These slides cover a topic on Spread spectrum in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover a topic on Spread spectrum in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Data Communications,Data Networks,computer communications,multiplexing,spread spectrum,protocol architecture,data link protocols,signal encoding techniques,transmission media
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Instagram is een krachtig hulpmiddel om een goede belichting voor de doelgroepen te krijgen en het merk van een website of een bedrijf op een eenvoudige manier. Eenstapvoor biedt een eenvoudige en een succesvolle manier voor het bereiken van populariteit via de Internet.The website biedt real en hoge kwaliteit Instagram Volgers. Koop hoge kwaliteit en veilige Instagram followers bij de goedkoopste prijs. uw one-stop Instagram promotie winkel.
Fondsprofiler @ Union Investment - The biggest apex project in the worldOliver Lemm
Talking about a huge APEX project developed with more than 15 people in one APEX project. The presentation was hold together with Niels de Bruijn in New Orleans at KScope13 on 26th of june 2013.
Data Communications,Data Networks,computer communications,multiplexing,spread spectrum,protocol architecture,data link protocols,signal encoding techniques,transmission media
Klik hier voor meer detail: http://eenstapvoor.nl/product/instagram-volgers-kopen/
Instagram is een krachtig hulpmiddel om een goede belichting voor de doelgroepen te krijgen en het merk van een website of een bedrijf op een eenvoudige manier. Eenstapvoor biedt een eenvoudige en een succesvolle manier voor het bereiken van populariteit via de Internet.The website biedt real en hoge kwaliteit Instagram Volgers. Koop hoge kwaliteit en veilige Instagram followers bij de goedkoopste prijs. uw one-stop Instagram promotie winkel.
Fondsprofiler @ Union Investment - The biggest apex project in the worldOliver Lemm
Talking about a huge APEX project developed with more than 15 people in one APEX project. The presentation was hold together with Niels de Bruijn in New Orleans at KScope13 on 26th of june 2013.
Objetivo: Proporcionar a las organizaciones un
catálogo de acciones formativas relacionadas con aspectos
novedosos de la Gestión Organizacional y ajustadas a las
necesidades reales de las empresas.
http://www.pfsgrupo.com/
We provide yellow cab, yellow cab services in San Jose and all of Santa Clara County. Find the best San Jose yellow checker cab services the Original Yellow Cab.
Programa de educación financiera dirigido a toda persona, independiente de su formación académica o experiencia en el área, y que desee contar con herramientas de
conocimiento específico. Estas le ayudarán a evaluar de mejor forma una decisión de inversión que le permita incrementar sus ingresos.
Automobile synchronizers and gears
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Tu Vocación: Ingeniería Ambiental
http://descubretuexito.introspecta.com.mx/licenciatura-en-ingenieria-ambiental/
Descubre tu vocación en la Licenciatura en Ingeniería Ambiental y elige tu carrera. Conoce de qué se trata, las posibilidades, el futuro, las tendencias, su demanda, y una comparativa de las carreras mejor pagadas.
Tu trabajo puede ayudar a proteger a las personas de todos los tipos de riesgos ambientales.
Todas las actividades relacionadas con el estudio del medio ambiente y la forma que impacta en los seres vivos, así como el daño que los seres humanos han ocasionado al mismo desde el nacimiento de la civilización, son el amplio campo laboral en donde puedes encontrar tu profesión dentro de la Ingeniería Ambiental.
Ithaca College Natural Lands Grant ProposalIthaca College
$309,366 grant that my team collaboratively wrote for the Ithaca College Natural Lands in my Proposal and Grant Writing class during my junior year (2015). The goal of this grant was to increase accessibility to the Natural Lands and increase its presence in the community.
El GEO Titicaca es la evaluación ambiental integral sobre el estado y perspectivas del medio ambiente en la región de la cuenca endorreica del altiplano, conocida como el Sistema Titicaca-Desaguadero-Poopo y Salar de Coipasa (TDPS), cuya soberanía comparten el Peru y Bolivia.
El Informe está estructurado en cinco capítulos y proporciona un resumen de las tendencias de desarrollo regional, de las transformaciones del medio ambiente y de los impactos de los cambios del mismo en el bienestar humano en la región.
