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2. Gender Terms
• Male = stallion
• Female = mare
• Castrated male = gelding
• Newborn/young = foal (until weaned)
• Giving birth = foaling
• Young female = filly
• Young male = colt
• Group = herd or band
3. Breeding
• Seasonally polyestrous spontaneous ovulators
• Estrous cycle 21.7 days
• Estrus 6.5 days, ovulation in last 24-48h of estrus
• Most horses at our latitude naturally begin cycling in March, but ideal to
breed in February for Jan 1 foal birthday
• Provide artificial lighting to start cycling (14.5-16h/day light starting 12/1)….
• ~25% of mares cycle in winter / throughout year
• Gestation = 340 days
• Birth usually at night
4. Breeding
• Age recorded as January 1st of the year born
• Wean @ 5-6 months
• Puberty = 10 to 24 months (~18 months)
5. General Equine Information
• Life span: 20 to 30 years
– Oldest I’ve seen was 38 years old (‘Boomer’)
• Measurement is hh = hands high
– 1 hand = 4 inches
• Peak usefulness is 3 to 13 years (plenty of
exceptions)
• Range horse can travel up to 30 miles a day.
6. Gaits
• Four natural gaits:
Walk - 4 beat Trot – 2 beat
Canter – 3 beat Gallop – 4 beat
Complete Book of the Horse p32
8. Anatomy
• Hind gut fermenter: large cecum (like rabbits)
• Relatively small stomach capacity – needs to eat
throughout the day
• Large lung area
• Well-developed muscles in shoulders and
hindquarters
9. Anatomy
• 340 degree vision – blind spot
directly behind them
• Acute hearing – 16 muscles in
each ear to move ears
independently & pinpoint sound
source
• Can sleep standing upright –
stay apparatus
10. Natural Behavior
• Prey animal
• Startle easily
• Flight instinct stronger than fight
• Naturally live in groups
• Numerous vocal sounds
• Well developed sense of touch
12. Behavior
DO:
• Rule out medical causes of behavior
• Provide counterconditioning based on
positive reinforcement, classical
conditioning and desensitization
13. Common Equine Behavior Problems
Stereotypic Behavior
• Locomotor
• Stall pacing, walking, kicking
• Weaving
• Pawing at ground
• Oral
• Wind sucking * (don’t confuse with wind
suckers…pneumonvagina 2nd to poor conformation,
Caslick’s procedure used to help)
• Cribbing
• Wood chewing
14. Common Equine Behavior Problems
• Aggression
• Towards other horses
• Towards humans
• Stable Vices (Stereotypic Behavior)
• Locomotor
• Oral
• Transporting Problems
• Loading/unloading, particularly
15. Common Problems
UCD Equine Behavior Service
2005-07
• 25% - underlying medical problem
• 33% - aggression
• 14% - fear
• 10% - procedure aversion
• 5% - compulsive disorders
18. Housing
• Need shelter from wind, snow & rain
• Adequate stall/paddock size
– At least 12’ x 12’ for one horse
– Behavior & health issues result from too
small a space or over-crowding
• Adequate ventilation
• Appropriate bedding – (no black walnut shavings - toxic)
– Clean daily
– Bed deeply
• Sturdy & Safe Fencing
19. Nutrition / Feeding
• Feeding should be according to amount
of activity in horses life
– Pasture pet needs less energy (food) then a
race horse
• When multiple horses together, watch to
make sure no one is out competing the
others for food
20. Nutrition / Feeding
INTAKE:
• 1.5% - 3% of body weight (lb) daily
• 20-70L (5-20gal) water daily
NEEDS:
• Clean, fresh water all the time
• Salt/mineral block
• Forage – pasture, hay
21. Nutrition / Feeding
• Pasture grass
– May be adequate for nutritional needs of low activity
horses (pasture pets)
• Depends on stocking density and quality of forage
• Hay
– Grass hay preferred for many horses
– High quality alfalfa best to slowly re-feed starved
horses
22. Nutrition / Feeding
• Grain
– Some do not need supplementation with
grain, depends on age, activity level
– Excessive supplementation could lead
to obesity, laminitis
– Older horses often require supplementation
• Equine Senior
• Beet pulp
• Vegetable oil
26. Laminitis
• Acute & Chronic versions
• Often occurs secondary to overfeeding
– lush pasture, horse broke into grain
room, abrupt diet change
• Also can be 2nd to other illness,
excessive steroid administration
• PAINFUL
• Often both front feet, but any/all can be
affected
27. Laminitis
• “founder” – lay people use
