This document discusses white topping as a pavement rehabilitation technique. White topping refers to a Portland cement concrete overlay placed on an existing asphalt pavement. There are three main types - conventional white topping with a thickness over 8 inches, thin white topping between 4-8 inches thick, and ultra-thin white topping under 4 inches thick. The document reviews best practices for the design and construction of white topping projects, including characterizing the existing pavement, determining needed pre-overlay repairs, designing the concrete mix and joints, and ensuring proper construction techniques. Conducting pre-overlay repairs like milling is important to provide a stable base and achieve a good bond between the new concrete and existing asphalt.
IRJET- A Study of Cement Treated Base and Sub Base in Flexible PavementIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using cement treated base and sub-base layers in flexible pavements. It finds that traditional base materials require large quantities and have high costs. Cement treatment can increase strength while reducing needed material. The study examines reasons for flexible pavement failure, traditional and cement treated designs, and compares performance and costs of the two methods using a test section on a highway. It concludes cement treatment provides better strength and performance at a lower overall construction cost.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Evaluation of Flexible Pavement FailuresIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on evaluating failures in flexible pavements. It begins with an abstract stating that the study aims to evaluate existing flexible pavement conditions, determine the types and causes of failures, and select effective treatment methods. As a case study, a road in Ambala Cantt, India was evaluated. Field inspections found serious surface deformations, cracks, disintegration and defects caused by factors like heavy vehicle loads, poor drainage, unsuitable layer thickness, and improper mix design. The introduction provides background on flexible pavement structures and design considerations. Different failure types for flexible pavements are described, including alligator cracking, consolidation, shear cracking, and more. Prior literature on pavement deformation, wheel tracking, pothole formation
IRJET - Review on Use of Precast Panels for the Improvement of PavementsIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of precast concrete panels for improving pavements. It discusses several precast panel systems that have been used internationally and in India, including precast prestressed concrete pavement systems, the Kwik slab system, the Michigan method, the Roman Road system, the Uretek method, and the Fort Miller super slab system. The review found that precast panels allow for controlled, off-site fabrication and rapid construction or repair of pavements. However, their use has been limited in flexible pavements. Available analysis and design methods can be adapted to improve different pavement types using precast panels.
IRJET- Study on Flexible Pavement Failures and it’s Remedial MeasuresIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on failures of flexible pavements and remedial measures. It focuses on a 24 km stretch of road from Shahbad to Saha in Haryana, India that experiences heavy traffic. The road is deteriorating due to failures like cracks and potholes. The study aims to establish guidelines to systematically inspect and evaluate pavement failures. It will determine the causes of failures and recommend the best maintenance option. Common causes of failures identified are poor maintenance, drainage, construction quality, and lack of supervision. Proper maintenance and repairs are needed to preserve pavement quality and safety under heavy traffic loads.
PERFORMANCE OF THIN BONDED CONCRETE IN HIGH VOLUME ROADS: REVIEWIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the use of thin bonded concrete overlays for repairing and extending the life of concrete and asphalt pavements.
2) Thin bonded concrete overlays range from 4 to 7 inches thick and are applied in sections measuring around 6 by 6 feet.
3) When designed and constructed properly, thin concrete overlays can last 15-20 years with little maintenance and have low life-cycle costs.
The document provides several case studies of innovative thin overlay projects.
A Review of Structural Performance of Pervious Concrete as a Sustainable Pave...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of pervious concrete and its use as a sustainable pavement solution. Pervious concrete has an open cell structure that allows water and air to pass through, unlike traditional concrete. It is made with coarse aggregates, cement, water and little to no sand. Pervious concrete offers environmental benefits over asphalt and concrete by allowing stormwater to permeate through the pavement rather than running off. The document discusses mix designs, engineering properties like permeability and compressive strength, design considerations, and concludes that pervious concrete is suitable for pavements due to its drainage capabilities, though its low strength limits use in high traffic areas.