Enterprises are struggling with the accelerated change of their environment which requires the capability to rapidly adapt processes.Developments such as digitalization or the social and legal environment lead to new data requirements that have dramatic impact on the data management of organizations (lot-size 1, shareconomy, globalization, "regulation crisis") Business rules management provides the ability to meet fastly new business requirements that emerge e.g. from new or changing regulatory and compliance requirements.
The idea of a global set of rules that are applicable for different companies is the basic idea behind the presented approach. As regulatory and compliance requirements usually do not apply to one single company but to one or more whole industry sectors, an approach for interchanging and sharing business rules can save effort significantly. A central business rules repository avoids redundant effort across companies for capturing business policies and implementing derived business rules. Global rule sets can be interchanged between the central repository and affected companies. Moreover, a central rules engine that can be invoked by the information systems of single companies can additionally save IT costs due to the elimination of necessary implementation activities.
Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern satellite communications and onboard data processing. This course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered, including those needed for constellations of satellites.
This course is recommended for engineers and scientists interested in acquiring an understanding of satellite communications, command and telemetry, onboard computing, and tracking.
This ppt is about Smart Antenna which includes history, Introduction, Working of smart antenna and where this smart antennas can be used.This ppt also tells about the types of smart antenna and the main principle of working of smart antenna. Smart antennas mainly categorized as Adaptive and switched beam array.Among these two adaptive antenna is used for the efficient utilisation of frequency spectrum.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Support Recovery with Sparsely Sampled Free Random Matrices for Wideband Cogn...IJMTST Journal
The main objective of this project is to design an eigenvalue-based compressive SOE technique using asymptotic random matrix theory. In this project, investigating blind sparsity order estimation (SOE) techniques is an open research issue. To address this, this project presents an eigenvalue-based compressive SOE technique using asymptotic random matrix theory. Finally, this project propose a technique to estimate the sparsity order of the wideband spectrum with compressive measurements using the maximum eigenvalue of the measured signal's covariance matrix. .
Course Content of 6ET3 Digital communication,of B.E. VIth Semester (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) of Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra, India
With cloud computing, users can remotely store their data into the cloud and use on-demand high-quality applications. Data outsourcing: users are relieved from the burden of data storage and maintenance When users put their data (of large size) on the cloud, the data integrity protection is challenging enabling public audit for cloud data storage security is important Users can ask an external audit party to check the integrity of their outsourced data. Purpose of developing data security for data possession at un-trusted cloud storage servers we are often limited by the resources at the cloud server as well as at the client. Given that the data sizes are large and are stored at remote servers, accessing the entire file can be expensive in input output costs to the storage server. Also transmitting the file across the network to the client can consume heavy bandwidths. Since growth in storage capacity has far outpaced the growth in data access as well as network bandwidth, accessing and transmitting the entire archive even occasionally greatly limits the scalability of the network resources. Furthermore, the input output to establish the data proof interferes with the on-demand bandwidth of the server used for normal storage and retrieving purpose. The Third Party Auditor is a respective person to manage the remote data in a global manner.
Implementation of Wireless Communication using Adaptive Beamforming of Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. A smart antenna system is capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and is an effective solution to the present wireless system problems while achieving reliable and robust high-speed, high-data-rate transmission. Smart antenna technology offer significantly improved solution to reduce interference level and improve system capacity. Smart antenna technology attempts to address this problem via advanced signal processing technology called beamforming. Adaptive beamforming is used for enhancing a desired signal while suppressing noise and interference at the output of an array of sensors. , in this paper work, a robust adaptive beamforming algorithm using smart antenna base station system, is to investigated its performance in presence of multipath components and multiple users .The capability of smart antenna and adaptive antenna easily employable to cognitive radio and OFDM system. Keywords - Smart/adaptive antenna, beamforming, DSP, OFDM
Digital Signal Processing - Practical Techniques, Tips and Tricks Course SamplerJim Jenkins
The goal of this 3-day course is to Introduce, explain, and demonstrate powerful, proven techniques, tips and “tricks of the trade” that can dramatically improve accuracy, speed and efficiency in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications.
