The document describes a study that aims to evaluate the performance of using the JavaMail API (JNFC) to emulate Near Field Communication (NFC) peer-to-peer functionality on Android Virtual Devices (AVDs). The researchers:
1) Created JNFC which uses JavaMail to emulate the Android NFC P2P API, allowing NFC data exchange between AVDs.
2) Developed a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) model called DroidWSN and implemented it as an Android application, which also emulates sensor data collection via simulated NFC tags.
3) Conducted an experiment running DroidWSN on AVDs to measure execution time and compare results to
The document describes the StoLPaN project which aims to build a European NFC ecosystem. It discusses the key points of NFC including operating distance and data exchange rates. It outlines the project structure including developing a handset independent mobile host application to enable multiple NFC services on a phone. The objectives are to facilitate service definition, OTA requirements and leverage NFC to enhance business procedures.
SENSOR ID is a company founded by a team of young engineers, that polarizes its own activity into designing and production devices dedicated to the world of applications of IoT. Thanks to the experience gained with CUBIT Innovation Lab and University of Pisa, SensorID has developed a strong know-how in wireless technology standard integration and implementation and in wireless network topology design. SensorID built a complete portfolio of embedded electronic modules based on NFC, UHF, RFID.
A Best Android Introdtuction .
1. Android Introduction (Android components, Android Architecture, Activity life cycle, Activity stack etc.)
2. Near Field Communication (NFC) Overview.
3. Google map and GPS.
4. Push notification and C2DM concept.
This document provides an overview of NXP's NFC product portfolio and use cases for NFC technology. It discusses NFC applications for access control, pairing/commissioning, authentication, extended user interfaces, device communication, and payment. For each use case, it recommends suitable NXP NFC products including connected tags, frontends, and controllers with customizable or integrated firmware. It positions NXP as the leading NFC provider with the broadest portfolio to address every application.
RTO Automation System is basically a digital system to overcome the manual task. It is the system which handles the work based on NFC (Near Field Communication). Many modern smart phones and tablets have an integrated scanner that can read NFC chips. All one needs to do for driver's licence checks is attach a single low-cost NFC chip to the driver's license. The NFC chip stores a unique combination of numbers. This ID will be read by the smartphone and the NFC to web application with the underlying NFC technology and uniquely associated with the driver's master data in the web application. We are going to develop a mobile application, database and NFC technology that enables the exchange of data between different devices over distances. . The proposed system will also consist of a GPS tracking system in which the traffic police can enter the number place and track town a criminal. The GPS chip will be installed in the cars which will be sending data to the server and this data will be sent to the police tracking him. This system will be accurate and keep the records of all the criminal activity of and individual. In our project, we used the smartphones equipped with NFC can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers which can be programmed by NFC apps to automate this task. Communication of NFC, could replace the use of payment or service specific smart cards.
NFC Development with Qt - v2.2.0 (5. November 2012)Andreas Jakl
Learn developing Near Field Communication (NFC) apps for Nokia's Symbian and MeeGo phones with step-by-step tutorials!
The three development options Qt, Symbian native and Java ME are outlined. A more detailed explanation shows the Qt Mobility 1.2 APIs to create modern NFC applications for smartphones.
In the final part, step-by-step hands-on tutorials walk you through developing your first two NFC apps. The first demo extends an example from the Qt SDK with reading & writing both URI and text NDEF records to create new sticky notes on the virtual corkboards visible on the screen. The second demo uses the LLCP protocol to create a peer-to-peer chat application between two NFC Forum compatible devices.
This is a presentation, which lists technical facts about two different types of air interface for contactless proximity smartcards. Similar type of interfaces are used for RFID tag reader communication. This presentation highlights some of the features of Type A and Type B communication to bring out the differences between each of them.
The document discusses using sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and ambient light sensors in Windows applications through either COM interfaces from C++ or the WinRT API from C# and C++/CX. It provides code examples for connecting to sensors, subscribing to sensor events, and retrieving sensor data on things like acceleration, orientation, and ambient light levels. Considerations for efficiency when using sensors in applications are also mentioned.
The document describes the StoLPaN project which aims to build a European NFC ecosystem. It discusses the key points of NFC including operating distance and data exchange rates. It outlines the project structure including developing a handset independent mobile host application to enable multiple NFC services on a phone. The objectives are to facilitate service definition, OTA requirements and leverage NFC to enhance business procedures.
SENSOR ID is a company founded by a team of young engineers, that polarizes its own activity into designing and production devices dedicated to the world of applications of IoT. Thanks to the experience gained with CUBIT Innovation Lab and University of Pisa, SensorID has developed a strong know-how in wireless technology standard integration and implementation and in wireless network topology design. SensorID built a complete portfolio of embedded electronic modules based on NFC, UHF, RFID.
A Best Android Introdtuction .
1. Android Introduction (Android components, Android Architecture, Activity life cycle, Activity stack etc.)
2. Near Field Communication (NFC) Overview.
3. Google map and GPS.
4. Push notification and C2DM concept.
This document provides an overview of NXP's NFC product portfolio and use cases for NFC technology. It discusses NFC applications for access control, pairing/commissioning, authentication, extended user interfaces, device communication, and payment. For each use case, it recommends suitable NXP NFC products including connected tags, frontends, and controllers with customizable or integrated firmware. It positions NXP as the leading NFC provider with the broadest portfolio to address every application.
RTO Automation System is basically a digital system to overcome the manual task. It is the system which handles the work based on NFC (Near Field Communication). Many modern smart phones and tablets have an integrated scanner that can read NFC chips. All one needs to do for driver's licence checks is attach a single low-cost NFC chip to the driver's license. The NFC chip stores a unique combination of numbers. This ID will be read by the smartphone and the NFC to web application with the underlying NFC technology and uniquely associated with the driver's master data in the web application. We are going to develop a mobile application, database and NFC technology that enables the exchange of data between different devices over distances. . The proposed system will also consist of a GPS tracking system in which the traffic police can enter the number place and track town a criminal. The GPS chip will be installed in the cars which will be sending data to the server and this data will be sent to the police tracking him. This system will be accurate and keep the records of all the criminal activity of and individual. In our project, we used the smartphones equipped with NFC can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers which can be programmed by NFC apps to automate this task. Communication of NFC, could replace the use of payment or service specific smart cards.
NFC Development with Qt - v2.2.0 (5. November 2012)Andreas Jakl
Learn developing Near Field Communication (NFC) apps for Nokia's Symbian and MeeGo phones with step-by-step tutorials!
The three development options Qt, Symbian native and Java ME are outlined. A more detailed explanation shows the Qt Mobility 1.2 APIs to create modern NFC applications for smartphones.
In the final part, step-by-step hands-on tutorials walk you through developing your first two NFC apps. The first demo extends an example from the Qt SDK with reading & writing both URI and text NDEF records to create new sticky notes on the virtual corkboards visible on the screen. The second demo uses the LLCP protocol to create a peer-to-peer chat application between two NFC Forum compatible devices.
This is a presentation, which lists technical facts about two different types of air interface for contactless proximity smartcards. Similar type of interfaces are used for RFID tag reader communication. This presentation highlights some of the features of Type A and Type B communication to bring out the differences between each of them.
