Merged ppt of India and Pakistan Architecture

1. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
Indian architecture was very diverse, reflecting the complex
history of the region. Known for its temples, palaces, forts and iconic Indian
rock-cut architecture, its styles included pronounced Buddhist, Islamic and
European influences.

2. Indianarchitecture
The architecture of the Indian
subcontinent:
• timber
• mudbrick architecture.
Early Buddhist monuments:
• chaitya halls, stupa rails, and tor
anasclearly imitate wood construc
tion, and timber buildings.
• Allsurviving architecture is of
stoneusing exclusively a structural
system of post and lintel,brackets
, and corbels.

3. Basic Simple Indian Architectural
Forms:
• Obscured
• verwhelmed by a rhythmical multipli
cation of pilasters,cornices, moldings
, aediculae,roofs, and finials, and an
exuberant and sensuous overgrowth
of sculptural decoration.

4. built in the golden age
of Sri Krishna Deva
Raya of Vijayanagara
reign.
Dusing muslim
invades, the main
deity in this temple
was lost, and some of
the temple's
sculptures are broken.
Still it displays, those
days charm.
• Madhavaraya Temple

5. geographical
• a great triangular peninsula of Southern Asia,
covering an area fifteen times the size of Great
Britain, is bounded on the north by the Himalaya
Mountains and their lateral spurs, and on east,
west, and south by the sea. By reason of her
geographical position, India in the earliest times
received the overflow of the ancient races of
Central Asia, and thus was chiefly influenced from
the north ; more especially because the absence
of good harbours along her coasts did not tend to
promote intercourse by sea.

6. India’s present-day relief features have been
superimposed on three basic structural units:
• the Himalayas in the north
• the Deccan (plateau region) in the south
• the Indo-Gangetic Plain (lying over the subsidence zone)
between the two.
Physiographic Regions
India can be divided into five physiographic regions.
They are:
1. The Northern Mountains
2. Indo Gangetic Plains
3. The Peninsular Plateaus
4. The Islands
5. The Coastal Plains

7. The great rivers Ganges, Indus,
Nerbudda, Kistna, and Jumna afforded
employment to thousands of boatmen, and
were utilised for rafting down building-
timber from the immense forests ; while
cities naturally sprang up on the banks of
rivers which were trade routes and
highways, and thus the Ganges-Jumna
Valley contains some of the principal cities
of architectural importance.

8. • covering nearly fifty square miles, was the capital
of the Mogul Emperors, and its importance was
undoubtedly due to its commanding position at the
junction of the four historic roads from the Lower
Ganges, the Hindu Kush, the Indus Valley, and the
Gulf of Cambay. Delhi is the centre of India, as
London is of England, and after having been in
succession the capital of Hindu, Mahometan, and
Mogul Empires, it has now recently been created
the capital of the Empire of India. On the Western
Ghats along the coast-line there are rock-cut
temples, which in their capitals and columns
suggest the influence of Egypt, Persia, and Assyria.

10. • Puente la Reina
(Navarra)
This fine capital is at
eye-level on the doorway
of a church on the
Pilgrim Road to Santiago,
where three branches
meet for the final stretch
to Compostela.
• Note the wreath of
cockle-shells, symbol of
St James (Santiago),
above his brow.
• Note also that - as with
a kirttimukha - the lower
jaw is missing.

11. • The Greek Bactrian Kingdom in the
north-west had considerable influence
on the architecture, primarily of the
Gandhara district, whence it spread
over Northern India. The comparatively
open country on the east coast was
more accessible to civilisation, so that
the ancient dynasties of Southern India
fixed their capitals there, rather than
on the west coast, where there is only
a narrow strip of lowland between the
Ghats and the seaboard, so that the
inhabitants remain, even to this day,
aloof from civilising movements.

12. Geological
• The excellent building stone in the centre
of the peninsula
• The hill country generally
 The famous pink marble of Rajputana,
used in the buildings at Delhi and
Agra, the "trap " and granite of the
Deccan, the sandstone of certain
districts, and the volcanic potstone of
Hullabid, all contributed to develop those
characteristics which are peculiar to
the different localities.