The concepts are first presented using many colorful, clear figures along with plain English explanations and real-world examples. They are next demonstrated using clearly written MATLAB programs (with graphics). This way the student sees the key equations “in action” which increases intuitive understanding and learning speed. These (free) working programs can also be later modified or adapted by the student for customized, site specific use.
Each student will receive extensive course slides, a CD with MATLAB m-files for demonstration and later adaptation, supplementary materials and references to aid in the understanding and application of these “techniques, tips, and tricks” and a copy of the instructor’s latest book “The Essential Guide to Digital Signal Processing”.
ELINT Interception and Analysis course samplerJim Jenkins
The course covers methods to intercept radar and other non-communication signals and a then how to analyze the signals to determine their functions and capabilities. Practical exercises illustrate the principles involved.
Space Radiation & It's Effects On Space Systems & Astronauts Technical Traini...Jim Jenkins
This course is designed for technical and management personnel who wish to gain an understanding of the fundamentals and the effects of space radiation on space systems and astronauts. The radiation environment imposes strict design requirements on many space systems and is the primary limitation to human exploration outside of the Earth's magnetosphere. The course specifically addresses issues of relevance and concern for participants who expect to plan, design, build, integrate, test, launch, operate or manage spacecraft and spacecraft subsystems for robotic or crewed missions. The primary goal is to assist attendees in attainment of their professional potential by providing them with a basic understanding of the interaction of radiation with non-biological and biological materials, the radiation environment, and the tools available to simulate and evaluate the effects of radiation on materials, circuits, and humans
Space Systems & Space Subsystems Fundamentals Technical Training Course SamplerJim Jenkins
This four-day course in space systems and space subsystems is for technical and management personnel who wish to gain an understanding of the important technical concepts in the development of space instrumentation, subsystems, and systems. The goal is to assist students to achieve their professional potential by endowing them with an understanding of the subsystems and supporting disciplines important to developing space instrumentation, space subsystems, and space systems. It designed for participants who expect to plan, design, build, integrate, test, launch, operate or manage subsystems, space systems, launch vehicles, spacecraft, payloads, or ground systems. The objective is to expose each participant to the fundamentals of each subsystem and their inter-relations, to not necessarily make each student a systems engineer, but to give aerospace engineers and managers a technically based space systems perspective. The fundamental concepts are introduced and illustrated by state-of-the-art examples. This course differs from the typical space systems course in that the technical aspects of each important subsystem are addressed.
AESA Airborne Radar Theory and Operations Technical Training Course SamplerJim Jenkins
The revolutionary active electronically scanned array (AESA) Radar provides huge gains in performance and all the front line fighters in the world from the Americans (F35, F22, F18, F15, F16) to the Europeans, Russians and Chinese already have one or soon will. This four day seminar, which took 10,000 man hours to produce, is a comprehensive treatment on the latest systems engineering technology required to design the modes for an AESA to capitalize on the systems inherent multi role, wide bandwidth, fast beam switching, and high power capabilities. Steve Jobs once said “You must provide the tools to let people become their best”, and this seminar will include two indispensable tools for the AESA engineer. 1) A newly written 400+ page electronic book with interactive calculations and simulations on the more complicated seminar subjects like STAP and Automatic Target Recognition. 2) A professionally designed spread sheet (with software) for designing, capturing and predicting the detection performance of the AESA modes including the challenging Alert-Confirm waveform.
This three day course is intended for practicing systems engineers who want to learn how to apply model-driven systems Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern spacecraft communications. This three-day course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered. <p>
Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture: Bent Pipe a...Jim Jenkins
This four-day course, ATI Courses.com's Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture course , provides communications and satellite systems engineers and system architects with a comprehensive and accurate approach for the specification and detailed design of the communications payload and its integration into a satellite system. Both standard bent pipe repeaters and digital processors (on board and ground-based) are studied in depth, and optimized from the standpoint of maximizing throughput and coverage (single footprint and multi-beam). Applications in Fixed Satellite Service (C, X, Ku and Ka bands) and Mobile Satellite Service (L and S bands) are addressed as are the requirements of the associated ground segment for satellite control and the provision of services to end users.
