah/cerai/split. Dptdidukung pula olehletak main stress danfungsinyasebagaipenjelassuatubenda (deskripsi), bukan u/ menamai/mengelompokkansuatubenda.
Interfis/elemenberkaitmunculketikakonstituenpertamadiakhiridenganvokal o. Lalusecarafonologis, interfixiniadalahmiliksikonstituenpertama. Jikamemungkinkan, secarasilabisbergabung. Bisajugatidak. Keduanyadapatdipakaidandisebut stem allomorphy.