The document discusses using sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and ambient light sensors in Windows applications through either COM interfaces from C++ or the WinRT API from C# and C++/CX. It provides code examples for connecting to sensors, subscribing to sensor events, and retrieving sensor data on things like acceleration, orientation, and ambient light levels. Considerations for efficiency when using sensors in applications are also mentioned.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Internet to the current Internet of Things (IoT). It defines key concepts in IoT like smart devices, wireless sensor networks, and communication protocols. It outlines applications of IoT in various domains like smart cities, healthcare, logistics etc. Finally, it highlights major challenges in IoT like security, privacy, big data and lack of standards that need to be addressed for its full potential to be realized.
Near Field Communication is a very Versatile wireless technology. It has its range up to just 10-20 cm, but its short range is its advantage. Lets explore this technology and try to exploit it.
NFC security guard systems allow tracking of security guard routes using NFC technology. Guards scan NFC tags at stations to log their locations and times. This allows monitoring of guard routes. The system was tested tracking guards at a historic waterfront area in Malta. A second project involved using similar NFC tracking for employees at a large brewery in Malta.
Functional phones are needed for lone workers to improve safety. Phones used should have GPS, an alarm button, long battery life, waterproofing and shock resistance. An example phone meeting these needs was presented. Applications could include GPS tracking, automated check-ins, and triggering an audio alarm if no motion is detected for 10 minutes to request help.
Transforming the NFC Public Transport Experience from Vision to Reality -- Th...NFC Forum
The NFC Forum Transport SIG acts as a bridge between all transport industry stakeholders, from identifying NFC roadblocks
to enabling a seamless integration of NFC by providing all players with the information and tools they need to succeed. Significant progress has been made with harmonization efforts over the past year. This presentation by the NFC Forum Transport SIG provides an overview of where we are to date, where we are heading, and how your organization can get involved with our efforts to advance the adoption of NFC in public transport.
This document provides an overview of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, including NFC modes, use cases, tag types, related specifications, and forum standards. It describes key aspects of NFC such as communication occurring when devices are 4 cm or closer, the reader/tag relationship, and operating modes including read/write, peer-to-peer, and card emulation. Common use cases like service initiation, sharing, connecting devices, ticketing, and payment are outlined. The document also discusses NFC tag types, related specifications like ISO 14443 and MIFARE, and forum standards including NDEF, RTD, and LLCP.
Near Field Communication (NFC) allows for contactless communication between devices over short ranges using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and has a range of less than 10 cm. It supports both active and passive communication modes. NFC tags and readers enable two-way communication where one device acts as a reader/writer and the other as a tag. Common applications of NFC include contactless payments, data sharing, and connecting devices by simply touching them together. The technology provides a convenient way to transfer information with security and no need for manual configuration.
Near-Field Communication (NFC) allows contactless data exchange between devices within close proximity. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and has a maximum range of about 4 cm. It can be used for applications such as contactless payment, ticketing, and data sharing when two NFC devices are tapped together. NFC has three operating modes - reader/writer mode where an NFC device can read from and write to tags, card emulation mode where a phone acts like a card, and peer-to-peer mode for data transfer between two NFC phones. NFC integration with mobile devices has potential for new opportunities but has limitations such as short range and low data transfer rates.
The document discusses Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. It defines NFC as a short-range wireless communication standard that allows data exchange between devices within 10 centimeters. The document outlines NFC's technical features, modes of operation including active/passive communication, categories like touch and go/confirm, and common uses like mobile payments, data transfers, and access control. It also compares NFC to other wireless standards like Bluetooth and RFID, highlighting NFC's security, speed and potential for future integration with other technologies.
NFCRFID Ripe for Application Expansion_ElectronicDesignHamed M. Sanogo
The document discusses near-field communication (NFC) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies. It describes how NFC/RFID works using inductive coupling between a reader and passive tag. It then discusses how the MAX66242 integrated circuit can provide security features, energy harvesting capabilities, and an I2C interface to enable NFC/RFID in embedded applications. Examples of applications discussed include medical sensor tags, device configuration, and collecting diagnostic/error data wirelessly.
This document provides an overview of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. It discusses that NFC allows for short-range wireless communication between devices when they are touched or brought within close proximity. The document outlines the history and development of NFC, how NFC works using readers and tags, comparison to other wireless technologies, example applications such as mobile payments, and the benefits and future of NFC technology.
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that allows data transmission between devices that are close together. NFC was created in 2003 and uses radio waves at 13.56 MHz to transmit data by reading passive tags. NFC offers simple and intuitive data transfer between electronic devices like smartphones and is compatible with existing RFID infrastructure through standards. NFC devices can both receive and transmit data and have applications like contactless payments, device pairing, and access control. The technology empowers users but implementation costs and security are weaknesses to consider.
Track 4 session 5 - st dev con 2016 - simplifying the setup and use of iot ...ST_World
The document summarizes how NFC dynamic tags can simplify the setup and use of IoT devices. It discusses how NFC helps with commissioning devices by providing a standard way to connect them to networks and write credentials. NFC also aids in connecting devices to Bluetooth and WiFi networks by encoding connection details on tags. Interacting with tags allows controlling headless devices for configuration and data retrieval. The document concludes that NFC's ease of use, security, and low cost make it a promising technology for simplifying IoT adoption challenges around connectivity and control of devices.
An Electronic Ticketing System based on Near Field Communication for Concerts...Hussain Shah
NFC allows for short-range wireless communication between electronic devices like smartphones and payment terminals. It enables contactless transactions where users simply tap or touch their device to complete payments or data transfers. While NFC adoption has been limited, standards coordination by groups like the NFC Forum aim to address this by ensuring interoperability. NFC provides benefits like intuitive interactions, versatility across industries, and built-in security due to its short operating range. However, challenges remain around mass adoption including the need for industry collaboration between different players in the mobile ecosystem.
The document outlines an electronic access control workshop focusing on attacking NFC and RF-based systems. It discusses the history and components of access control systems, including tokens, readers, controllers and backends. Specific NFC card technologies like MIFARE Classic, MIFARE Ultralight and HID iClass are examined, noting many have been broken or have shared encryption keys. The document then proposes a methodology for penetration testing NFC access systems and reviews tools like HydraNFC, ProxMark3 and ChameleonMini that can emulate NFC cards or sniff RF transmissions.
Need NFC RFID-Tomorrow Is Today in This Constant State of InnovationHamed M. Sanogo
This document discusses near-field communications (NFC) and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It proposes using the Maxim Integrated MAX66242 chip, a secure dual-interface passive tag, to easily add contactless NFC/RFID capabilities to embedded electronic products. The MAX66242 uses SHA-256 encryption and challenge-response authentication to securely transfer data between a reader and tag. It also allows for data protection and limiting tag usage through various memory protection modes. Overall, the document promotes using NFC/RFID technology and the MAX66242 chip to enable new wireless capabilities and applications for portable electronic devices.
Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)Deepak Kl
This document discusses near field communication (NFC) technology and its use for secure mobile transactions. NFC allows contactless communication between devices within 10 cm of each other. It can be used for applications like mobile payments, data transfers, and access control. The document explores NFC architecture, communication modes, security considerations, and potential future applications like unlocking vehicles and doors with a tap. It concludes that NFC is widely used in mobile devices today and enables contactless payment models through technologies like mobile wallets.
NFC - The technology behind the metro cards used in Indian metro trains. Also, this technology has the capability to convert your smartphone into a virtual wallet like Google Wallet.