Software Defined Radio Engineering course samplerJim Jenkins
This 3-day course is designed for digital signal processing engineers, RF system engineers, and managers who wish to enhance their understanding of this rapidly emerging technology. Most topics include carefully described design analysis, alternative approaches, performance analysis, and references to published research results. Many topics are illustrated by Matlab simulation demos. An extensive bibliography is included.
Satellite RF Communications and Onboard Processing Course SamplerJim Jenkins
Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern satellite communications and onboard data processing. This course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered, including those needed for constellations of satellites.
This course is recommended for engineers and scientists interested in acquiring an understanding of satellite communications, command and telemetry, onboard computing, and tracking. Each participant will receive a complete set of notes.
Fundamentals of Passive and Active Sonar Technical Training Short Course SamplerJim Jenkins
This four-day course is designed for SONAR systems engineers, combat systems engineers, undersea warfare professionals, and managers who wish to enhance their understanding of passive and active SONAR or become familiar with the "big picture" if they work outside of either discipline. Each topic is presented by instructors with substantial experience at sea. Presentations are illustrated by worked numerical examples using simulated or experimental data describing actual undersea acoustic situations and geometries. Visualization of transmitted waveforms, target interactions, and detector responses is emphasized.
Space Environment & It's Effects On Space Systems course samplerJim Jenkins
This class on the space environment and its effects on space systems is for technical and management personnel who wish to gain an understanding of the important issues that must be addressed in the development of space instrumentation, subsystems, and systems. The goal is to assist students to achieve their professional potential by endowing them with an understanding of the fundamentals of the space environment and its effects. The class is designed for participants who expect to either, plan, design, build, integrate, test, launch, operate or manage payloads, subsystems, launch vehicles, spacecraft, or ground systems.
Each participant will receive a copy of the reference textbook: Pisacane, VL. The Space Environment and its Effects on Space Systems. AIAA Education Series, 2008.
Bioastronautics: Space Exploration and its Effects on the Human Body Course S...Jim Jenkins
This three-day course is intended for technical and managerial personnel who wish to be introduced to the effects of the space environment on humans. This course introduces bioastronautics from a fundamental perspective, assuming no prior knowledge of biology, physiology, or chemistry. The objective of the course is to provide the student with basic knowledge that will allow him or her to contribute more effectively to the human space exploration program. The human body, that through evolution is uniquely designed to function on the Earth, adapts to the space environment characterized by weightlessness and enhanced radiation. These alterations can impact the health and performance of astronauts, especially on return to the Earth.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
From Siloed Products to Connected Ecosystem: Building a Sustainable and Scala...
Wireless Communications & Spread Spectrum Design
1. Professional Development Short Course On:
Wireless Communications & Spectrum Design
Instructor:
Scott R. Bullock
ATI Course Schedule: http://www.ATIcourses.com/schedule.htm
ATI's Wireless Communications: http://www.aticourses.com/wireless_communications_spectrum_design.htm
2. Wireless Communications & Spread Spectrum Design
March 24-26, 2009
Beltsville, Maryland
$1490 (8:30am - 4:00pm)
Course Outline
quot;Register 3 or More & Receive $10000 each
Off The Course Tuition.quot;
1. Transceiver Design. dB power, link budgets,
system design tradeoffs, gains/losses, Signal-to-Noise,
Probability of Error, Bit Error Rate, Eb/No, link margin,
Summary tracking noise and signal level through a complete
system, effects and advantages of using spread
This three-day course is designed for wireless
spectrum techniques.
communication engineers involved with spread
2. Transmitter Design. Various types and system
spectrum systems, and managers who wish to enhance
designs of spread spectrum transmitters, PSK, MSK,
their understanding of the wireless techniques that are
QAM, OFDM, Other, Pseudo-Random code generator,
being used in all types of communication systems and
multiple access TDMA/CDMA/FDMA, antenna sizing,
products. It provides an overall
transmit/receive, local oscillator, upconverters,
look at many types and
sideband elimination, power amplifiers, standing wave
advantages of spread
ratios.