13. Pink marbleof Rajputana,

14. • Western India
rock-cut " Chaityas “ (Buddhists)
were produced in the actual geological formation
; for they were carved in the horizontal strata of
the living rock, where it rises sheer from the
ground in perpendicular cliffs. At Mahavellipore
and Ellora, the Dravidian rock-cut temples,
known as " Raths," were hewn out of the
amygdaloidal trap formations. Teak, the principal
timber of the country, is found on the Eastern and
Western Ghats, and in the Himalayas while
besides ebony and bamboo there are the palms,
which grow mostly on the lowlands of the coast,
and supply food, drink, clothing, and building
material to the natives.

15. Chaityas are buddhist
prayer halls that house
a stupa. The word chaitya
has its roots in
sanskrit chita ~ meaning a
pyre or a pile of ashes. The
ancient rock-cut buddhist
caves of Ajanta were built
during the 2nd century BC ~
6th century AD. All these
caves and sculptures are
carved out of the rocky hills
of Ajanta. They start
carving from top of the hill
and reach the bottom, and
hence do not make use of
scaffolds for support.

16. • In the low-lying plains of Bengal, the
alluvial soil was the only material
available for building, which, made into
bricks, was used extensively in this
district. Terra-cotta seems to have been
employed in early times, and the ease
with which plastic clay was pressed into
moulds may be responsible for some of
the exuberance of ornament in later
periods. Lime for building was obtained
by burning limestone, shells, and
kankar, a nodular form of impure lime
found in river valleys.

17. Climatic
• India lies mostly within the tropics, and two
principal seasons, wet and dry, divide the year.
Here, as in Egypt, Assyria, and Persia, flat
terraced roofs for coolness, exercise, and
sleeping are the rule. The use of the great fan,
or punkah, is an indication of the intense heat,
which influenced the size and treatment of
architectural openings ; thus the pierced screen
or lattice window, which is so characteristic a
feature of Indian as of all Eastern art, was
designed to excude the light and heat caused
by the constant sunshine. Canals, reservoirs,
and tanks, which are conspicuous in connection
with the plans both of temples and palaces,
were necessary for irrigation and water-storage
during the dry season.

18. Historical
• Alexander's conquests in North-West India
(B.C. 327) (p. 67) brought that country into
touch with European and West Asiatic art ; thus
Greek, Assyrian, and Persian influences are
apparent in the architectural detail of that
region. The Greek Bactrian Kingdom (B.C.
323–130), which, along with India, fell to
Seleukos Nikator, one of Alexander's generals
and founder of the Syrian monarchy, exercised
considerable Classical influence over Northern
India. From the time of Alexander to the time
of Vasco da Gama (A.D. 1498) Europe had little
direct influence on the East. The Tartar or
Scythic inroads from B.C. 126 to the fifth
century of our era succeeded those of the
Greeks.

19. • The Mahometan invasion, in the thirteenth
century, led to the adoption of Saracenic
features, thus producing an Indian version
of that style. From A.D. 1746 British rule in
India was being consolidated, until in A.D.
1858 the annexation to the British Crown
was effected by Royal proclamation, a
historic event which has still further
promoted an intermingling of European and
native art. The selection of Delhi as the
capital of the Indian Empire has given an
opportunity for English and native talent to
produce public buildings in accord with
Oriental surroundings and suitable for their
Imperial purpose.

20. Social
The peoples of India consist of:
(a) The Non-Aryan tribes or aborigines ;
(b) the Aryan or Sanskrit-speaking race,
which includes Brahmans and Raj puts ;
(c) Hindus, a mixed population formed of
the above ;
(d) Mahometan invaders.

