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![MORPHOPHONEMES AND
MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL RULES
An example of a morphophonological alternation in English is provided by the plural
morpheme, written as "-s" or "-es". Its pronunciation alternates between [s], [z], and [ɪz], as
in cats, dogs, and horses respectively. A purely phonological analysis would most likely assign
to these three endings the phonemic representations /s/, /z/, /ɪz/. On a morphophonological
level, however, they may all be considered to be forms of the underlying object //z//, which is
a morphophoneme. The different forms it takes are dependent on the segment at the end of
the morpheme to which it attaches – these dependencies are described by
morphophonological rules. (The behaviour of the English past tense ending "-ed" is similar – it
can be pronounced [t], [d] or [ɪd], as in hoped, bobbed and added.)
Morphophonemics 13
20XX
Checkpoint](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/morphophonemicchanges-201118074216/85/Morphophonemic-changes-13-320.jpg)
![MORPHOPHONEMES AND
MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL RULES
The plural suffix "-s" can also influence the form taken by the preceding
morpheme, as in the case of the words leaf and knife, which end with [f] in
the singular, but have [v] in the plural (leaves, knives). On a
morphophonological level these morphemes may be analyzed as ending in a
morphophoneme //F//, which becomes voiced when a voiced consonant (in
this case the //z// of the plural ending) is attached to it. This rule may be
written symbolically as: /F/ -> [αvoice] / __ [αvoice].
Morphophonemics 14
20XX
Checkpoint](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/morphophonemicchanges-201118074216/85/Morphophonemic-changes-14-320.jpg)
![ISOLATION FORMS
Morphophonemics 22
• a morpheme is the form in which that morpheme appears
in isolation
• "-ed"
plant is pronounced [plænt]
planting is [ˈplænɪŋ]
French word petit](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/morphophonemicchanges-201118074216/85/Morphophonemic-changes-22-320.jpg)
![EXAMPLES
Morphophonemics 25
The prefix /in-/ has the allomorphs [il] and [ir]:
/in-/ + responsible irresponsible
/in-/ + logical illogical
The rules n G l / __l and n G r / __r are not phonological rules in
English, however. If they were, the prefixes /un-/ and /non-/ would
also exhibit this regular pattern, but they do not.
/un-/ + responsive (*urresponsive) unresponsive
/un-/ + limited (*ullimited) unlimited
/non-/ + retroactive (*nor-retroactive) non-retroactive
/non-/ + lethal (*nol-lethal) non-lethal](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/morphophonemicchanges-201118074216/85/Morphophonemic-changes-25-320.jpg)
Uploaded byJulius Sison
Morphophonemic changes
The document discusses morphophonemics, a branch of linguistics that studies the interaction between morphological and phonological processes, specifically focusing on sound changes in morphemes when forming words. It provides examples of morphophonological rules through plural morphemes and their variations in pronunciation, as well as explores the complexities of morphophonemic systems across different languages. The text emphasizes the significance of analyzing and understanding these sound alternations within linguistic theory and practice.
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- 3. We are UNIQUE!!! Ouruse of tools Morphophonemics 3 20XX Creation of Society Establishing Schools Advancement in Technology Medical Breakthroughs Scientific Milestones
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- 6.
- 7. Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology)is a branch of linguistics which studies the interaction between morphological and phonological or phonetic processes. Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place in morphemes (minimal meaningful units) when they combine to form words. Morphophonemic Changes and Analysis 7 The definition of the term
- 8. Morphophonemics 8 20XX (January 17, 1916– November 3, 2000) was an American linguist who developed many influential ideas in American structuralist linguistics.
- 9. MORPHOPHONEMICS Morphophonemics 9 • Morphophonologicalanalysis often involves an attempt to give a series of formal rules that successfully predict the regular sound changes occurring in the morphemes of a given language.