spectrum systems that are
designed in wireless systems 3. Receiver Design. Dynamic range, image
today. This course covers an rejection, limiters, minimum discernable signal,
intuitive approach that provides superheterodyne receivers, importance of low noise
a real feel for the technology, amplifiers, 3rd order intercept point for intermodulation
with applications that apply to products, two tone dynamic range, tangential
both the government and sensitivity, phase noise, mixers, spurious signals,
commercial sectors. Students filters, A/D converters, aliasing and anti-aliasing filters,
will receive a copy of the digital signal processors DSPs.
instructor's textbook, Transceiver and Systems Design 4. Automatic Gain Control Design & Phase Lock
for Digital Communications. Loop Comparison. AGCs, linearizer, detector, loop
filter, integrator, using control theory and feedback
systems to analyze AGCs, PLL and AGC comparison.
Instructor
5. Demodulation. Demodulation and despreading
Scott R. Bullock, P.E., MSEE, specializes in Wirelss techniques for spread spectrum systems, pulsed
Communications including Spread Spectrum Systems matched filters, sliding correlators, pulse position
and Broadband Communication Systems for both modulation, CDMA, coherent demod, despreading,
government and commercial. He holds numerous carrier recovery, squaring loops, Costas and modified
patents in communications and published several Costas loops, symbol synch, eye pattern, inter-symbol
articles in various trade magazines. He was active in interference, phase detection, Shannon' s limit.
establishing the data link standard for GPS SCAT-I
6. Basic Probability and Pulse Theory. Simple
landing systems and developed spread spectrum
approach to understanding Probability, Gaussian
landing systems for the government. He is the author of
process, quantization error, probability of error, bit error
two books, Transceiver and System Design for Digital
rate, probability of detection vs probability of false
Communications & Broadband Communications and
alarm, error detection and correction, digital pulsed
Home Networking, Noble Publishing. He has published
systems, pseudo-random codes for spread spectrum
numerous technical articles, is an adjunct professor at
systems.
ITT and a guest lecturer for Polytechnic University on
7. Multipath. Specular and diffuse reflections,
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access
Rayleigh criteria, earth curvature, pulse systems,
Technologies.
vector and power analysis.
8. Improving the System Against Jammers. Burst
What You Will Learn jammers, digital filters, adaptive filters simulations and
actual design results, quadrature method to eliminate
• How to perform link budgets for types of spread
unwanted sidebands, orthogonal methods to reduce
spectrum communications?
jammers, types of intercept receivers.
• How to evaluate different types of wireless
9. Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Basic
communication transceivers?
understand of the Global Positioning System GPS and
• What methods are used for spread spectrum
the spread spectrum BPSK modulated signal from
modems, multiple access, OFDM, error detection
space, Satellite transmission, signal structure, GPS
/ correction for digital communication systems?
receiver, errors, narrow correlator, selective availability
• What is multipath and how to reduce multipath SA, carrier smoothed code, Differential DGPS, Relative
and jammers? GPS, widelane/narrowlane, carrier phase tracking
• What is a Global Positioning System? KCPT, double difference.
• How to solve a 3 dimension Direction Finding 10. DF & Interferometer Analysis. Positioning and
system using interferometry? direction finding using a simpified interferometer
From this course you will obtain the knowledge analysis, direction cosines, basic interferometer
and ability to evaluate and develop the system equation, three dimensional approach, antenna
design for wireless communication digital position matrix, coordinate conversion for moving
transceivers including spread spectrum systems. baseline.
Register online at www.ATIcourses.com or call ATI at 888.501.2100 or 410.956.8805 Vol. 95 – 43
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4. Digital vs. Analog Comms
Digital System
Digital
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PSK, FH, etc.