21. • These races have really never
amalgamated, but have become mixed in
varying degrees, and have always remained
subject to the unchanging conditions which
characterise the East. The chief dividing
lines are those of religion and caste, rather
than of race and language, and this has
naturally produced an architecture which
shows little progressive development ; while
there is diversity and absence of unity
between the different styles in this vast
peninsula. The tenure of land by feudal
princes produced enormous revenues which
were largely spent in the erection of
religious monuments for self-gratification.

22. • Among the most intellectual class, the spiritual
and contemplative aspects of life overshadowed
the practical and political, and even influenced
architecture, as is seen in the avoidance of
constructive problems. Architecture, like other
records of events, is silent from the expiring
years of Buddhism (A.D. 750) to the
commencement of the eleventh century. The "
Mahawanso " of Ceylon, however, a series of
rock inscriptions, forms a historical record of
that island from B.C. 250. The subordination of
human personality under the caste system,
which divided people into communities rather
than into families, was not favourable to
domestic architecture, which remained in a
rudimentary state. The Sanskrit grammar of
Panini, compiled about B.C. 350, is still the
foundation of the study of the Aryan language.

23. • The epic poems known as the "
Mahabbarata " or chronicles of the
Delhi Kings up to B.C. 1200, and the
" Ramayana," or story of the Aryan
advance into Southern India about
B.C. 1000, are works by the
Brahmans that may be compared to
Homer's " Iliad" and Virgil's "
AEneid." Sir W. Hunter's " Brief
History of the Indian Peoples " forms
an excellent resume of Indian art
and life.

24. Religious
• The Early Vedic religion, of which the
" Rig-Veda " a collection of poems
addressed to the gods—forms the
literary memorial, had existed in the
sixth century before our era, and
long before the rise of Buddhism.

25. • Religious influence on
Indian architecture can
be traced fromm the
primitive times starting
from the Hindus. With
the rise of Islam, the
religion which came to
India due to several
invasions also
significantly influenced
the architectural
designs of Indian
artisans. Indian
architecture has also
absorbed some of the
traits of the Christian
art along the Buddhist,
Jain and Parsi forms of
architecture.

26. • The Taj Mahal is regarded by many as the best
example of Mughal architecture and is widely
recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in
India". It is one of the world’s most celebrated
structures and a symbol of India’s rich history.
Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
1983, the Taj Mahal attracts some 3 million
visitors a year.

27. Interior view of the vaulted dome over the
tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz.

34. One of the most enduring achievements of
Indian civilization is undoubtedly its architecture.
Indian architecture, which has evolved through
centuries, is the result of socio-economic and
geographical conditions. Different types of Indian
architectural styles include a mass of expressions
over space and time, transformed by the forces of
history considered unique to India. As a result of
vast diversities, a vast range of architectural
specimens have evolved, retaining a certain amount
of continuity across history.

35. The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion.
Indian architecture progressed with time and assimilated the many
influences that came as a result of India's global discourse with
other regions of the world throughout its millennia-old past. The
architectural methods practiced in India are a result of examination
and implementation of its established building traditions and outside
cultural interactions.

36. One of the most enduring achievements of Indian
civilization is undoubtedly its architecture. Indian
architecture, which has evolved through centuries, is the
result of socio-economic and geographical conditions.
Different types of Indian architectural styles include a mass
of expressions over space and time, transformed by the
forces of history considered unique to India. As a result of
vast diversities, a vast range of architectural specimens
have evolved, retaining a certain amount of continuity
across history.

37. • The main elements in the traditional Indian building style
is trabeate, using pillars and beams and lintels.
The Ruins from India Pool

38. • Like all other aspects,
colonization of Indian
also had an impact on
architecture style. With
colonization, a new
chapter in Indian
architecture began. The
Dutch, Portuguese and
the French made their
presence felt through
their buildings but it was
the English who had a
lasting impact on
architecture.

39. • From the mid nineteenth century it became a norm for the
Anglo-Indian church builders to follow the model set by the
revivers of the many combinations of Gothic in England.
• The Italian Gothic
preferred by John
Ruskin for secular
works, and applied most
influentially to public
buildings in England,
was seen to be well
adapted to conditions in
India. After numerous
essays in northern
styles, the masterly
‘Venetian’ designs sent
out by Sir Gilbert Scott
for Bombay University
were decisive.