IRJET- Non-Destructive Test Application in Civil InfrastructureIRJET Journal
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for assessing the condition of civil infrastructure. It reviews 13 NDT techniques including ultrasonic pulse velocity, surface hardness, impact-echo, ground penetrating radar, and others. For each technique it discusses the applications, advantages, accuracy, limitations, instrumentation, and standards. The goal of the techniques is to allow engineers to evaluate infrastructure for strength, damage, and needed maintenance in a non-destructive manner. Understanding which techniques are suitable and how to properly conduct NDT surveys is important for accurately assessing structural conditions.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Study on Strengthening and Drainage of Flexible Pave...IRJET Journal
This document reviews strengthening flexible pavements and improving drainage systems. It discusses how flexible pavements need to withstand loads from traffic and weather while effectively distributing loads through layers. Strengthening is needed when traffic increases to prevent rapid deterioration. The study examines a 16.7 km road to analyze its existing structure, traffic, surface conditions, and design an overlay. It also evaluates the road's drainage system and ways to improve surface and subsurface drainage to remove water. Good drainage is important for safety and preventing maintenance issues from flooding or softening the road base. The document reviews literature on flexible pavement deformation from loads, stresses within pavement structures, factors that damage pavements over time, and frameworks for evaluating impacts of drainage quality.
IRJET- A Study of Cement Treated Base and Sub Base in Flexible PavementIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using cement treated base and sub-base layers in flexible pavements. It finds that traditional base materials require large quantities and have high costs. Cement treatment can increase strength while reducing needed material. The study examines reasons for flexible pavement failure, traditional and cement treated designs, and compares performance and costs of the two methods using a test section on a highway. It concludes cement treatment provides better strength and performance at a lower overall construction cost.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Evaluation of Flexible Pavement FailuresIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on evaluating failures in flexible pavements. It begins with an abstract stating that the study aims to evaluate existing flexible pavement conditions, determine the types and causes of failures, and select effective treatment methods. As a case study, a road in Ambala Cantt, India was evaluated. Field inspections found serious surface deformations, cracks, disintegration and defects caused by factors like heavy vehicle loads, poor drainage, unsuitable layer thickness, and improper mix design. The introduction provides background on flexible pavement structures and design considerations. Different failure types for flexible pavements are described, including alligator cracking, consolidation, shear cracking, and more. Prior literature on pavement deformation, wheel tracking, pothole formation
IRJET - Review on Use of Precast Panels for the Improvement of PavementsIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of precast concrete panels for improving pavements. It discusses several precast panel systems that have been used internationally and in India, including precast prestressed concrete pavement systems, the Kwik slab system, the Michigan method, the Roman Road system, the Uretek method, and the Fort Miller super slab system. The review found that precast panels allow for controlled, off-site fabrication and rapid construction or repair of pavements. However, their use has been limited in flexible pavements. Available analysis and design methods can be adapted to improve different pavement types using precast panels.
IRJET- Study on Flexible Pavement Failures and it’s Remedial MeasuresIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on failures of flexible pavements and remedial measures. It focuses on a 24 km stretch of road from Shahbad to Saha in Haryana, India that experiences heavy traffic. The road is deteriorating due to failures like cracks and potholes. The study aims to establish guidelines to systematically inspect and evaluate pavement failures. It will determine the causes of failures and recommend the best maintenance option. Common causes of failures identified are poor maintenance, drainage, construction quality, and lack of supervision. Proper maintenance and repairs are needed to preserve pavement quality and safety under heavy traffic loads.
PERFORMANCE OF THIN BONDED CONCRETE IN HIGH VOLUME ROADS: REVIEWIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the use of thin bonded concrete overlays for repairing and extending the life of concrete and asphalt pavements.
2) Thin bonded concrete overlays range from 4 to 7 inches thick and are applied in sections measuring around 6 by 6 feet.
3) When designed and constructed properly, thin concrete overlays can last 15-20 years with little maintenance and have low life-cycle costs.
The document provides several case studies of innovative thin overlay projects.
A Review of Structural Performance of Pervious Concrete as a Sustainable Pave...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of pervious concrete and its use as a sustainable pavement solution. Pervious concrete has an open cell structure that allows water and air to pass through, unlike traditional concrete. It is made with coarse aggregates, cement, water and little to no sand. Pervious concrete offers environmental benefits over asphalt and concrete by allowing stormwater to permeate through the pavement rather than running off. The document discusses mix designs, engineering properties like permeability and compressive strength, design considerations, and concludes that pervious concrete is suitable for pavements due to its drainage capabilities, though its low strength limits use in high traffic areas.