Demod
A/D Mod Sampler D/A
5V analog = Digital 101 LO LO Digital 101 = 5V analog
Perfect Reconstruction of the Digital Waveform Assuming No Bit Errors
Analog System
AM/FM etc
Demod
Mod
LO LO 1
Analog Analog + Noise
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
6. FSK and MSK Spectrums
MSK
Reduce Frequency Separation or Increase the Frequency Minimum Shift Key Rate - MSK
3
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7. Continuous Phase - Phase Shift
Keying CP-PSK
Sinusoidal transitions from one phase state to another
•
No zero crossing, No AM
•
Remains at a phase state for a period of time
•
Used for packet radio and other burst type systems
•
Minimum Spectral Re-growth due to non-linearities
•
+90
+45
+135
0
R 0,0
Q Channel
1,0
R
180 I Channel 0
1
R R
Q
1,1
1 0,1
-135 -45
-90
4
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8. Spectral Re-growth
Output of
Modulator
Filtered
Output
Sidelobes
Reduced
Spectral
Re-growth
(Sidelobe
Regeneration)
5
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9. Practical Digital Waveform
Impulse Response
Ideal filter is the Sinx/x which is impossible to build These filters approx.
this ideal filter
Sinx/x
Raised Cosine
Raised cosine
squared
MSK
Gaussian Filter
6
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10. Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Jammer
Fast PN
Signal Code
Jammer
Spread
Spectrum
Signal
Signal
Spread Spread
Spectrum Spectrum
Spreader Receiver
Fast PN
Code
Jammer
Signal
Filter
Signal Spread Jammer
Spectrum
despreader
7
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11. FH Spread Spectrum
Jammer
PN Hopping Spread Spectrum Signal
Signal Spread Spectrum Signal
Synthesizer Jammer
Spread Spread
Spectrum Spectrum
Spreader Receiver
PN
Spread Spectrum Signal Spread Spectrum Jammer
Dehopping
Jammer Signal
Synthesizer
Filter
Spread
Spectrum
despreader
8
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12. Multiple User Techniques
System 1 System 2 System 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
time
a. Time division multiple access
.
Code 1 System 1
System 2
Code 2
System 3
Code 3
b. Code division multiple access.
f1 f2 f3
Frequency
System 1 System 2 System 3
9
c. Frequency division multiple access.
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
13. Costas Loop
Signal 1
Signal 2
10
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15. Chapter 3 The Receiver
Superheterodyne
To
Digital
Processor
Image T/R Power A/D
IF BPF LPF
IFAmp
Limiter LNA
Reject Switch Divider Converter
Filter
LO AGC LO
Transmitter
12
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16. Phase Noise, Log-Log Scale
Short term frequency/phase instability
Random walk FM 1/(f*f*f*f)
So(f)
dBc
Flicker FM 1/(f*f*f)
So(f) = power spectral density white FM 1/(f*f)
(radians2/Hz) dBc/Hz Flicker noise 1/f
white noise f
1 10 100 1 kHz 10 kHz
Frequency
1/(f*f*f*f) = close to carrier, difficult to measure, vibration, shock, temperature, environmental.
1/(f*f*f) =, observable in high quality oscillators, masked in low quality oscillators, not fully
understood, physical resonance mechanism or actual parts in the oscillator.
1/(f*f) = common in passive-resonator like cesium and rubidium standards.
1/(f) = transistors, amplifiers, etc., noisy electronics, LNA helps.
f = produced like the 1/f noise, stages of amplification is mainly responsible, broadband noise.
13
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17. Group Delay
Linear
Receiver
Constant Group Delay
ISI Dispersion
Non-
Linear
Receiver
Non-Constant Group Delay
14
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18. Group Delay Compensator
Filter Response ______
Constant Group Delay Filter Group _______
Delay
Group Delay ______
Compensator
15
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19. Aliasing
ts ts ts ts ts
Sample points in time
Waveform is sampled at the Nyquist rate
Estimated Frequency
Waveform does not meet Nyquist criteria
Alias frequency produced by under-sampling the high frequency
16
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21. AGC/PLL Comparison
V/dB filter DC offset gain 1/S dB/V
dBm + dBm
Kd F(s) Threshold Integrator Ko
Kc
- dB Amp control curve
a. AGC control system analysis block diagram.
V/phase filter no offset gain phase/V
phase phase
+ error Threshold
Ko/S
Kd F(s) Kc
=0
-
VCO control curve
phase
b. PLL control system analysis block diagram.