40. • The medieval period saw great developments in the field
of architecture. With the coming of Muslims to India,
many new features came to be introduced in buildings.
The development of Muslim Style of Architecture of this
period can be called the Indo-Islamic Architecture or the
Indian Architecture influenced by Islamic Art. The Indo-
Islamic style was neither strictly Islamic nor strictly
Hindu.

42. • The most important symbol of Indo-Islamic architecture in India
is the tomb or the mausoleum which evolved from the basic
cube and hemisphere of the early phase into a more detailed
form during the Mughal period. In the Mughal period multiple
chambers were made and tombs were set in gardens, known
as the Char-Bagh.The most famous example of tomb in India is
the Taj Mahal.

43. • Indian architecture is as
old as the history of the
civilization. The earliest
remains of recognizable
building activity in the
India dates back to the
Indus Valley cities.
Among India's ancient
architectural remains,
the most characteristic
are the temples,
Chaityas, Viharas,
Stupas and other
religious structures.
Famous Hindu Akshardham temple in South De

44. • Cave Architecture
The cave architecture in India is believed to have
begun in the third century BC. These caves were used by
Buddhist and Jain monks as places of worship and residence.
Initially the caves were excavated in the western India. Some
examples of this type of cave structure are Chaityas and
Viharas of Buddhists.

45. • Rock Cut
The Rock-cut structures present the most
spectacular piece of ancient Indian art specimen. Most of
the rock-cut structures were related to various religious
communities. In the beginning, remarkable Buddhist and
Jain monuments were produced in areas such as Bihar in
the east and Maharashtra in the west.

46. • Temple Architecture
In ancient India, temple architecture of high standard
developed in almost all regions. The distinct architectural
style of temple construction in different parts was a result of
geographical, climatic, ethnic, racial, historical and linguistic
diversities. Ancient Indian temples are classified in three
broad types. This classification is based on different
architectural styles, employed in the construction of the
temples.

47. • Colonial Architecture
• Indo Islamic Architecture
• Ancient Architecture
• Cave Architecture
• Rock Cut
• Temple Architecture

48. • British Colonial Era: 1615 to 1947[edit]
• The British arrival in 1615 overthrew the Mughal empire.
Britain reigned India for over three hundred years and
their legacy still remains through building and
infrastructure that populate their former colonies.[31]
The culminating
masterpieces of the
series, increasingly hybrid
in style, are Frederick
Stevens’ works,
especially Victoria
Terminus (1878-87), the
headquarters of the Great
Indian Peninsular
Railway.
Colonial Architecture

49. • French: 1673 to 1954
• The French colonized a fishing village (Pondicherry) in Tamil
Nadu and transformed it into a flourishing port-town. The town
was built on the French grid pattern and features neat sectors
and perpendicular streets and divided into two sectors, French
Quarter (Ville Blanche) and the Indian quarter (Ville Noire).
French styled villas were styled with long compounds and
stately walls, lined houses with verandas, large French doors
and grills. Infrastructure such as banks, police station and
Pondicherry International Port still hold the French presence.

50. • Dutch: 1605 to 1825
• The Dutch entered India with the only interests of Trade in
the early 17th Century. During their 200 years in India,
they colonized Surat, Bharuch, Venrula, Ahmedabad,
Malabar Coast, Kochi and Sadras.

51. • Portuguese: 1498 to 196
• The Portuguese arrived as merchants in the 1498 and
were more driven by a Catholic missionary zeal than
gaining powers in India. The Portuguese gained a
foothold in Goa and ruled for 400 years.

