Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is a process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome and has evolved since its development in 1995. Various methods such as shotgun sequencing and nanopore sequencing are employed, involving steps like DNA fragmentation, amplification, and assembly of the sequence. WGS offers advantages like personalized medicine and evolutionary studies, but challenges include interpretation difficulties for physicians and potential unwanted information for patients.

1. SUBMITTED BY:
K. JAYALAKSHMI
I M.SC., BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. DEFINITION
 Whole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full
genome sequencing or entire genome sequencing, is
the process of determining the entirely or nearely, of
the DNA sequence of an organisms genome at a single
time.
 Developed by j. craig venter and H. smith in 1995.
 It was first used in sequencing the genome of H.
influenzae and M. genitalium.

3. WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING
METHODS (WGS)
 Shot gun sequencing
 Massively parallel signature sequencing
 Pyro sequencing
 Illumina seqencing
 DNA nanoball sequencing
 Heliscope single molecule sequencing
 Single molecule real time sequencing (SMRP)
 Nanopore DNA sequencing
 Solid sequencing

4. WHOLE GEENOME
SHOTGUN SEQUENCING
 To sequence all genome of a particular organisms.
1) find sequence
2) find their position in entire genome
Collect and isolate the DNA or genome.
Break into small manageable pieces.
Copy each piece many times.
Read the DNA sequence.
Assemble the data into a genome.

5. WGS
 Different technique are used to cut DNA into particular
size pieces. ( fragments are electrophoreses through gel
to find the size of fragments.)
 Ligation of fragment into a plasmid.
 Insert plasmid into bacteria e.g. E.coli.
 Micro titer plate containing E.coli is heated to 95 degree
celsius.
 Plasmid are released.
 PCR reaction (amplify the plasmid)
 Desired sequence amplification
 DNA attracted toward the carboxyl coated magnetic
bead.

6. Sanger sequencing
Assembly
i) multiple read of the same genome is made.
ii) reassembles by matching overlaps.

7. WGO

8. ADVANTAGE
 To find coding non and non coding regions.
 Personalized drugs.
 Disease susceptibility prediction.
 Specie comparison and evolutionary sudies.

9. DISADVANTAGE
 Most physicians are not trained in how to interpret
genomic DNA data.
 An individuals genome may contain information that
they don’t want to know. For example, a patient has
genome sequencing performed to determined the
most effective treatment plan for high cholesterol.