- 10. CONTENT Morphophonemes and morphophonological rules Morphophonemics10 20XX Types of morphophonological changes Relation between phonology and morphophonology Isolation forms Rule ordering Morphophonology and orthography
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- 12. MORPHOPHONEMES AND MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL RULES Whenmorphemes combine, they influence each other's sound structure (whether analyzed at a phonetic or phonemic level), resulting in different variant pronunciations for the same morpheme. Morphophonology attempts to analyze these processes. A language's morphophonological structure is generally described with a series of rules which, ideally, can predict every morphophonological alternation that takes place in the language. Morphophonemics 12 20XX Checkpoint
- 13. MORPHOPHONEMES AND MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL RULES Anexample of a morphophonological alternation in English is provided by the plural morpheme, written as "-s" or "-es". Its pronunciation alternates between [s], [z], and [ɪz], as in cats, dogs, and horses respectively. A purely phonological analysis would most likely assign to these three endings the phonemic representations /s/, /z/, /ɪz/. On a morphophonological level, however, they may all be considered to be forms of the underlying object //z//, which is a morphophoneme. The different forms it takes are dependent on the segment at the end of the morpheme to which it attaches – these dependencies are described by morphophonological rules. (The behaviour of the English past tense ending "-ed" is similar – it can be pronounced [t], [d] or [ɪd], as in hoped, bobbed and added.) Morphophonemics 13 20XX Checkpoint
- 14. MORPHOPHONEMES AND MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL RULES Theplural suffix "-s" can also influence the form taken by the preceding morpheme, as in the case of the words leaf and knife, which end with [f] in the singular, but have [v] in the plural (leaves, knives). On a morphophonological level these morphemes may be analyzed as ending in a morphophoneme //F//, which becomes voiced when a voiced consonant (in this case the //z// of the plural ending) is attached to it. This rule may be written symbolically as: /F/ -> [αvoice] / __ [αvoice]. Morphophonemics 14 20XX Checkpoint
- 15. MORPHOPHONEMES AND MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL RULES Inthe International Phonetic Alphabet, pipes (| |) are often used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation. Another common convention is double slashes (// //), as above, implying that the transcription is 'more phonemic than simply phonemic'. Other conventions sometimes seen are double pipes (|| ||) and curly brackets ({ }). Morphophonemics 15 20XX Checkpoint
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- 17. TYPES OF MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL CHANGES Morphophonemics17 Inflected and agglutinating languages may have extremely complicated systems of morphophonemics. Examples of complex morphophonological systems include: Sandhi, the phenomenon behind the English examples of plural and past tense above, is found in virtually all languages to some degree. Even Mandarin, which is sometimes said to display no morphology, nonetheless displays tone sandhi, a morphophonemic alternation.
- 18. TYPES OF MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL CHANGES Morphophonemics18 Consonant gradation, found in some Uralic languages such as Finnish, Estonian, Northern Sámi, and Nganasan. Vowel harmony, which occurs in varying degrees in languages all around the world, notably Turkic languages. Ablaut, found in English and other Germanic languages. Ablaut is the phenomenon wherein stem vowels change form depending on context, as in English sing, sang, sung.
- 19. RELATION BETWEEN PHONOLOGYAND MORPHOPHONOLOGY Morphophonemics 19
- 20. RELATION BETWEEN PHONOLOGY ANDMORPHOPHONOLOGY Morphophonemics 20 1950’s 1960’s Chomsky Halle Purpose to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. Lexicon
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- 22. ISOLATION FORMS Morphophonemics 22 •a morpheme is the form in which that morpheme appears in isolation • "-ed" plant is pronounced [plænt] planting is [ˈplænɪŋ] French word petit
- 23.
- 24. ORDERING RULES Morphophonemics 24 Amorphophonemic rule has the form of a phonological rule, but is restricted to a particular morphological environment. Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules. Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for an allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic.
- 25. EXAMPLES Morphophonemics 25 The prefix/in-/ has the allomorphs [il] and [ir]: /in-/ + responsible irresponsible /in-/ + logical illogical The rules n G l / __l and n G r / __r are not phonological rules in English, however. If they were, the prefixes /un-/ and /non-/ would also exhibit this regular pattern, but they do not. /un-/ + responsive (*urresponsive) unresponsive /un-/ + limited (*ullimited) unlimited /non-/ + retroactive (*nor-retroactive) non-retroactive /non-/ + lethal (*nol-lethal) non-lethal
- 26. METHOD FOR MORPHOPHONEMIC ANALYSIS Morphophonemics26 When we conduct morphophonemic analysis, we seek to establish a connection between data and theory. The theory in question is that morphemes are stored in the lexicon in an invariant phonemic form. They are then strung together by morphological and syntactic rules. Finally, they are converted to their surface forms by a sequence of (often neutralizing) phonological rules, applied in a particular order.
- 27. PROCEDURE FOR MORPHOPHONEMIC ANALYSIS Morphophonemics27 1. Examine the data, consulting the glosses, and make a provisional division of the forms into morphemes. 2. Find each morpheme that alternates, and locate all of its allomorphs. 3. Within each allomorph, locate the particular segment or segments that alternate. 4. Considering the logical possibilities, set up the underlying representations so that all the allomorphs of each morpheme can be derived from a single underlying representation by general phonological rules.
- 28. PROCEDURE FOR MORPHOPHONEMIC ANALYSIS Morphophonemics28 This overall scheme is elaborated step by step below. • Pre-processing the data: phonemicization It is almost always easier to do morphophonemic analysis with data that are already expressed as phonemes, so if this has not already been done, it is advisable first to reduce the data to phonemes. • Morphophonemic orthography The English plural morpheme s is written the same regardless of its pronunciation: cats, dogs. This is a morphophonemic spelling. If English used a purely phonemic orthography (the same system without any morphemic considerations), these could be spelled cats and dogz, because /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes in English.