52. • Ajanta
The Ajanta Caves
Maharashtra India, are 29
rock-cut cave monuments
which date from the 2nd
century B.C. The caves
include paintings and
sculptures considered to be
masterpieces of both
Buddhist religious art (which
depict the Jataka tales) as
well as frescos which are
reminiscent of the Sigiriya
paintings in Sri Lanka. The
caves were built in two
phases starting around 200
B.C, with the second group
of caves built around 600
A.D.

53. • Ellora
Ellora is an archaeological site, 30 km from the city of
Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra, built by the
Rashtrakuta rulers. Ellora represents the epitome of Indian
rock-cut architecture. The 34 "caves" actually structures
excavated out of the vertical face of the Charanandri hills:
being Buddhist, Hindu and Jain rock-cut temples and
monasteries, were built between the 5th century and 10th
century.

54. • Elephanta
• The Elephanta Caves are a network of sculpted caves located
on Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri (literally "the city of caves")
in Mumbai Harbour. The rock cut architecture of the caves has
been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries, although the
identity of the original builders is still a subject of debate. The
caves are hewn from solid basalt rock. All the caves were also
originally painted in the past, but now only traces remain.

55. • Some of the best examples of the north Indian style
(Nagara style) of temple architecture are the Khajuraho
Group of temples, Sun temple, Konark, Sun temple at
Modhera, Gujarat and Ossian temple, Gujarat. The finest
examples of Dravidian style (south Indian style) are
temples of Tanjore, Madurai, Mahabalipuram, Badami,
Pattadakal and Kanchipuram.

56. • Brihadeeswara Temple
• Thanjavur, formerly Tanjore, is a city in the south Indian state of
Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is an important center of South Indian
religion, art, and architecture. Most of the Great Living Chola
Temples, which are UNESCO World Heritage Monuments, are
located in and around Thanjavur. The foremost among these, the
Brihadeeswara Temple, is located in the centre of the city.
Thanjavur is also home to Tanjore painting, a painting style unique
to the region.

57. • Meenakshi Amman Temple
(also called: Meenakshi
Sundareswarar Temple, Tiru-
aalavaai[1][2] and Meenakshi
Amman Kovil) is a historic
Hindu temple located on the
southern bank of the Vaigai
River in the temple city of
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is
dedicated to Parvati, known as
Meenakshi, and her consort,
Shiva, here named
Sundareswarar. The temple
forms the heart and lifeline of
the 2,500 year old city[5] of
Madurai and is a significant
symbol for the Tamil people,
mentioned since antiquity in
Tamil literature though the
present structure was built

59. PAKISTAN
refers to the various structures built during different time periods
in the modern day region of Pakistan.
 With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of
the 3rd millenium B.C
This was followesd by the Gandhara style of buddhist architecture
that Borrowed elements from the Ancient Greece. These remnants
are visible in the Gandhara capital of Taxila.

60. Geography of Pakistan
• The Islamic republic of Pakistan is situated between 24.50 and 36.75
latitude north and 61 to 75.5 longitudes east country located in the
mountainous region adjoining central Asia and the middle east
796,096 sq km, Pakistan is the world’s 36th largest country.
• The geography of Pakistan is a profound blend of landscapes varying from
plains to deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus ranging from the coastal areas
of the Arabian Sea in the south to the mountains of the Karakoram range
in the north.
• Pakistan geologically overlaps both with the Indian and the Eurasian
tectonic plates where its Sindh and Punjab provinces lie on the north-
western corner of the Indian plate while Balochistan and most of the
Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa lie within the Eurasian plate which mainly comprises
the Iranian plateau, some parts of the Middle East and Central Asia.