The Eclipse M2M IWG and Standards for the Internet of ThingsWerner Keil
This session highlights how the M2M IWG can play a role in the Internet of Things and Distributed Sensor Web as well as related technologies like Smart Home, Automotive or Transport/Logistics (allowing containers to automatically notify you if e.g. their temperature changes beyond a healthy range;-) We demonstrate how existing Java standards like JSR 256 (Mobile Sensor API) can be improved or replaced towards a new generation of Java Embedded and Mobile.
Taking technologies like the IEEE 1451 "Smart Sensor" standard into consideration, as well as OGC standards like SensorML or The Unified Code for Units of Measurement (UCUM) allowing type and context safe data transfer using various formats and protocols, whether it is XML, JSON or specific M2M protocols like MQTT or OMA-DM.
geecon 2013 - Standards for the Future of Java EmbeddedWerner Keil
This session highlights how Java Embedded can play a role in the Internet of Things and Distributed Sensor Web as well as related technologies like Smart Home or Automotive. We demonstrate how existing Java standards like JSR 256 (Mobile Sensor API) can be modernized and improved towards a new generation of Java Embedded and Mobile. Taking technologies like the IEEE 1451 "Smart Sensor" standard into consideration, as well as OGC standards like SensorML or The Unified Code for Units of Measurement (UCUM) allowing type and context safe data transfer using various formats and protocols, whether it is XML, JSON or specific M2M protocols like MQTT as well as new JSRs like 360 (CLDC 8) and 361 (Java ME Embedded)
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Internet to the current Internet of Things (IoT). It defines key concepts in IoT like smart devices, wireless sensor networks, and communication protocols. It outlines applications of IoT in various domains like smart cities, healthcare, logistics etc. Finally, it highlights major challenges in IoT like security, privacy, big data and lack of standards that need to be addressed for its full potential to be realized.
Near Field Communication is a very Versatile wireless technology. It has its range up to just 10-20 cm, but its short range is its advantage. Lets explore this technology and try to exploit it.
NFC security guard systems allow tracking of security guard routes using NFC technology. Guards scan NFC tags at stations to log their locations and times. This allows monitoring of guard routes. The system was tested tracking guards at a historic waterfront area in Malta. A second project involved using similar NFC tracking for employees at a large brewery in Malta.
Functional phones are needed for lone workers to improve safety. Phones used should have GPS, an alarm button, long battery life, waterproofing and shock resistance. An example phone meeting these needs was presented. Applications could include GPS tracking, automated check-ins, and triggering an audio alarm if no motion is detected for 10 minutes to request help.
Transforming the NFC Public Transport Experience from Vision to Reality -- Th...NFC Forum
The NFC Forum Transport SIG acts as a bridge between all transport industry stakeholders, from identifying NFC roadblocks
to enabling a seamless integration of NFC by providing all players with the information and tools they need to succeed. Significant progress has been made with harmonization efforts over the past year. This presentation by the NFC Forum Transport SIG provides an overview of where we are to date, where we are heading, and how your organization can get involved with our efforts to advance the adoption of NFC in public transport.
This document provides an overview of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, including NFC modes, use cases, tag types, related specifications, and forum standards. It describes key aspects of NFC such as communication occurring when devices are 4 cm or closer, the reader/tag relationship, and operating modes including read/write, peer-to-peer, and card emulation. Common use cases like service initiation, sharing, connecting devices, ticketing, and payment are outlined. The document also discusses NFC tag types, related specifications like ISO 14443 and MIFARE, and forum standards including NDEF, RTD, and LLCP.
Near Field Communication (NFC) allows for contactless communication between devices over short ranges using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and has a range of less than 10 cm. It supports both active and passive communication modes. NFC tags and readers enable two-way communication where one device acts as a reader/writer and the other as a tag. Common applications of NFC include contactless payments, data sharing, and connecting devices by simply touching them together. The technology provides a convenient way to transfer information with security and no need for manual configuration.
Near-Field Communication (NFC) allows contactless data exchange between devices within close proximity. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and has a maximum range of about 4 cm. It can be used for applications such as contactless payment, ticketing, and data sharing when two NFC devices are tapped together. NFC has three operating modes - reader/writer mode where an NFC device can read from and write to tags, card emulation mode where a phone acts like a card, and peer-to-peer mode for data transfer between two NFC phones. NFC integration with mobile devices has potential for new opportunities but has limitations such as short range and low data transfer rates.
The document discusses Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. It defines NFC as a short-range wireless communication standard that allows data exchange between devices within 10 centimeters. The document outlines NFC's technical features, modes of operation including active/passive communication, categories like touch and go/confirm, and common uses like mobile payments, data transfers, and access control. It also compares NFC to other wireless standards like Bluetooth and RFID, highlighting NFC's security, speed and potential for future integration with other technologies.
NFCRFID Ripe for Application Expansion_ElectronicDesignHamed M. Sanogo
The document discusses near-field communication (NFC) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies. It describes how NFC/RFID works using inductive coupling between a reader and passive tag. It then discusses how the MAX66242 integrated circuit can provide security features, energy harvesting capabilities, and an I2C interface to enable NFC/RFID in embedded applications. Examples of applications discussed include medical sensor tags, device configuration, and collecting diagnostic/error data wirelessly.
This document provides an overview of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. It discusses that NFC allows for short-range wireless communication between devices when they are touched or brought within close proximity. The document outlines the history and development of NFC, how NFC works using readers and tags, comparison to other wireless technologies, example applications such as mobile payments, and the benefits and future of NFC technology.
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that allows data transmission between devices that are close together. NFC was created in 2003 and uses radio waves at 13.56 MHz to transmit data by reading passive tags. NFC offers simple and intuitive data transfer between electronic devices like smartphones and is compatible with existing RFID infrastructure through standards. NFC devices can both receive and transmit data and have applications like contactless payments, device pairing, and access control. The technology empowers users but implementation costs and security are weaknesses to consider.
Track 4 session 5 - st dev con 2016 - simplifying the setup and use of iot ...ST_World
The document summarizes how NFC dynamic tags can simplify the setup and use of IoT devices. It discusses how NFC helps with commissioning devices by providing a standard way to connect them to networks and write credentials. NFC also aids in connecting devices to Bluetooth and WiFi networks by encoding connection details on tags. Interacting with tags allows controlling headless devices for configuration and data retrieval. The document concludes that NFC's ease of use, security, and low cost make it a promising technology for simplifying IoT adoption challenges around connectivity and control of devices.
An Electronic Ticketing System based on Near Field Communication for Concerts...Hussain Shah
NFC allows for short-range wireless communication between electronic devices like smartphones and payment terminals. It enables contactless transactions where users simply tap or touch their device to complete payments or data transfers. While NFC adoption has been limited, standards coordination by groups like the NFC Forum aim to address this by ensuring interoperability. NFC provides benefits like intuitive interactions, versatility across industries, and built-in security due to its short operating range. However, challenges remain around mass adoption including the need for industry collaboration between different players in the mobile ecosystem.
The document outlines an electronic access control workshop focusing on attacking NFC and RF-based systems. It discusses the history and components of access control systems, including tokens, readers, controllers and backends. Specific NFC card technologies like MIFARE Classic, MIFARE Ultralight and HID iClass are examined, noting many have been broken or have shared encryption keys. The document then proposes a methodology for penetration testing NFC access systems and reviews tools like HydraNFC, ProxMark3 and ChameleonMini that can emulate NFC cards or sniff RF transmissions.