IRJET- Non-Destructive Test Application in Civil InfrastructureIRJET Journal
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for assessing the condition of civil infrastructure. It reviews 13 NDT techniques including ultrasonic pulse velocity, surface hardness, impact-echo, ground penetrating radar, and others. For each technique it discusses the applications, advantages, accuracy, limitations, instrumentation, and standards. The goal of the techniques is to allow engineers to evaluate infrastructure for strength, damage, and needed maintenance in a non-destructive manner. Understanding which techniques are suitable and how to properly conduct NDT surveys is important for accurately assessing structural conditions.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Study on Strengthening and Drainage of Flexible Pave...IRJET Journal
This document reviews strengthening flexible pavements and improving drainage systems. It discusses how flexible pavements need to withstand loads from traffic and weather while effectively distributing loads through layers. Strengthening is needed when traffic increases to prevent rapid deterioration. The study examines a 16.7 km road to analyze its existing structure, traffic, surface conditions, and design an overlay. It also evaluates the road's drainage system and ways to improve surface and subsurface drainage to remove water. Good drainage is important for safety and preventing maintenance issues from flooding or softening the road base. The document reviews literature on flexible pavement deformation from loads, stresses within pavement structures, factors that damage pavements over time, and frameworks for evaluating impacts of drainage quality.
IRJET- Optimization of Process Parameters of Submerged ARC WeldingIRJET Journal
This document reviews strengthening and drainage of flexible pavements. It discusses how flexible pavements need to withstand wheel loads and stresses from traffic and weather. The study focuses on strengthening 16.7 km of road from Raipur rani to Naraingarh by analyzing existing conditions, collecting traffic and pavement data, and designing an overlay. It also looks at improving the road's drainage system to quickly discharge surface water and prevent issues like flooding or soft subgrades. Good drainage is important for road safety and maintenance. The document reviews literature on factors like load frequency and size that impact pavement stresses and deterioration. It also discusses frameworks for quantifying the effect of drainage quality on pavement performance.
EVALUATION AND STRENGTHENING OF RECONSTRUCTED ROADS EXCAVATED FOR UTILITIES U...IAEME Publication
The study highlights the need of pavement evaluation and pavement evaluation measures for the road pavements of urban areas in Kashmir which are often being cut and refilled after laying of utilities like optical fiber cables,municipal water supply pipes, construction of severs etc. This paper includes the collection of required field data like soil sub grade data, existing pavement structure, traffic data, pavement surface condition and rebound deflection by using BBD technique,
laboratory investigations and finally the design of the overall thickness of the road pavement and overlay whatsoever required to strengthen the road stretches.
This document provides guidelines for designing concrete pavements for city streets. It discusses factors to consider like subgrades, concrete mix design, street classification and traffic levels, geometric design, and thickness design. Six street classifications are defined based on traffic volumes, vehicle types, and maximum axle loadings. Proper subgrade preparation and compaction are emphasized. Concrete mix design should produce adequate strength and durability. Integral curbs are recommended for economy. Geometric design addresses issues like street widths, lanes, parking, and accommodating utilities. Thickness design utilizes methods that determine needs for plain, doweled, or reinforced concrete based on traffic levels.
Investigation And Analysis of Traffic Flow Capacity And Level of Service Dete...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research investigating traffic flow capacity and level of service on three bridges across the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad, India. Traffic characteristics were measured on the Swamivivekanand Bridge, Sardar Bridge, and Subhash Bridge during peak hours to understand current congestion levels. The study found heavy traffic volumes leading to jams on the bridges connecting commercial and residential areas of the city. Analyzing traffic speed, flow, and density helped determine whether the existing bridges can safely handle current and future traffic loads. Suggested measures aim to relieve congestion on the overburdened bridges.