62. Neighboring countries:
• Afghanistan
• Iran
• China
• India
 up to about 6,774 km (4,334.1 mi) in length land bordered
and coastline is about 1046 km

65. Climate
Pakistan has four seasons:
• a cool, dry winter from December through February;
• a hot, dry spring from March through May
• the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June
through September;
• the retreating monsoon period of October and November.
Rainfall can vary radically from year to year, and successive
patterns of flooding and drought are also not uncommon

66. Demographics of religion in Pakistan:
ISLAM
Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and about 95-98% of Pakistanis are Muslims.
Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and about 95-98% of Pakistanis are Muslims. The
Muslims are largely divided into two sects, Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. The Shia Islam
in Pakistan is practiced by 5-20% of the Muslims and the remaining larger number of
Muslims practice Sunni Islam
HINDUISM
Hinduism is the second largest religion in Pakistan accounting for 2.00% of the
population. The Last population census divided the population into 1.6% Hindu Jati
and 0.25% Scheduled castes.The Rig Veda, the oldest Hindu text was believed to have
been composed in the Punjab province of modern day Pakistan on the banks of Indus
River around 1500 BCE and spread from there across South and South East Asia
slowly developing and evolving into the various forms of the faith we see today.

67. CHRISTIANITY
Christians (Urdu: ‫مسيحى‬ )make up 1.6% of Pakistan's population, about 2.8 million people
out of a total population.[3] The majority of the Pakistani Christian communities is
constituted by converts from the Hindus and Muslims from Punjab region, from the
British colonial era. The community is geographically spread throughout the Punjab
province, whilst its presence in the rest of the provinces is mostly confined to the urban
centers. There is a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by
Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed by the
British during colonial administration between World War I and World War II.
Meanwhile there are few Protestant groups conducting missions in Pakistan. The Day by
Day Christian Ministries which is based in the Philippines is operating a school in
Karachi, though most of its members there converted outside the country due to
restrictions at home

68. Bahá'í
The Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was still under
British colonial rule. The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first days of
the Bábí religion in 1844,with Shaykh Sa'id Hindi who was from Multan.During
Bahá'u'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to
move to the area that is current-day Pakistan.
Sikhism
In the 17th century the reformist Sikh movement originated in Pakistan's Punjab region
where Sikhism's founder as well as most of the faiths disciples originated from. There are
a number of Sikhs living throughout Pakistan today; estimates vary, but the number is
thought to be on the order of 20,000.
Zoroastrianism
Zorastrianism is believed to have been a major religion in the region of Pakistan from the
time it was part of the Persian Achemenid empire. There are at least 4,000 Pakistani
citizen practicing the Zoroastrian religion.[33] Numerous Zorastrian fire temples still exist
in Balochistan, Sindh and parts of Panjab. More recently, from the 15th century onwards,
Zorastrians came to settle the coast of Sindh and have established thriving communities
and commercial enterprises.

69. Kalash
This is pagan religion of the Kalash people living in a remote part of Chitral. Adherents
of the Kalash religion number around 3,000 and inhabit three remote valleys in Chitral;
Bumboret, Rumbur and Birir. Their religion is unique but shares some common ground
with Greek, Macedonian Pagan, Vedic and Pre-Zoroastrian religions.
Jainism
Jainism existed in Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Karachi. There is no
evidence of any Jains living in Pakistan today, although it is claimed that a few still live in
Sindh and Punjab provinces. They are number of disused Jain Temples found in
different parts of Pakistan. Gulu Lalvani, a famous Jain, was originally from Pakistan but
he, like other Jains, emigrated from Pakistan. Baba Dharam Das Tomb is also found in
Pakistan. Digambar Temple is one of the famous Jain temples in Pakistan

70. Buddhism
Buddhism has an ancient history in Pakistan; currently there is a small community of at
least 1500 Pakistani Buddhist in the country.[33] The country is dotted with numerous
ancient and disused Buddhist stupas along the entire breath of the Indus River that
courses through the heart of the country. Many Buddhist empires and city states existed,
notably in Gandhara but also elsewhere in Taxila, Punjab and Sindh. It is believed that
Tantric Buddhism was developed in Pakistan's Swat valley. Pakistan and much of
Afghanistan were one of the first regions to adopt Buddhism and which saw a large
number of adherents to the faith. It is believed that through the Silk Road of northern
Pakistan, that Buddhism spread later to Central Asia, China and beyond.
Judaism
There is no evidence that there are any Jews (Urdu: ‫يہودی‬ )in Pakistan today, nor has any
claim been made by any practitioner of the faith in recent decades. Various estimates
suggest that there were about 1,500 Jews living in Pakistan at the time of its independence
on 14 August 1947, with the majority living in Karachi and a few living in Peshawar.
However, almost all emigrated to Israel after 1948. There are a few disused synagogues in
both cities; while one Karachi synagogue was torn down for the construction of a
shopping mall. The one in Peshawar still exists, although the building is not being used for
any religious purpose. There is a small Jewish community of Pakistani origin settled in
Ramla, Israel.