- 29. MORPHOPHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY Morphophonemics 29 Theprinciple behind alphabetic writing systems is that the letters (graphemes) represent phonemes. However, in many orthographies based on such systems the correspondences between graphemes and phonemes are not exact, and it is sometimes the case that certain spellings better represent a word's morphophonological structure rather than the purely phonological. An example of this is that the English plural morpheme is written -s regardless of whether it is pronounced as /s/ or /z/; we write cats and dogs, not dogz.
- 30.
Editor's Notes
- #18 Sandhi is the process whereby the form of a word changes as a result of its position in an utterance (e.g. the change from a to an before a vowel).
- #19 The term "consonant gradation" refers to a word-medial alternation of consonants between fortis and lenis realizations. The fortis strong grade appears in historically open syllables (ending in a vowel), while the lenis weak grade appears in historically closed syllables (ending in a consonant). Fortis (of a consonant, in particular a voiceless consonant) strongly articulated, especially more so than another consonant articulated in the same place. Lenis (of a consonant, especially a voiced consonant) weakly articulated, especially denoting the less or least strongly articulated of two or more similar consonants. Vowel harmony is the phenomenon in some languages, e.g., Turkish, in which all the vowels in a word are members of the same subclass, for example all front vowels or all back vowels. Ablaut refers to a change of vowel in related words or forms, e.g., in Germanic strong verbs (e.g., in sing, sang, sung ).
- #21 Until the 1950s, many phonologists assumed that neutralizing rules generally applied before allophonic rules. Thus, phonological analysis was split into two parts: a morphophonological part, where neutralizing rules were developed to derive phonemes from morphophonemes; and a purely phonological part, where phones were derived from the phonemes. Since the 1960s (in particular with the work of the generative school, such as Chomsky and Halle's The Sound Pattern of English) many linguists have moved away from making such a split, instead regarding the surface phones as being derived from the underlying morphophonemes (which may be referred to using various terminology) through a single system of (morpho)phonological rules. The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. In purely phonemic analysis the data is just a set of words in a language, while for the purposes of morphophonemic analysis the words must be considered in grammatical paradigms to take account of the underlying morphemes. It is postulated that morphemes are recorded in the speaker's "lexicon" in an invariant (morphophonemic) form, which, in a given environment, is converted by rules into a surface form. The analyst attempts to present as completely as possible a system of underlying units (morphophonemes) and a series of rules that act on them, so as to produce surface forms consistent with the linguistic data.
- #23 The isolation form of a morpheme is the form in which that morpheme appears in isolation (when not subject to the effects of any other morpheme). In the case of a bound morpheme, such as the English past tense ending "-ed", it will generally not be possible to identify an isolation form, since such a morpheme does not occur in isolation. It is often reasonable to assume that the isolation form of a morpheme provides its underlying representation. For example, in some American English, plant is pronounced [plænt], while planting is [ˈplænɪŋ], where the morpheme "plant-" appears in the form [plæn]. Here the underlying form can be assumed to be //plænt//, corresponding to the isolation form, since rules can be set up to derive the reduced form [plæn] from this (while it would be difficult or impossible to set up rules that would derive the isolation form [plænt] from an underlying //plæn//). This is not always the case, however; sometimes the isolation form itself is subject to neutralization that does not apply to some other instances of the morpheme. For example, the French word petit ("small") is pronounced in isolation without the final [t] sound, although in certain derived forms (such as the feminine petite) the [t] is heard. If the isolation form were adopted as the underlying form, the information that there is a final "t" would be lost, and it would be hard to explain the appearance of the "t" in the inflected forms.
- #26 Therefore, there must be a morphophonemic rule which determines the allomorphs [il] and [ir] of the prefix /in-/.
- #29 To some extent English orthography reflects the etymology of its words, and as such it is partially morphophonemic. This explains not only cats /s/ and dogs /z/, but also science /saɪ/ vs. unconscious /ʃ/, prejudice /prɛ/ vs. prequel /priː/, chased /t/ vs. loaded /ɪd/, sign /saɪn/ signature /sɪɡn/, nation /neɪ/ vs. nationalism /næ/, and special /spɛ/ vs. species /spiː/, etc.
- #30 The given example involves active morphology (inflection), and morphophonemic spellings are common in this context in many languages. Another type of spelling that can be described as morphophonemic is the kind that reflects the etymology of words. Such spellings are particularly common in English; examples include science /saɪ/ vs. unconscious /ʃ/, prejudice /prɛ/ vs. prequel /priː/, sign /saɪn/ signature /sɪɡn/, nation /neɪ/ vs. nationalism /næ/, and special /spɛ/ vs. species /spiː/.