Need NFC RFID-Tomorrow Is Today in This Constant State of InnovationHamed M. Sanogo
This document discusses near-field communications (NFC) and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. It proposes using the Maxim Integrated MAX66242 chip, a secure dual-interface passive tag, to easily add contactless NFC/RFID capabilities to embedded electronic products. The MAX66242 uses SHA-256 encryption and challenge-response authentication to securely transfer data between a reader and tag. It also allows for data protection and limiting tag usage through various memory protection modes. Overall, the document promotes using NFC/RFID technology and the MAX66242 chip to enable new wireless capabilities and applications for portable electronic devices.
Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)Deepak Kl
This document discusses near field communication (NFC) technology and its use for secure mobile transactions. NFC allows contactless communication between devices within 10 cm of each other. It can be used for applications like mobile payments, data transfers, and access control. The document explores NFC architecture, communication modes, security considerations, and potential future applications like unlocking vehicles and doors with a tap. It concludes that NFC is widely used in mobile devices today and enables contactless payment models through technologies like mobile wallets.
NFC - The technology behind the metro cards used in Indian metro trains. Also, this technology has the capability to convert your smartphone into a virtual wallet like Google Wallet.
The Eclipse M2M IWG and Standards for the Internet of ThingsWerner Keil
This session highlights how the M2M IWG can play a role in the Internet of Things and Distributed Sensor Web as well as related technologies like Smart Home, Automotive or Transport/Logistics (allowing containers to automatically notify you if e.g. their temperature changes beyond a healthy range;-) We demonstrate how existing Java standards like JSR 256 (Mobile Sensor API) can be improved or replaced towards a new generation of Java Embedded and Mobile.
Taking technologies like the IEEE 1451 "Smart Sensor" standard into consideration, as well as OGC standards like SensorML or The Unified Code for Units of Measurement (UCUM) allowing type and context safe data transfer using various formats and protocols, whether it is XML, JSON or specific M2M protocols like MQTT or OMA-DM.
geecon 2013 - Standards for the Future of Java EmbeddedWerner Keil
This session highlights how Java Embedded can play a role in the Internet of Things and Distributed Sensor Web as well as related technologies like Smart Home or Automotive. We demonstrate how existing Java standards like JSR 256 (Mobile Sensor API) can be modernized and improved towards a new generation of Java Embedded and Mobile. Taking technologies like the IEEE 1451 "Smart Sensor" standard into consideration, as well as OGC standards like SensorML or The Unified Code for Units of Measurement (UCUM) allowing type and context safe data transfer using various formats and protocols, whether it is XML, JSON or specific M2M protocols like MQTT as well as new JSRs like 360 (CLDC 8) and 361 (Java ME Embedded)
Apple Watch is an enhanced wristwatch that functions beyond timekeeping as an iOS-based wearable computer. It pairs with iPhone via Bluetooth and WiFi, and inputs include the Digital Crown, touchscreen, Force Touch, and microphone. Outputs are the screen, speaker, and vibration. Sensors include accelerometer, gyroscope, heart rate monitor, and others. Near Field Communication (NFC) enables payments and app interactions. The document then details Apple Watch development including interfaces, notifications, and integrating with the paired iPhone app.
RFID, NFC, Wi-Fi Direct, WiGig, ZigBee, DASH7, and EnOcean were discussed as emerging wireless technologies. RFID uses radio waves to identify objects while NFC allows communication between devices within 4 cm. Wi-Fi Direct and WiGig enable fast wireless connections without routers. ZigBee creates mesh networks for low power devices. DASH7 and EnOcean focus on long range and self-powered devices, respectively. Emerging areas discussed included cognitive radio, wireless sensor networks, high frequency antennas, spatial information transmission, Li-Fi, and lasers. The future of wireless is predicted to be ubiquitous connectivity everywhere with fewer physical wires.
This document discusses Near Field Communication (NFC) technology and its applications in Android devices. It defines NFC as a short-range wireless communication standard that allows data transfer between devices within 4 cm of each other. The document describes how NFC can be used for body sensor networks to monitor fetal health, mobile shopping applications, and micro-payment systems. It concludes that NFC is a promising replacement for RFID and that many new applications can be developed for Android and iOS devices.
RFID2015_NFC-WISP_public(delete Disney research)Yi (Eve) Zhao
This document describes NFC-WISP, a sensing and computationally enhanced near-field RFID platform. NFC-WISP allows researchers to explore new applications of near-field RFID before expensive custom integrated circuit design. It is a fully programmable, passive or semi-passive device that can harvest power wirelessly and integrate peripherals and sensors. Examples applications discussed include using NFC-WISP as a secondary smartphone display or for cold chain monitoring with temperature and motion logging.
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that allows data exchange between devices over 10cm. The document discusses NFC technology, uses, tag types, communication modes, and its role in mobile commerce. It also examines standards, actors like TSMs, and the future potential of NFC in areas like mobile payments, ticketing, and as an alternative to physical payment cards.
CONNECTED OBJECTS - how NFC technology enables a more environmentally-friendl...Pierre Metivier
20, 40, 80 billions connected objects in the smart cities of the future by 2020 as foreseen by many large IT companies and consulting firms. But is our planet ready for as many billions Ion-lithium battery equiped objects ? What about the impact on our environment ? Hopefully, there are solutions to reduce the need of batteries in connected objets and energy harvesting is one important field of study. NFC, better known for contactless payment and transportation cards, is one technology that can be used to reduce the needs of batteries in connected objects, allowing a cleaner and greener environment, as this track will present.
Smart Cities and Countries Congress, Sept. 3, Paris
Near Field Communication (NFC) technology allows for short-range wireless data transfer between devices when they are brought within close proximity of a few centimeters. NFC uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between NFC-enabled devices and is compatible with existing RFID infrastructure. Current and anticipated applications of NFC include contactless payments, transport fares, exchanging contact information, accessing digital content, and more. While providing convenient connectivity, NFC also faces security threats like eavesdropping and data modification if not implemented securely.
RFID is a system that uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit data between a tag and reader. It has advantages over barcodes like not needing line of sight and ability to read/write data. There are different types of tags based on power source and range. Common frequencies used are low, high and ultra-high frequency. RFID is used for applications like asset tracking, process control, data lineage tracing and automated replenishment. The Internet of Things connects physical objects through embedded technology like sensors to exchange data. Near Field Communication is a short-range wireless technology that allows data exchange when devices are 10cm apart and is used for contactless payments, ticketing and access control.
NFC and the Growth of Connected Consumer DevicesNFC Forum
Presentation by Alexander Rensink, NFC Forum Vice Chairman, NXP Semiconductors, from September 15, 2015 at Smart Contactless World
Presentation goes over the ways in which the world is and will soon be connected, what the connected consumer requires to excel in such a world, and how Near Field Communications (NFC) technology and the NFC Forum fit into that world.
NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows data exchange between devices over short distances typically less than 20 cm. It uses radio frequency identification (RFID) standards to establish communication by bringing two enabled devices in close proximity. Common applications of NFC include contactless payment, data sharing and connectivity with smart posters, tags, or cards. Security is a concern for NFC since communications can potentially be intercepted, though using higher-level encryption protocols can help address this.
Near field communication and RFID - opening for new businessJosef Noll
This document provides an agenda and slides for an RFID and NFC tutorial given by Josef Noll. The agenda covers RFID basics like frequencies and applications. It also discusses NFC technology and scenarios. The slides define RFID and its components like tags and readers. They describe communication modes and provide examples of RFID applications in areas like sports, payment systems, and supply chain management. Potential security issues with RFID like cloning and uncontrolled surveillance are also addressed.