71. Atheism and agnosticism
There are people who do not profess any faith (such as atheists and
agnostics) in Pakistan but their numbers is not known.[35] They are
particularly in the affluent areas of the larger cities. Some were born in
secular families while others in religious ones. According to the 1998
census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of
the population, but social pressures against claiming no religion was
strong.[9] A 2012 study by Gallup Pakistan found that people not
adhering to any religion account for 1% of the population

73. Minar-e-Pakistan
 Minar-e-Pakistan (or Yadgaar-ePakistan)
is a tall minaret in Iqbal Park
Lahore, built in honor of the Lahore
Resolution.
 It reflects a blend of Mughal and
modern architecture, and is
constructed on the site where on
March 23, 1940, Lahore Resolution
(Qarardad-e-Lahore) demanding
the creation of Pakistan. It was
seven years before the formation of
Pakistan.
 The large public space around the
monument is commonly used for
political and public meetings,
whereas Iqbal Park area is ever so popular among kite-flyers.
 The tower rises about 60 meters on the base, thus the total height of minaret
is about 62 meters above the ground.
 The unfolding petals of the flower-like base are 9 meters high. The diameter
of the tower is about 97.5 meters (320 feet).

74. BadshahiMosque
 The Badshahi Mosque (Urdu: ‫بادشاھی‬ ‫مسجد‬),
or the 'Emperor's Mosque', was built in 1673
by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore.
 It is one of the city's best known landmarks,
and a major tourist attraction and
characterizes the beauty and greatness of the
Mughal era.
 Capable of accommodating over 55,000
worshipers.
 It is the second largest mosque in Pakistan,
after the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.
 The architecture and design of the Badshahi
Masjid is closely related to the Jama Masjid in
Delhi, India, which was built in 1648 by
Aurangzeb's fathervand predecessor, Emperor
Shah Jahan.
 The Imam-e-Kaaba (Sheikh Abdur-Rahman
Al-Sudais of Saudi Arabia) has also led
prayers in this mosque in 2007.

75. Mizar-e-Quaid
 The Quaid-e-Azam`s Mausoleum
Is a prominent and impressive land-
mark of Karachi.
 Nearby are the graves of the
“Quaid-e-Millat”.
 Liaqat Ali Khan, the first Prime
Minister of Pakistan and the
Quaid`s sister, Mohtarma Fatima
Jinnah.

76. FaisalMosque
 The Shah Faisal Masjid in Islamabad, Pakistan,
is among one of the largest mosques in the
world. It is renowned for both its size and its
architecture
covering an area of 5,000 square meters with a
capacity of 300,000 worshippers.
 Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay's designed it.
 Construction of the mosque began in 1976 by
National Construction of Pakistan, led by Azim
Borujerdi, and was funded by the government
of Saudi Arabia, at a cost of over 130 million
Saudi riyals (approximately $120 million USD
today).
 It is located at the end of Shaharah-e-
Islamabad, putting it at one end of the city and
in front of a magnificent backdrop provided by
the Margalla Hills.
 It is a focal point of Islamabad, and famous and
recognized icon of the city

77.  The National Monument in Islamabad,
Pakistan is a national monument
representing the four provinces and three
territories of Pakistan.
 Designed by Arif Masood the blooming
flower shape of the monument represents
Pakistan's progress as a rapidly developing
country.
 The four main petals of the monument
represent the four provinces (Balochistan,
North West Frontier Province, Punjab, and
Sindh), while the
three smaller petals represent the three
territories (Northern Areas, Azad Kashmir and
the Federally Administered Tribal Areas).
PakistanMonument