Pavement deterioration is a serious problem for road and traffic sector in almost every country, the most
affecting causes of bituminous pavement failures have been studied in this paper. The paper describes the
lessons learnt from pavement failures and problems experienced. Failures of bituminous pavements are caused
due to many reasons or combination of reasons. Application of correction in the existing surface will enhance
the life of maintenance works as well as that of strengthening layer. Along with the maintenance techniques
there are various methods for pavement preservation which will help in enhancing the life of pavement and
delaying of its failure.This paper discusses the possible causes of pavement failures, and recommendbetter ways
to minimize and hopefully eliminate the causes of failures in bituminous pavements.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study on the design of flexible pavements. It includes an abstract that outlines a comparison of total present costs between flexible pavement and jointed plain concrete pavement for two case study roads. The document then lists contents that will be covered, including introduction to flexible pavements and their layers/functions, different flexible pavement design approaches, testing and materials used, construction processes, and a conclusion. It provides an overview of flexible pavement requirements, types, load transfer mechanisms, and common flexible pavement constructions.
IRJET - Design of Improved Drainage System using Pervious ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an improved drainage system using pervious concrete for rural road pavements. It begins with an introduction to pervious concrete and its benefits for drainage. It then outlines the objectives, methodology, site reconnaissance, soil testing, pervious concrete mix design testing, and structural design of the pervious concrete pavement. The document finds that pervious concrete has similar compressive strength to conventional concrete but higher permeability. It then details the design of the accompanying drainage system using French drains and perforated pipes. The conclusion is that pervious concrete is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for rural roads that can effectively capture and drain stormwater runoff.
IRJET- A Review on a Study of Cement Treated Base and Sub-Base in Flexible Pa...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes previous research on using cement treated base and sub-base (CTB/CTSB) in flexible pavements. It finds that CTB/CTSB provides benefits like reduced material consumption, lower construction costs, and stronger pavement performance compared to traditional materials. However, past studies have not evaluated CTB/CTSB pavement performance after opening to traffic. This study aims to address that gap by analyzing pavement behavior and long-term performance when using CTB/CTSB and designing flexible pavements using a mechanistic-empirical method. It will also conduct a cost comparison of using CTB/CTSB versus traditional materials for pavement construction.
Flexible pavements using plastic as a road construction material: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses using plastic waste as a construction material in flexible pavements. It begins with an abstract noting the growing issue of plastic waste and the potential for reusing plastic in road construction. It then provides background on road construction materials and techniques. The literature review summarizes several research papers that studied using plastic as an additive in bitumen for paving roads. The research found that plastic waste can increase the strength and durability of roads while providing an environmentally-friendly use for plastic garbage.
IRJET- Study on Causes of Cracks and its Remedial Measures in Reinforced Conc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses cracks in reinforced concrete bridge piers and abutments. It first provides background on the causes of cracking, including applied loads, restraint from volume changes, and drying shrinkage. It then presents a case study of a bridge exhibiting cracks in the abutments and approaches. The cracks are thought to be caused by movement of the abutments due to issues with surrounding soils. The document outlines various remedial measures that could address abutment movement and cracking, such as soil grouting, concrete jacketing, and epoxy injection. It concludes that abutment movement must be addressed to prevent further deterioration of the bridge structure.
Application of Geosynthetics in Pavement DesignIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using geosynthetics like geogrids and geotextiles in pavement design. It discusses how geosynthetics can improve load distribution and reduce stresses on subgrade layers through mechanisms like confinement and interlocking. The document reviews literature showing geogrids can allow up to 40% reduction in base course thickness and increase the number of load cycles pavements can withstand by 1.5 to 3 times. It also discusses guidelines for selecting and placing geogrids to maximize reinforcement benefits, like placing them near the top of base layers. In summary, the document outlines how geosynthetics can provide a more cost-effective way to strengthen pavements through reinforcement.
IRJET - Review on Performance Study on Mastic Asphalt at Rotary SectionIRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance of mastic asphalt as a wearing surface at rotary sections in Chandigarh, India. It aims to measure distresses on mastic asphalt at selected rotaries, compare their performance based on distress levels and traffic volumes, and suggest remedial measures. The methodology involves identifying rotaries with mastic asphalt, selecting three for analysis based on traffic and distress, collecting data on distresses and road/traffic characteristics, testing mastic asphalt samples for properties, comparing performance between sections, and recommending improvements. The study will help predict mastic asphalt's lifespan and hardness over time to reduce maintenance costs and improve safety.