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that allows communication between devices within 10 cm of each other. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and transmission rates ranging from 106-424 Kbit/s. NFC supports both active and passive communication modes. Potential applications of NFC include contactless payments, data sharing, and device configuration. While security threats are present with NFC, establishing a secure channel can protect against eavesdropping and data modification attacks. NFC is expected to transform everyday tasks and be widely adopted in the future.
Near field communication (NFC) allows short-range wireless communication between devices when they are brought within close proximity of a few inches. It was established as a standard in 2004 and the first NFC phone was released in 2006. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and has a theoretical range of about 4 cm. It can be used to transfer contact information, URLs, initiate Bluetooth connections, and for contactless payments. While NFC provides convenience, its adoption has been limited due to lack of agreement between companies and some security concerns exist. Alternatives to NFC include digital wallets that are accessible from multiple devices.
The User Experience of Near Field CommunicationMemi Beltrame
The information age took us by storm and the mobile revolution is still in full effect – yet we already stand on the brink of the next paradigm shift: the seamless connection of information and personal devices. Imagine a world where you have the possibility of giving your devices context by simply holding them close to a tiny chip. Things like sharing your WiFi credentials or telling your mobile phone that you are going to bed and it should mute and dim itself and also set the alarm clock to 7am. All with one simple touch — Welcome to the world of Near Field Communication. This talk focuses on the amazing possibilities of NFC in everyday use. A variety of actual and (once) futuristic use cases will illustrate how NFC can enrich our experiences with technology and how this relates to our profession of User Experience Design and our role in shaping the future.
Near field communication (nfc) technologyAnkur Sharma
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless connectivity technology that allows data exchange between devices within 20 centimeters. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and uses magnetic field induction to transfer data between an NFC reader/writer and an NFC tag. NFC enables contactless payment systems, data sharing between devices with a tap, and access to digital content, tickets or doors with NFC-enabled phones and tags. The future of NFC looks promising as more devices and payment terminals are being equipped with NFC technology.
NFC, or Near Field Communication, is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows data exchange between devices when they are touched or brought within close proximity of each other. It operates at 13.56 MHz and has a maximum range of about 10 cm. NFC uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between two devices. One device must have an NFC reader/writer while the other contains an NFC tag. Common applications of NFC include contactless payments, data sharing, and connection handovers to establish wireless links between devices. The technology is standardized by the NFC Forum and is seeing increasing adoption in smartphones and other mobile devices.
This document provides an overview of using NFC (Near Field Communication) on Android devices. It discusses registering an NFC intent filter in the manifest to listen for NDEF tags, handling foreground NFC dispatch, interacting with tags using the NfcAdapter class, and reading the payload of NDEF tags which can contain text, URIs, or other data. Future posts will describe extracting specific information from different tag types.
A case study of malware detection and removal in android appsijmnct
With the proliferation of smart phone users, android malware variants is increasing in terms of numbers
and amount of new victim android apps. The traditional malware detection focuses on repackage,
obfuscate and/or other transformable executable code from malicious apps. This paper presented a case
study on existing android malware detection through a sequence of steps and well developed encoding SMS
message. Our result has demonstrated a solid testify of our approach in the effectiveness of malware
detection and removal.
This document provides instructions for developing an Automated Card Recharge Android application project at Khulna University. It includes the project objective, background on Android and its components, how to connect an Android device to a PC, instructions for making a simple OCR Android app using Tesseract, and steps to build the automated card recharge app.
The document describes an Android application project submitted by three students to their university. The project aims to develop an automated card recharge application for Android. It provides details on the objectives, components of an Android app, and how to connect an Android device to a PC. It also explains how to implement optical character recognition on Android using Tesseract and includes steps to set up the Tesseract library as a project in Eclipse IDE.
The document describes an Android application project submitted by three students to their university. The project aims to develop an automated card recharge application for Android. It provides details on the objectives, components of an Android app, and how to connect an Android device to a PC. It also explains how to implement optical character recognition on Android using Tesseract and includes steps to set up the Tesseract library as a project in Eclipse IDE.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document introduces the Android Demonstration Solution (ADS), which allows live streaming of an Android device's screen to a computer for demonstrations to large audiences. ADS uses a C program to capture the device's frame buffer, converts it to a byte array, and transmits it over Wi-Fi. A Java program on the computer decodes the byte array into images using FFmpeg and displays them, providing a live view of the Android device's screen. The goal is to enable effective demonstrations of Android apps to larger audiences without limitations of direct connections or emulators. Future work may include improving speed, enabling webcasting, and building a developer community around ADS.
India missed the PC revolution, we were very late for with the internet revolution but with mobile revolution India is bang on. We use the same phones as in people of any other country and so is our young developers which create apps that earn millions apps that change the way the world interacts. At itvedant the focus is not only to teach the basics of app development but to make you understand the process of app development. With expert faculties you learn the best tips and tricks right under their hands. Learning mobile app development is fun filled and challenging. From the refreshment of java to most advance application development training we take you till the zenith of app development.
Core Android : By learning core android you would be able to develop your own android application which you can upload on google playstore. To start with this module you should have knowledge of Core Java. In this module you will learn to create different layouts, linking layouts using activities, intents and developing fragments (all basics which require to develop android app) using Android studio. You will be able to develop apps like recipe app, Todo List app, Wallpaper image gallery app. Develop advanced apps by learning advanced android.
Advance Android : Simply learning core android would not help you develop all kind of apps. Get the knowledge of advanced concepts by learning advanced android. This module will help you to learn.
Accessing web services and their data which helps developing apps like amazon, ola, quicker. Managing SQLite database helps developing apps like expense manager, Personal diary, reminders. Accessing geo-location api which helps to create apps like ola, uber
Social media integration helps adding functionality of Facebook login into your app. Create aesthetic designs using Material design
Android is an open source software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux kernel. It was developed by Android Inc which was purchased by Google in 2005. The Android environment requires Java, the Android SDK, an IDE like Eclipse, and the Android Development Tools plugin. Key Android application components include Activities, Services, Broadcast Receivers, and Content Providers. Intents allow communication between components and can be explicit, specifying a component class, or implicit, specifying an action.
Anurag Gautam has 8 years of experience developing Android applications for clients such as Yahoo, Alcatel-Lucent, Reliance, Vodafone, Bharti, Ally Bank, and Visa. He has worked as a technical lead and developer on projects involving mobile banking applications, field dispatch management applications, network testing applications, and more. He is proficient in Java, Android SDK, J2EE, and other programming languages, databases, tools, and technologies relevant for Android development.
Android is an open source operating system used for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. It is developed by Google and managed by the Open Handset Alliance. The Android manifest file contains important configuration settings for Android applications, including supported SDK versions, required permissions, application components and more. It determines how the application interacts with the operating system.
A broad alliance of leading technology and wireless companies recently joined forces to announce the development of Android, an open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices. Google Inc., T-Mobile, HTC, Qualcomm, Motorola and others have collaborated on the development of Android through the Open Handset Alliance, a multinational alliance of technology and mobile industry leaders. At the core, the linux based Android platform features a virtual machine, called Dalvik, that uses another format for the class files but otherwise looks very much like Java. They also provide a utility that can convert Java class files to so called DEX files: the native Dalvik format. It is a VM for applications and is itself a so-called MVM i.e., able to run several programs in the same address space where the individual applications can communicate with each others via (remote) services. Java code generally runs on Dalvik without changes to the source code.