18
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22. Bode Plot for Negative
Feedback Systems
+20dB
Gain
0dB
-10 dB
-1000
Phase
-1800
-2700
Frequency (log scale)
Instability & oscillation criteria for negative feedback systems, 0dB Gain, -1800 phase shift
Gain Margin (-1800 phase shift) = 0dB – (-10dB) = 10 dB
Phase Margin(0dB gain) = -1000 – (-1800) = 800
19
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
23. Cascaded PN-code Matched Filters for
Increased Process Gain and Margin
11 1 11 1 1 11 1
-1 -1 -1
-1-1 -1 1 delay 1 delay 1 delay 1 delay
1 -1 1 1
1 -1 1 1
PN- Code
1 1 1 1
44 4
sum
1 delay 1 delay 1 delay 1 delay
Additional PN- Code 4 -4 4 4
(Or retrieve data direct) 1 -1 1 1
-4
4 4 4 4
sum 16
4
4
4
4
Position of Pulse output
provides data information
20
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24. Comparison between Absolute
and Differential PPM
Data Lost
Reference Pulse
TOA Pulse 1 TOA Pulse 3
TOA Pulse 2
..
Dead Time
Dead Time Dead Time
t0 t1 t2 t3
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
Time Slots of PPM
No Pulse detected Time Slots of PPM
in Time Slots Data output 000
Data output 011
No Data Output
Absolute PPM
Data Lost
Data Lost
TOA Pulse 2
Reference Pulse TOA Pulse 1
TOA Pulse 3
No Dead Time
Dead Time Dead Time
No Time Slots of PPM
t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t2
t2 t0 t1 t2 t3
No Pulse detected Received Pulse ok but Time Slots of PPM
in Time Slots No time reference Data output 000
No Data Output No Data output
But Provides reference
For next pulse
Differential PPM
21
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25. Coherent vs Differential
Bit Errors
Bit error
Sent digital data 11 0 1 011 0 111 000 1 0 1 0
Received digital data 11 0 1 011 1 111 000 1 0 1 0
One Received data error
Coherent System
Bit error
Sent digital data 10 1 1 1 10 1 100 100 1 1 1 1
Received digital data 10 1 1 1 10 0 000 100 1 1 1 1
Two Received data errors
Differential System
22
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27. Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
One received symbol interfering with adjacent received symbols
•
Caused by Dispersion
•
– Pulse stream/pulse consists of many frequencies – Fourier
Series/Transform
– Frequencies propagate at different delays – non-constant group delay
ISI
Dispersion
Non-
Linear
Receiver
Non-Constant
Group Delay
Vh = highest Vpeak center of the eye.
Vl = lowest Vpeak center of the eye.
ISI = -20log(Vh/Vl)
24
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28. CDF Equation For Gaussian
Distribution
Probability Density Function for Gaussian Distribution Cumulative Distribution Function for Gaussian Distribution
x = -1 x = +1 1 or 100%
Fx (x) CDF
Probability of
Occurrence .159
95.4%.
.023
x=-2 x = +2 fx (x) for x = -1
fx (x) for x = -2
Value x
f
Fx(x) = 1/2[1+erf(x/( 2 ))], mean = 0
•
Fx(x) = 1/2[1+erf(-2/( 2 ))]
•
=1/2[1+erf(- 2 )]
–
– erf(-x) = -erf(x), -erf(1.414) = -.954
– Fx(x) = 1/2[1- .954] = .023
– Probability +/- 2 = 2*.023 =.0456
– Probability inside curve = 1-.0456 = .954 = 95.4%.