78. TheHistorical Khyber Pass
 The Khyber Pass, (Urdu: ‫درہ‬
‫خيبر‬) t) is the mountain pass
that links Pakistan and
Afghanistan at an altitude of 1,070 m or
3,510 feet
 Throughout history it has been an
important trade route between Central
Asia and South Asia and a strategic
military location.
 The summit of the Khyber Pass is 5
kilometers (3.1 mi) inside Pakistan at
Landi Kotal and it cuts through the
northeastern part of the White
Mountains or Koh-e-Safaid - extension
of the Hindu Kush range.

79.  For centuries, it has been
a trade route between
south and north Asia.
 Every stone in the
Khyber has been soaked
in blood." Rudyard
Kipling called it "a
sword cut through the
mountains.

80. Ali Masjid
 Ali Masjid is a mosque situated along the Khyber Pass that snakes
through the border of Pakistan and Afghanistan. According to the
legend, the mosque derives its name from the Islamic caliph, Hazrat
Ali; local traditions put that he traveled the area. True or false, the
mosque gives a spectacular image and serves as a stopping point along
the way, which has served as a gateway to the empires.

81. LahoreFort
 As the name suggests, this fort is situated in the city of Lahore – in fact, it is
one of the prized buildings of the walled-city of Lahore or Old Lahore.
Although the origins of the fort are older, the present structure is said to have
been built by the Mughal emperor Akbar. The Fort itself acted as a geo-
strategic site that met Kashmir, the Afghan areas, and Multan. Decorated with
Mughal architecture, the Fort complex includes such architectural marvels as
Sheesh Mahal (Palace of Mirrors) and Badshahi Mosque.

82. ShalimarBagh
 Built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, the Shalamar Bagh is one of the
most beautiful sites in Pakistan. Its gardens and refreshing fountains attract
a large number of visitors. The site consists of three levels of garden
terraces which were watered by a canal; which also waters the exquisite
marble terrace. It has a total of 410 fountains at all levels and a large
variety of fruit trees.

83. Quaid's Residency
Situated in Ziarat, a hill station in Balochistan province, the Residency
was where Pakistan's founder Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
spent the last days of his life. The ailing Jinnah was recommended a
rest and Ziarat was the best choice for its fragrance and fresh mountain
air. There, the Residency, a wooden structure, provided the founder
with the perfect retreat.

84. Iqbal's Tomb
The tomb of Allama Muhammad Iqbal at Lahore is an important national
monument. The tomb is located in the Hazuri Bagh between the Lahore
Fort and Badshahi Mosque. Set in beautiful red sandstone, Iqbal’s
importance to Pakistan renders this building historical significance.

85. Islamia College
Situated in Peshawar, Islamia College was established in 1913 by Nawab Sir
Sahabzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos Kepel. The idea of Abdul
Qayyum, an educationist-cum-politician, was to build an educational institute
that imparts modern education to the Muslims. Later on, the students of
Islamia College played an important role in the movement of independence for
Pakistan; even Jinnah visited the College thrice.

86. Aga KhanUniversity and Hospital
The Aga Khan University Hospital is another beautiful building of
Pakistan. This building that heals is designed by Payette Associates. The
building was completed in 1985 and it is a marvel of traditional Indo-
Persian and Mughal architecture.

87. Habib Bank Plaza
Habib Bank Plaza once the tallest building of Pakistan was established
in 1963. The fine architecture of the building was designed by a
famous international architecture Leo A Daly.

88. TheCentaurus
The Centaurus is a mixed real estate development in Islamabad. It is the
finest architecture no doubt comprises three skyscrapers that have
shopping mall, residential apartments, corporate offices and 5-star hotel.
The building is designed by a British architectural firm WS Atkins and
the interior of residential apartments and Malls has been designed by
Turkish firm ODEION.