Android itself is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications featuring a built-in database, support for various media formats and access to geo-localization, telephony management etc. Android is currently used on mobile phones (like the t-mobile G1), but promises to be usable on other hardware like netbooks as well. Android itself is licensed under the Apache License with the linux specific parts licensed as GPLv2.
This talk presents the Android platform and how it is structured. We will talk about the provided functionality and how to use the various features of the Android kernel such as the built-in camera, Wifi, and GPS. Furthermore, we will go into the details of the provided middleware stack containing libraries such as WebKit, SQLite and other libraris for e.g., telephony, and multi-media support. Finally the perspectives of Android will be presented.
This document provides a tutorial on Android application development. It begins with an introduction to Android and its architecture. It then discusses key Android application components like activities, services, broadcast receivers and content providers. The document also covers installing the Android SDK and creating a basic Android project in Eclipse. It includes two programming tutorials - one on tracking location using GPS and Google Maps, and another on downloading content from the internet. The tutorials demonstrate how to access device sensors, handle location updates and make HTTP requests in an Android app.
NFiD: An NFC based system for Digital Business CardsIRJET Journal
The document proposes an NFC-based system to replace paper business cards with digital business cards that are instantly transferred to a user's smartphone when they scan another person's NFC tag. It describes the technical aspects of using NFC technology to store and share contact information digitally. An Android app is presented that allows users to view, save, and manage contacts scanned from NFC tags and stored in the cloud.
This document describes an IoT-based smart water level monitoring system called "AQUARIUS" that uses ultrasonic sensors to detect water levels in multiple tanks. The system switches pumps on or off based on the water level and displays the status on an Android device. The water level data is sent via MQTT protocol to a Raspberry Pi and then to the user's Android device via notification. The system aims to reduce water wastage during transmission in large cities by remotely monitoring water tanks using IoT technology.
In the last decade, the use of wireless electronic communication technology, such as mobile phones, is
fundamental to the private and professional lives of most citizens. In fact, it has become an inseparable part
of their daily lives. Nowadays, most cell phones are provided with different implanted sensors, which
measure motion, orientation, and environmental conditions such as ambient light or temperature.
Therefore, several functionalities in mobile applications need to use these sensors, as in the case of
logistics applications, social network applications or travel information applications. Hence, the primary
contribution of this work is to establish a generic meta-model, in order to show the different embedded
sensors in the smartphones, and then generate mobile applications that use various features offered by
these sensors for the case of Android OS. So as to achieve this, our approach is based on a model driven
architecture (MDA) suggested by Object Management Group (OMG), which is a variant of Model-Driven
Engineering (MDE). The MDA approach can contribute in the insurance of the sustainability of expertise,
as well as the improvement of the gain in productivity while dealing with the challenges of mobile platform
fragmentation.
In the last decade, the use of wireless electronic communication technology, such as mobile phones, is
fundamental to the private and professional lives of most citizens. In fact, it has become an inseparable part
of their daily lives. Nowadays, most cell phones are provided with different implanted sensors, which
measure motion, orientation, and environmental conditions such as ambient light or temperature.
Therefore, several functionalities in mobile applications need to use these sensors, as in the case of
logistics applications, social network applications or travel information applications. Hence, the primary
contribution of this work is to establish a generic meta-model, in order to show the different embedded
sensors in the smartphones, and then generate mobile applications that use various features offered by
these sensors for the case of Android OS. So as to achieve this, our approach is based on a model driven
architecture (MDA) suggested by Object Management Group (OMG), which is a variant of Model-Driven
Engineering (MDE). The MDA approach can contribute in the insurance of the sustainability of expertise,
as well as the improvement of the gain in productivity while dealing with the challenges of mobile platform
fragmentation
right now android is becoming very good platform for IT professionals who want to switch their career and as well as seeking android job oriented training from Trainings24x7, fresher can get the job easily in IT industry.
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Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
2. Simulator ns-2. Their simulation module plays an important
role in the study of the NFC protocol by enabling evaluation
of proposed solutions without implementation. The implemented module is efficient as it is proven that simulated
results differ from measured values by an approximate value
of 12% for data transfer and 8% for throughput.
III. A NDROID NFC P2P
Android NFC P2P [8] is available in Android 2.3.3
(API level 10). To transmit a message over NFC, a
smartphone must support this API level and be NFCcompliant. To receive a message over NFC, a smartphone
must be NFC-compliant and support this API level and
the com.android.npp NDEF push protocol. All Android
applications must include a class that extends the android.app.Activity class. Methods of the Activity class are
overridden in order to implement NFC P2P.
We name the smartphone transmitting an NFC message
the TransmitSmartphone and the smartphone receiving an
NFC message the ReceiveSmartphone. To initiate NFC P2P,
the ReceiveSmartphone starts the application that contains
the ReceiveActivity class, the TransmitSmartphone waits
until the ReceiveSmartphone application is running and,
finally, the TransmitSmartphone starts the application that
contains the TransmitActivity class. If the TransmitSmartphone is running and the TransmitSmartphone and the
ReceiveSmartphone are closer than 4cm, then NFC P2P will
occur. Figure 1 shows the Android NFC P2P process.
method of the android.nfc.NfcAdapter class. This method
will set up a listener for the Intent being filtered such that
when the listener detects an Intent matching the IntentFilter
(in our case, an NFC Message), the listener will call the
ReceiveActivity class onNewIntent method.
An NFC message is an instance of the class android.nfc.NdefMessage. The constructor for NdefMessage
has one argument, an android.nfc.NdefRecord array. An
NdefRecord is created from a String and is used to populate
the zero index element of an NdefRecord array. The onResume method is called when the TransmitActivity class starts
to interact with a user. After an NFC message is created,
the enableForegroundNdefPush method of the NfcAdapter
class is called to push (transmit) the NFC message to the
ReceiveSmartphone.
After the NFC Message is transmitted from the TransmitSmartphone to the ReceiveSmartphone, the ReceiveActivity class onNewIntent method is called. This method
retrieves the extended data (the NFC message) from the
Intent and returns an array of android.os.Parcelable objects,
which are cast into an NdefMessage array. At this point,
the ReceiveActivity class onNewIntent method has received
and parsed the NFC Message. Android NFC P2P is complete. The ReceiveSmartphone application that contains the
ReceiveActivity class may now use the NFC message as
dictated by the application.
IV. JNFC
JNFC is a package that uses the JavaMail API, specifically, javamail-android [3], a JavaMail port for Android,
to emulate the functionality of the Android NFC P2P API.
Source information, in the form of an NFC message created
from a String, is attached to an email message. The email
message is sent to an email inbox. The email inbox is read,
the sent email is located and the NFC message attachment is
downloaded. The original String is reconstructed from the
downloaded NFC message attachment. The algorithm for
JNFC is shown in Figure 2 and the class diagram in Figure 3.