interchangeably with laminitis, more
accurately refers to chronic laminitis
• “sinker” – P3 (coffin bone) rotated
through sole…VERY BAD
28. Colic
Abdominal pain / discomfort
•Signs can include:
– Rolling, kicking / looking at abdomen, not
eating/drinking/defecating, sweating, unsett
led, stretching, increased HR
•GI & extra-GI causes, including
– Sand
– Parasites
– Enterolith
– Strangulating lipoma
29. Colic
• Medical vs. Surgical colic
• Mild to life threatening
Prevention:
• Quality diet, primarily forage
• Regular exercise
• Clean water
• Don’t feed directly on dirt
31. Pigeon Fever, Dryland Distemper
• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
• External abscesses – pectoral region, ventrum
• Internal abscesses
• Late Summer / early Fall
• When draining abscesses, do not let discharge
contaminate ground/stall/barn
http://www.aaep.org/health_articles_view.php?id=358
33. EHV-1, EHV-3, EHV-4
• HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
– Beware nasal droplets – lots of virus
– Incubation & Shedding for ~21-28 days
– ISOLATE NEW ARRIVALS FOR AT LEAST ONE
MONTH
• Some may remain infected lifelong
• No vaccination for neuro form (there is a
vaccination for respiratory & abortion
40. Deworming
• Ivermectin PO q 2 months
– For example - March, May, July, September
• 2x pyrantel q1y in ~January
– Tapeworms
• Moxidectin* or 2x fenbendazole q1y in ~November
– Encysted larvae
Editor's Notes
Stall walking – anxiety, separation from other horses, confinement issuePawing – pre-feeding**DO NOT reinforce by feeding as reward for pawing!Cribbing – usually starts at weaning, thought to cause endorphin release, management can affect, more likely in foals weaned to grain diets then pasture weaned foals
Disease Background Equine Herpes Virus (EHV-1) infection in horses can cause respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortion in mares and neonatal foal death. The neurological form of the disease, is known as Equine Herpes Myeloencephalopathy (EHM). The neurological form of the virus has the potential to cause high morbidity and mortality. EHV-1 is easily spread and typically has an incubation period between 2-10 days. Respiratory shedding of the virus generally occurs for 7-10 days, but may persist longer in infected horses. For this reason, the isolation period recommendation for confirmed positive EHM cases is twenty-one (21) days. Clinical signs of EHM in horses may include nasal discharge, incoordination, hindquarter weakness, recumbency, lethargy, urine dribbling and diminished tail tone. The prognosis for EHM positive horses depends on the severity of signs and the period of recumbency. Employing supportive treatment with intravenous fluids, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-viral drugs and other supportive measures may be beneficial since there is no specific treatment for EHM. Currently, no EHV-1 equine vaccine has a label claim for protection against the neurological strain of the virus.
Disease Background Equine Herpes Virus (EHV-1) infection in horses can cause respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortion in mares and neonatal foal death. The neurological form of the disease, is known as Equine Herpes Myeloencephalopathy (EHM). The neurological form of the virus has the potential to cause high morbidity and mortality. EHV-1 is easily spread and typically has an incubation period between 2-10 days. Respiratory shedding of the virus generally occurs for 7-10 days, but may persist longer in infected horses. For this reason, the isolation period recommendation for confirmed positive EHM cases is twenty-one (21) days. Clinical signs of EHM in horses may include nasal discharge, incoordination, hindquarter weakness, recumbency, lethargy, urine dribbling and diminished tail tone. The prognosis for EHM positive horses depends on the severity of signs and the period of recumbency. Employing supportive treatment with intravenous fluids, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-viral drugs and other supportive measures may be beneficial since there is no specific treatment for EHM. Currently, no EHV-1 equine vaccine has a label claim for protection against the neurological strain of the virus.