Design of Flexible Pavements for an Existing RoadIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of flexible pavements for an existing road. It begins by introducing the authors and their affiliations. It then provides background on flexible pavements, noting that they are designed to be flexible under loads with low flexural strength. The document outlines the key components of flexible pavement design, including the soil subgrade, sub-base course, base course, and surface course. It also lists factors that must be considered in pavement design, such as traffic loads, subgrade soil properties, climate, and material selection. The remainder of the document provides details on the specific flexible pavement design project for a road in Paratwada, India, including conducting soil tests and determining layer thicknesses based on traffic and sub
Assessment of Flexible Pavement Using the Falling Weight Deflectometer: A Com...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using Falling Weight Deflectometers (FWDs) to assess flexible pavements. It discusses FWD instruments and back-calculation methods to compute layer moduli.
The document begins by introducing FWD testing and its importance in pavement evaluation. It then describes various commercially available FWD models from manufacturers as well as indigenous Indian FWD models developed at IIT Kharagpur.
The principle of FWD testing is explained, which involves dropping a weight onto the pavement surface to simulate traffic loads. Deflection sensors then measure the surface deflections at different radial distances from the load. Back-calculation analysis of the deflection basin is used to estimate moduli of individual pavement layers.
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
This document provides a literature review on pervious concrete. It begins with an abstract that outlines that pervious concrete is made of cement, coarse aggregates, and water without fine particles, resulting in higher voids that allow liquid to flow through. It then reviews several past studies on pervious concrete. These studies examined using recycled concrete pavement, developing noise-reducing double layered asphalt pavement, using pozzolanic materials to increase compressive strength of pervious concrete, and the future of full depth permeable pavement and porous asphalt design to enhance sustainability and reduce runoff. The document concludes by discussing using permeable concrete pavement in Sydney to reduce stormwater runoff.
IRJET- Analysis of Structural Deformation in Flexible Pavement using KENLAYER...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the plastic deformation of unbound granular materials used in the base and sub-base layers of flexible pavements under variable cyclic loads and dry densities using the KENLAYER computer program. Field samples were taken from 5 different road categories and tested in the lab to determine properties like density, thickness and resilient modulus. The KENLAYER program was then used to model pavement responses like stresses, strains and deformation under different load repetitions and dry densities. The results aim to study how plastic deformation is affected by load repetitions and dry density to better understand rutting performance of the granular materials.
IRJET- Study on Design of Polymer based Flexible Pavements for Low Volume RoadsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the design of flexible pavements for low-volume roads using polymer materials. Soil samples were collected from the project site to determine characteristics like consistency limits, sieve analysis and CBR values. Based on these results, the thickness of the flexible pavement was designed using the Group Index and CBR methods. The road alignment was also designed and surveyed. The total road length was 497 meters divided into three sections.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
More Related Content
Similar to White Topping: A Review of Design and Construction Procedures
IRJET- Optimization of Process Parameters of Submerged ARC WeldingIRJET Journal
This document reviews strengthening and drainage of flexible pavements. It discusses how flexible pavements need to withstand wheel loads and stresses from traffic and weather. The study focuses on strengthening 16.7 km of road from Raipur rani to Naraingarh by analyzing existing conditions, collecting traffic and pavement data, and designing an overlay. It also looks at improving the road's drainage system to quickly discharge surface water and prevent issues like flooding or soft subgrades. Good drainage is important for road safety and maintenance. The document reviews literature on factors like load frequency and size that impact pavement stresses and deterioration. It also discusses frameworks for quantifying the effect of drainage quality on pavement performance.
EVALUATION AND STRENGTHENING OF RECONSTRUCTED ROADS EXCAVATED FOR UTILITIES U...IAEME Publication
The study highlights the need of pavement evaluation and pavement evaluation measures for the road pavements of urban areas in Kashmir which are often being cut and refilled after laying of utilities like optical fiber cables,municipal water supply pipes, construction of severs etc. This paper includes the collection of required field data like soil sub grade data, existing pavement structure, traffic data, pavement surface condition and rebound deflection by using BBD technique,
laboratory investigations and finally the design of the overall thickness of the road pavement and overlay whatsoever required to strengthen the road stretches.