Figure 1: Android NFC P2P Sequence Diagram
An android.content.Intent class is an abstract description
of an operation to be performed. The ReceiveSmartphone anticipates receiving an NFC message in the future and sets up
an Intent to detect this event. The Intent is initialized in the
ReceiveActivity class onCreate method. After initialization,
the Intent is passed in the ReceiveActivity class onResume
method as an argument to the enableForegroundDispatch
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package jnfc;
define m, r : NFCmessage;
define n, s : String;
define p, q : Mail;
initially m, n, p, q, r, s = null;
n := "hello, world";
m := new NFCMessage();
p := new Mail();
m.setText(n);
p.setAttachment(m);
p.send();
q := new Mail();
r := q.getAttachment();
s := r.getText();
show(s); // display "hello, world"
Figure 2: JNFC Algorithm
3. To map this algorithm onto the code depicted in Figure 1,
we created the JNFC NfcAdapter class and several helper
classes. Our JNFC NfcAdapter class emulates the Google
classes NfcAdapter and android.app.Activity by implementing the methods enableForegroundNdefPush and onNewIntent. These Google methods are what allow the AVD (if
NFC were supported) or a smartphone (if it supports NFC)
to initiate P2P communication via NFC.
V. JNFC P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION
To evaluate JNFC performance, we used JNFC as the
foundation of our DroidWSN model. We designed a simulation experiment for DroidWSN and executed our simulation
on the AVD. We compared our experimental result with data
from a similar experiment conducted on an actual WSN.
A. DroidWSN Model
Our DroidWSN model uses JNFC (as the PHY protocol
layer) to simulate a multi-hop WSN. DroidWSN is also
our Android application and its Activity class is DroidWSNActivity. We use the name DroidWSN in the following
discussion to refer to both our model and our Android
application. DroidWSN source information, in the form
of an NFC message read from a simulated NFC tag, is
conveyed to a sink and, from the sink, to the Internet in the
form of a destination email inbox. The distributed algorithm
for DroidWSN is shown in Figure 5 and the class diagram
in Figure 6.
Figure 3: JNFC Class Diagram
The JNFC NfcAdapter class enableForegroundNdefPush
and onNewIntent methods may be utilized from any location
in an Android application that requires NFC P2P. When
actual NFC P2P is supported on the AVD or smartphone,
a developer will replace the JNFC API with the NFC P2P
API. Figure 4 shows how to use the JNFC NfcAdapter class.
NfcAdapter na = new NfcAdapter();
na.enableForegroundNdefPush("hello, world");
String s = na.onNewIntent();
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program droidwsn;
define m : NFCmessage;
define n : String;
initially m, n = null;
do read NFC tag → m:=parse(NFC tag data)
2 m = null ∧ sink → n := parse(m)
2 m = null ∧ ¬sink → m to (i,j)
2 ¬empty (i,j) → receive m
2 receive m ∧ sink → n := parse(m)
2 receive m ∧ ¬sink → m to (j,k)
2 n = null → n to (sink,Internet)
2 nothing to do → sleep
od
Figure 4: Use of JNFC NfcAdapter Class
Figure 5: DroidWSN Distributed Algorithm
The enableForegroundNdefPush method and a Mail class
implement lines 6 through 11 of the JNFC algorithm. The
NFC message m in the JNFC algorithm is actually an
instance of the NdefMessage class. An NdefMessage object
is not serializable and cannot be used as an email attachment.
As a result, we convert the NdefMessage object to a byte
array and use the MIME Content-Type of application/xjava-serialized-object to attach the NdefMessage object to
an email message.
The onNewIntent method implements lines 12 through 14
of the JNFC algorithm. onNewIntent calls a Mail method,
which loops over an array of email messages from an email
inbox until it finds the email created and sent by the enableForegroundNdefPush method. When an email message with
a subject of “jnfc” is found, the Multipart content (the NFC
message attachment) of this email message is downloaded
as a ByteArrayOutputStream and converted to a byte array.
The byte array is used to construct an NdefMessage. The
NdefRecord and TextRecord [9] classes are used to get the
“hello, world” String from the NdefMessage.
The guard on line 5 is true after reading a simulated NFC
tag. We use an Intent from the NFC Demo [9] application
to generate this event. An intent-filter is added to the
AndroidManifest.xml (to allow the application to receive
the Intent) and code is used to create and start the Intent.
We use the singleTop launchMode to force the Activity
startActivity method to route the intent through a call to
the Activity onNewIntent method. The onNewIntent method
calls the resolveIntent method to parse the NFC tag data
to an NFCMessage (an NdefMessage array). These two
methods implement the action on line 5.
After the guard on line 5 has been enabled, m is not null
and one of the guards on lines 6 or 7 is true. If the node is
a sink, the guard on line 6 is true and m is parsed to the
String n, which from [9] is “Some random english text.” If
the node is not a sink, the guard on line 7 is true and node i
sends m to node j over channel (i,j). If the guard on line 6
was enabled, n is not null and the guard on line 11 is true.
The sink node sends n to the Internet (a destination email
inbox) over channel (sink,Internet).
4. Figure 6: DroidWSN Class Diagram
The enableForegroundNdefPush method was modified to
allow for node identifiers and sink nodes. If the node is a
sink, the email subject is set to a String consisting of “jnfc”,
“sink” and the date and time, for example, “jnfc|sink|4 9 21
20:46:02 GMT+00:00 2011”. If the node is not a sink, the
email subject is set to a String consisting of “jnfc”, the node
identifier and the date and time, for example, “jnfc|2|4 9 21
18:32:03 GMT+00:00 2011”. The latter subject will be used
by the action on line 8 and the next node in the hop to receive
the next m from channel (i,j).
If channel (i,j) is not empty, the guard on line 8 is true
and m is received from channel (i,j). One of the guards on
lines 9 or 10 is now true. If the receiving node j is a sink,
the guard on line 9 is true and m is parsed to the String n.
If the receiving node is not a sink, the guard on line 10 is
true and node j sends m to node k over channel (j,k). If the
guard on line 9 was enabled, n is not null and the guard on
line 11 is true. The sink node sends n to the Internet (a
destination email inbox) over channel (sink,Internet).
The onNewIntent method was modified to allow for
the previous node, node identifiers and sink nodes. The
onNewIntent method calls two Mail methods which contain
logic to get and delete m from the appropriate channel. After
these methods return to the onNewIntent method, the action
on line 8 is complete and m is received from channel (i,j).
To simulate a sensor node transceiver, we implemented
the infinite do loop on line 5 and the guard and action on
line 12. This code is the MAC protocol layer of DroidWSN
and its operation is depicted in Figure 7.
A portion of our MAC protocol layer is fixed assignment
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) [10]. In the fixed
assignment class of protocols, available resources are divided between nodes such that the resource assignment is
long term and each node can use its resources exclusively
without the risk of collisions. TDMA requires tight time
synchronization between nodes to avoid overlapping of signals in adjacent time slots. In JNFC, transmit “signals” are
simulated by email send and receive “signals” by email read,
delete and send. We added Transmit and ReceiveTransmit
inner classes to our DroidWSNActivity class to implement
these actions. Transmit is called after a sensor event occurs
Figure 7: DroidWSN Transmit (top, no TDMA) and ReceiveTransmit (bottom, TDMA) Sequence Diagram of MAC
Protocol Layer
(a simulated NFC tag read).
Both the Transmit and ReceiveTransmit classes extend
the android.os.AsyncTask class. AsyncTask is a computation
that runs on a background thread and whose result is
published on the UI thread. All potentially slow running operations in an Android application such as network (email),
file and database access should be executed from a class that
extends AsyncTask.
The Transmit class performs a simple, asynchronous activity (email send) and does not use TDMA. The ReceiveTransmit class encapsulates a more complex sequence of
activities consisting of one or two (email read, delete, send)
depending on if the node is not a sink (one) or a sink (two).
