The document discusses the types and effects of genetic mutations, distinguishing between somatic and germ line mutations. It highlights that most mutations are neutral, while some can be beneficial, aiding in adaptation and evolution, and others may lead to genetic disorders or cancer. Notable examples of harmful mutations include cystic fibrosis and antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

1. SUBMITTEDBY:
K. JAYALAKSHMI
I M.S, BIOTECHNOLOGY

2.  Since all cells in our body contain DNA, there
are lots of places for mutation to occur,
however, some mutation cannot be passed on
to offspring and do not matter for evolution.
 Somatic mutation occur in non-reproductive
cells and won’t be passed onto offspring.
Only germ line mutation only passed to
offspring's.
 For Example, the golden color on half of red
delicious apple was caused by a somatic
mutation. Its seeds will not carry the
mutation.

3.  The majority of mutations have neither
negative nor positive effects on the
organisms in which they occur. These
mutations are called neutral mutations.
 Example Include silent point mutations.
They are neutral because they do not
change the amino acids in the proteins they
encode.
 Many other mutations have no effect on the
organisms because they are repaired before
protein synthesis occurs.

4.  Mutations effect were consist two types,
1) Beneficial effect mutations.
2) Harm full effect mutations.
EFFECT OF GERM LINE MUTATIONS:
I) No change occur in phenotype.
(but affecting DNA, protein sequence of
amino acids).
II) small changes occur in
phenotype.(hair, and eyes)
III) big changes occur in phenotypes.

5.  Some mutations have positive effect on the
organisms in which they occur, they are
called beneficial mutations.
 They lead to new versions of proteins that
help organisms adapt to changes in their
environment.
 Its is essential for evolution to occur/ they
increased an organisms changes of surviving
or reproducing.

6.  Mutations in many bacteria that allow them
to survive in the presence of antibiotic drugs.
The mutations lead to antibiotic-resistant
strains of bacteria.
 A unique mutation is found in people in a
small town in Italy. The mutation protects
them from developing atherosclerosis,
which is the dangerous build up of fatty
materials in blood vessels.

7.  The random changes cause lot of
complications in life.
 Random changes in a gene’s DNA is likely to
result in a protein that does not function
normally or may not function at all.
 Such mutations may cause genetic disorders
or cancer.
 some well known inherited genetic disorders
include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia,
tay-sachs disease, phenylketonurea and
color-blindness are known as harm full
effect.

8.  A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a
mutation in one or a few genes. A human
example is cystic fibrosis. A mutation in a
single gene cause the body to produce thick,
sticky mucous that clogs the lungs and blocks
ducts in digestive organs.
 Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of
control and form abnormal masses of cells.
It is generally caused by mutation in genes
that regulate the cell cycle.
 Because of the mutations, cells with
damaged DNA are allowed to divide without

9.  Mutations are essential for evolution to
occur because they increase genetic
variation and the potential for individuals to
differ.
 The majority of mutations are neutral in
their effects on the organisms in which they
occur.
 Beneficial mutations may become more
common through natural selection.
 harm full mutations may cause genetic
disorders or cancer.