This document provides guidelines for designing concrete pavements for city streets. It discusses factors to consider like subgrades, concrete mix design, street classification and traffic levels, geometric design, and thickness design. Six street classifications are defined based on traffic volumes, vehicle types, and maximum axle loadings. Proper subgrade preparation and compaction are emphasized. Concrete mix design should produce adequate strength and durability. Integral curbs are recommended for economy. Geometric design addresses issues like street widths, lanes, parking, and accommodating utilities. Thickness design utilizes methods that determine needs for plain, doweled, or reinforced concrete based on traffic levels.
Investigation And Analysis of Traffic Flow Capacity And Level of Service Dete...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research investigating traffic flow capacity and level of service on three bridges across the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad, India. Traffic characteristics were measured on the Swamivivekanand Bridge, Sardar Bridge, and Subhash Bridge during peak hours to understand current congestion levels. The study found heavy traffic volumes leading to jams on the bridges connecting commercial and residential areas of the city. Analyzing traffic speed, flow, and density helped determine whether the existing bridges can safely handle current and future traffic loads. Suggested measures aim to relieve congestion on the overburdened bridges.
Pavement deterioration is a serious problem for road and traffic sector in almost every country, the most
affecting causes of bituminous pavement failures have been studied in this paper. The paper describes the
lessons learnt from pavement failures and problems experienced. Failures of bituminous pavements are caused
due to many reasons or combination of reasons. Application of correction in the existing surface will enhance
the life of maintenance works as well as that of strengthening layer. Along with the maintenance techniques
there are various methods for pavement preservation which will help in enhancing the life of pavement and
delaying of its failure.This paper discusses the possible causes of pavement failures, and recommendbetter ways
to minimize and hopefully eliminate the causes of failures in bituminous pavements.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study on the design of flexible pavements. It includes an abstract that outlines a comparison of total present costs between flexible pavement and jointed plain concrete pavement for two case study roads. The document then lists contents that will be covered, including introduction to flexible pavements and their layers/functions, different flexible pavement design approaches, testing and materials used, construction processes, and a conclusion. It provides an overview of flexible pavement requirements, types, load transfer mechanisms, and common flexible pavement constructions.
IRJET - Design of Improved Drainage System using Pervious ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an improved drainage system using pervious concrete for rural road pavements. It begins with an introduction to pervious concrete and its benefits for drainage. It then outlines the objectives, methodology, site reconnaissance, soil testing, pervious concrete mix design testing, and structural design of the pervious concrete pavement. The document finds that pervious concrete has similar compressive strength to conventional concrete but higher permeability. It then details the design of the accompanying drainage system using French drains and perforated pipes. The conclusion is that pervious concrete is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for rural roads that can effectively capture and drain stormwater runoff.
IRJET- A Review on a Study of Cement Treated Base and Sub-Base in Flexible Pa...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes previous research on using cement treated base and sub-base (CTB/CTSB) in flexible pavements. It finds that CTB/CTSB provides benefits like reduced material consumption, lower construction costs, and stronger pavement performance compared to traditional materials. However, past studies have not evaluated CTB/CTSB pavement performance after opening to traffic. This study aims to address that gap by analyzing pavement behavior and long-term performance when using CTB/CTSB and designing flexible pavements using a mechanistic-empirical method. It will also conduct a cost comparison of using CTB/CTSB versus traditional materials for pavement construction.
Flexible pavements using plastic as a road construction material: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses using plastic waste as a construction material in flexible pavements. It begins with an abstract noting the growing issue of plastic waste and the potential for reusing plastic in road construction. It then provides background on road construction materials and techniques. The literature review summarizes several research papers that studied using plastic as an additive in bitumen for paving roads. The research found that plastic waste can increase the strength and durability of roads while providing an environmentally-friendly use for plastic garbage.
IRJET- Study on Causes of Cracks and its Remedial Measures in Reinforced Conc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses cracks in reinforced concrete bridge piers and abutments. It first provides background on the causes of cracking, including applied loads, restraint from volume changes, and drying shrinkage. It then presents a case study of a bridge exhibiting cracks in the abutments and approaches. The cracks are thought to be caused by movement of the abutments due to issues with surrounding soils. The document outlines various remedial measures that could address abutment movement and cracking, such as soil grouting, concrete jacketing, and epoxy injection. It concludes that abutment movement must be addressed to prevent further deterioration of the bridge structure.