25
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31. FEC Code Generation
n bit code word
Block
k Information Bits
n = Block Length
Encoder
Maps k information bits
into an n-symbol output block
Block Codes (Hamming, Cyclic, Reed Solomon Codes)
Figure 6.7.2.2a Block Codes (Hamming, Cyclic, RS Codes)
XOR
Tapped Delay Line
Output Symbols
Information
1234567 Two times the
Input Bits
Input Rate
7-bit shift Register switch
XOR
•Convolutional code, rate ½, constraint length 7
Figure 6.7.2.2b Rate 1/2 Convolutional Encoder
28
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32. Example of Generating a Linear
Systematic Block Code (7,4)
Generator Matrix Message Modulo-2
(1000011) 1 (1000011)
(0100110) 0
(0010111) 1 (0010111)
(0001101) 0
Systematic Code Word =(1010100)
–4 bits of data Identity Matrix
Messages Codewords (7,4)
–3 parity bits (0000) (0000000)
(0001) (0001101)
(0010) (0010111)
(0011) (0011010)
(0100) (0100110)
(0101) (0101011)
(0110) (0110001)
(0111) (0111100)
(1000) (1000011)
(1001) (1001110)
(1010) (1010100)
(1011) (1011001)
(1100) (1100101)
(1101) (1101000)
(1110) (1110010)
(1111) (1111111) 29
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
33. Error Correction
H-T
Error Vector Coset, error vectors
e6,e5,e4,e3,e2,e1,e0 * 011 0 e6 e6 1000000
110 e5 e5 0 0100000
111 = e4 e4 e4 0010000
101 e3 0 e3 0001000
100 e2 0 0 0000100
010 0 e1 0 0000010
001 0 0 e0 0000001
e5+e4+e3+e2 = 0
e6+e5+e4+e1 = 0
e6+e4+e3+e0 = 1
0 0 1
3 equations, 7 unknowns (7-3=4), possible solutions = 24
Solve for a solution with the most zeros = all zeros except for e0 = 0000001
e6=e5=e4=e3=e2=e1=0 and e0 = 0000001 satisfies the three above equations with most zeros
Correct Code sent = 1010100
Vc = r+e = 1010101+ 0000001 = 1010100 Corrected bit in code word
30
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34. Trellis Diagrams
1st merge, need to make a decision
2 possible paths
Constant Mod hi = 1/4
1st merge
Multi-h [1,2/4], [hi] = [1/4,2/4] 31
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
35. Turbo Codes
Turbo Encoder
Mux Parallel/Serial
PAD Turbo Encoded Output
Information Bits
Puncturing
PAD appends n – k tail bits
for all zeros state, x0 Encoder 1 Recursive Systematic Code Generator
Interleaver Encoder 2
+
Input Z-1 Z-1 Z-1 Z-1
+
Turbo Decoder
De-Mux
Turbo Encoded Decoder 1 Interleaver Decoder 2 De-Interleaver Estimated
Serial/Parallel
Input Sequence
Insertion
De-Interleaver
32
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
36. Diffuse Reflection over a
Glistening Surface
Receiver
R
hr
Reflected rays
Off Glistening Surface
Transmitter
ht
Glistening
Surface
33
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
38. Quadrature GSO System
OMNI Antenna
(Jammer only) Jammer Only
I
PD
PD
0 wi
int
PD LO
90
- I signal out
error i
Q
+
Directional Antenna
(Signal + Jammer) Jammer Only
PD
PD
0
wq
int
PD LO
90
- Q signal out
error q
+
35
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
39. Wideband Adaptive Filter
10 dB
High Freq Wideband
Wideband + Narrowband Signal Only
-10 dB Narrowband
Signal Estimate -10 dB -10 dB
Signal
Residual
10 dB 10 dB
Synthesizer Narrowband
Signal
LO
BPF
BPF
10 dB
BPF
30 dB
BPF BPF
o o
0 -90
4-port
10 dB PD
LPF
LPF LPF
30 dB 30 dB 15 dB 15 dB
15 dB
Update shared weights
Digital
LPF
Q-channel Filter
Digital
LPF
Filter
I-channel
15 dB
LMS
36
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40. GPS Landing Systems
D8PSK LPI/Anti-jam Data Link
Sends GPS Corrections
37
Relative GPS for moving platforms (Aircraft Carriers)
Bullock Engineering Research Kinematic Carrier Phase Tracking KCPT for CATIII landing systems Copyright 2008
41. Need to Provide a Military
Communications Network
MILCOM
38
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2008
42. Interferometer
Antenna 1
Phase 1
INTERFEROMETER
Baseline
Phase 2
Antenna 2
Measures the phase difference between two antennas
39
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Wireless Communications & Spectrum Design
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