If the node is a sink, the second (email read, delete, send)
is required to transmit data from the child of a child of
the sink to the Internet. ReceiveTransmit uses TDMA and is
called from the class member field mUpdateTimeTask. mUpdateTimeTask, a timer, is an implementation of the interface
java.lang.Runnable and is called from the android.os.Handler
class postDelayed method as adapted from [11].
The mUpdateTimeTask class run method obtains the
“wall” clock time (as set by the phone network) from the
class android.os.SystemClock currentTimeMillis method.
Using this time ensures that all of the nodes in our WSN
are synchronized. The last line of the mUpdateTimeTask run
method calls the Handler method postAtTime to cause mUpdateTimeTask to be added to the message queue, to be run at
5. a specific time, in our case 1000ms from the current time.
The end result of this code is that the mUpdateTimeTask
class run method gets called once a second.
The mUpdateTimeTask class run method checks to see if
the seconds after the minute are equal to the TDMA slot time
assigned to a node. The slot time is equal to the node number
multiplied by 5. This calculation divides every minute into
11 slots. For example, if the node number is 3, its slot time
to handle a request and/or process a receive and transmit is
from 15-19 seconds after the minute, inclusive.
As shown in the bottom portion of Figure 7, during
a receive and transmit, the NfcAdapter class performs a
read (getNdefMessageAttachment) followed by a delete
(deleteMessage). If the node is a sink, then in succession the
guards on lines 9 and 11 are enabled. The sink node sends
(send method call) n (the String read from a simulated NFC
tag by another node several hops in the past) to the Internet
(a destination email inbox) over channel (sink,Internet). If
the node is not a sink, then the guard on line 10 is enabled
and node j sends (enableForegroundNdefPush method call)
m (the NFCMessage received by node j) to node k over
channel (j,k).
Selecting “Transmit Receive State” [12] from our application menu activates the transceiver as described above.
Selecting “Sleep State” switches the transceiver off. This
action would actually result in less energy being used by a
smartphone battery as the DroidWSN application remains in
the foreground without executing any application code.
This algorithm collects all available data from the nodes
and transfers it to a central off network computing facility.
This leads to high response accuracy as all processing
is done off the network. It also leads to complete data
reusability as all datum are transferred off the network and
can be stored in full resolution. The negative effect of this
approach is a high data transfer cost. The Request and
ReceiveTransmit classes execute methods (called from our
timer) implement the central data optimized algorithm as
shown in Figure 9.
// 1-4 from Request().execute();
Mail p = new Mail();
1
boolean request = p.receiveRequest(
node,sink);
p.deleteRequest(request,node,sink);
2
p.forwardRequest(request, node);
if(request)
3,4
retrieveLocalDataAndSendToParent();
5
ReceiveTransmit().execute();
Figure 9: DroidWSN Implementation of Central Data Optimized Algorithm (Line Numbers Refer to Figure 8)
The small and large deep network topologies are shown
in Figure 10. The numbers represent nodes and are Sun
SPOT wireless devices in our comparison platform and
AVDs in our study. The base stations are an iBook G4
and an email inbox in our comparison and JNFC/DroidWSN
studies, respectively. The arrows represent the direction of
data flow. Request flow is in the opposite direction.
B. Experiment
Our simulation experiment was designed to compare the
performance of JNFC using our DroidWSN model and
Android application against an actual WSN. We created
multiple instances of the AVD and adapted our simulation
experiment from the analytical study conducted by Gaber
et al. [13]. The authors created a WSN using Sun SPOT
wireless sensor nodes connected to an iBook G4 base station.
Our simulation results are compared against this platform
and our simulation experiment utilizes an algorithm and
network topologies from this study.
The central data optimized algorithm is shown in Figure 8.
This algorithm is very similar to our distributed algorithm
for DroidWSN as shown in Figure 5. For our simulation experiment, we consider these two algorithms to be equivalent.
1 Receive request from parent node
2 FOR EACH child node
Forward request to child
3 Retrieve local data
4 Send local data to parent node
5 FOR EACH child node
Receive response value
Send response value to parent node
Figure 8: Central Data Optimized Algorithm
1 → 2 → 3(Sink) → BaseStation
1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 → 6(Sink) → BaseStation
Figure 10: Small (top) and Large (bottom) Deep Network
Topologies
This experiment (and our comparison study) measure the
execution time of a WSN. Execution time is defined as the
time between query dissemination and the time when the
last message containing response data arrives at the base
station. Local and response data in our comparison study is
an integer. Local data in our study is an NFC message and
response data is a String. Our clock started when we sent a
query message to a sink node and ended when we received
a response data message from all nodes.
For WSN size of 1,2,...,6, we ran our DroidWSN implementation on the AVD 5 times and calculated the average.
Our AVD used Android 3.2 (API level 13). Our desktop
computer used Windows Vista with an Intel Core 2 Duo
CPU @2.67 GHz and 2GB RAM.
C. Simulation Result
Figure 11 shows the result of our experiment. This result
demonstrates that, for both node types, as the number of
6. nodes in a deep network increases, there is a corresponding
increase in execution time. The increase in execution time
is acceptable, as it reflects the TDMA used in our ReceiveTransmit class, and is a result of an increase in both request
and data messages as the WSN size increases.
other models that are appropriate for implementation using
JNFC. Social networking is a reasonable candidate. We
would also like to observe the process involved in converting
a JNFC application to actual NFC P2P.
R EFERENCES
[1] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC
18092:2004 Information technology – Telecommunications
and information exchange between systems – Near Field
Communication – Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) [Online].
Available: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/
catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38578
[2] T. Gibara. Obtaining a Live Camera Preview in Android [Online]. Available: http://www.tomgibara.com/android/
camera-source
[3] GNU GPL v2. javamail-android [Online]. Available: http:
//code.google.com/p/javamail-android/
Figure 11: Deep Network Execution Time
Our comparison study experimental platform is based on
the Squawk Java virtual machine [14] created by Simon et
al. Sun SPOT wireless devices use 802.15.4 for both the
PHY and MAC layers. This implementation provides robust
single-hop communication between Sun SPOTs with clear
channel checking, packet acknowledgement and retries. The
lowpan layer (above the MAC) provides the radiogram protocol. The radiogram protocol is used to create a dedicated,
direct connection between two Sun SPOTs for both sending
and receiving of datagrams. The DroidWSN MAC layer uses
TDMA. This scheme results in a slower execution time.
However, from an application perspective, DroidWSN is
more simple and flexible. Device address is not fixed and
is an integer from 1,2,...,11. The Sun SPOT device uses a
fixed IEEE (MAC) address combined with a port (channel)
number.
VI. C ONCLUSION
JNFC is open source and, as demonstrated by our DroidWSN model, facilitates simple and flexible application
design. JNFC is slower than the protocols used in our
comparison study. However, we feel that JNFC performance
in our experiment was reasonable, and that this makes
JNFC a suitable choice for research if performance is not
being studied. Other benefits of using JNFC for research
are associated with its integration into Android and the
features of this platform. Android smartphones support a
large number of high quality sensors. JNFC can be utilized
for WSN research in applications that interface with these
sensors.
In the near future, many Android smartphones will also
include NFC P2P. Until that time, JNFC is useful for creating
applications used to experiment with NFC P2P. We feel our
research should also encourage Google to develop Android
NFC P2P and sensor emulation APIs. Future work is to study
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