Application of Geosynthetics in Pavement DesignIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using geosynthetics like geogrids and geotextiles in pavement design. It discusses how geosynthetics can improve load distribution and reduce stresses on subgrade layers through mechanisms like confinement and interlocking. The document reviews literature showing geogrids can allow up to 40% reduction in base course thickness and increase the number of load cycles pavements can withstand by 1.5 to 3 times. It also discusses guidelines for selecting and placing geogrids to maximize reinforcement benefits, like placing them near the top of base layers. In summary, the document outlines how geosynthetics can provide a more cost-effective way to strengthen pavements through reinforcement.
IRJET - Review on Performance Study on Mastic Asphalt at Rotary SectionIRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance of mastic asphalt as a wearing surface at rotary sections in Chandigarh, India. It aims to measure distresses on mastic asphalt at selected rotaries, compare their performance based on distress levels and traffic volumes, and suggest remedial measures. The methodology involves identifying rotaries with mastic asphalt, selecting three for analysis based on traffic and distress, collecting data on distresses and road/traffic characteristics, testing mastic asphalt samples for properties, comparing performance between sections, and recommending improvements. The study will help predict mastic asphalt's lifespan and hardness over time to reduce maintenance costs and improve safety.
Design of Flexible Pavements for an Existing RoadIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of flexible pavements for an existing road. It begins by introducing the authors and their affiliations. It then provides background on flexible pavements, noting that they are designed to be flexible under loads with low flexural strength. The document outlines the key components of flexible pavement design, including the soil subgrade, sub-base course, base course, and surface course. It also lists factors that must be considered in pavement design, such as traffic loads, subgrade soil properties, climate, and material selection. The remainder of the document provides details on the specific flexible pavement design project for a road in Paratwada, India, including conducting soil tests and determining layer thicknesses based on traffic and sub
Assessment of Flexible Pavement Using the Falling Weight Deflectometer: A Com...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using Falling Weight Deflectometers (FWDs) to assess flexible pavements. It discusses FWD instruments and back-calculation methods to compute layer moduli.
The document begins by introducing FWD testing and its importance in pavement evaluation. It then describes various commercially available FWD models from manufacturers as well as indigenous Indian FWD models developed at IIT Kharagpur.
The principle of FWD testing is explained, which involves dropping a weight onto the pavement surface to simulate traffic loads. Deflection sensors then measure the surface deflections at different radial distances from the load. Back-calculation analysis of the deflection basin is used to estimate moduli of individual pavement layers.
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
This document provides a literature review on pervious concrete. It begins with an abstract that outlines that pervious concrete is made of cement, coarse aggregates, and water without fine particles, resulting in higher voids that allow liquid to flow through. It then reviews several past studies on pervious concrete. These studies examined using recycled concrete pavement, developing noise-reducing double layered asphalt pavement, using pozzolanic materials to increase compressive strength of pervious concrete, and the future of full depth permeable pavement and porous asphalt design to enhance sustainability and reduce runoff. The document concludes by discussing using permeable concrete pavement in Sydney to reduce stormwater runoff.
IRJET- Analysis of Structural Deformation in Flexible Pavement using KENLAYER...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the plastic deformation of unbound granular materials used in the base and sub-base layers of flexible pavements under variable cyclic loads and dry densities using the KENLAYER computer program. Field samples were taken from 5 different road categories and tested in the lab to determine properties like density, thickness and resilient modulus. The KENLAYER program was then used to model pavement responses like stresses, strains and deformation under different load repetitions and dry densities. The results aim to study how plastic deformation is affected by load repetitions and dry density to better understand rutting performance of the granular materials.
IRJET- Study on Design of Polymer based Flexible Pavements for Low Volume RoadsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the design of flexible pavements for low-volume roads using polymer materials. Soil samples were collected from the project site to determine characteristics like consistency limits, sieve analysis and CBR values. Based on these results, the thickness of the flexible pavement was designed using the Group Index and CBR methods. The road alignment was also designed and surveyed. The total road length was 497 meters divided into three sections.
Similar to White Topping: A Review of Design and Construction Procedures (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.