This will help you to understand different wheel drive theories, why 2 wheel drive or 4 wheel drivetrain is used, and the conflicting nature between the two.

1. Literature review
Conflicting Nature between 2
Wheel And 4 Wheels Drivetrains
 Course :
Fundamental of Automotive
Engineering
 Date 04/07/2020
 Prepared By:
• Harshal Bhatt (110026572)
• Parth Kamani (110024726)
• Yash Patel (110026240)

2. Table of Contents
Introduction Literature
review
Difference
between various
drive train
4 wheel drive 2 wheel drive
Conflicting parameters
of 2WD and 4WD
Conclusion references
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3. Introduction
The automotive industry is one of the largest industries in the
world and in this modern era, new inventions occur every day to
improve the automotive vehicles in any way possible whether it
is passenger comfort, safety, fuel economy or overall efficiency
of the vehicle.
There are many safety features available in a modern automotive
vehicle like electronic stability control, traction control or anti-
lock braking system. This entire feature is related to vehicle
transmission.
Today customers got an option to choose between front or rear-
wheel drive, all-wheel drive, or four-wheel drive.
All this different option has its own different purpose to serve.
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4. Literature Review
B Setyono1, D A Patriawan found in one of his articles
related to two heel drive [1] that the front-wheel-drive
(FWD) with free impetus has a few points of interest. One
of them is to decrease space necessities when the vehicle
turns, so the vehicle can turn with a more contract extend.
FWD with free engines encourages the vehicle to
control the speed and course of the turn are diverse
on each engine. The diverse revolution on the
cleared out and right wheels can impact space
prerequisite cornering span.
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5. Literature
review
Yu Chih-Hsien has presented [3] their view on his paper that
design of a power train for two-axle four-wheel-drive (4WD)
electric vehicle (EV). the point is to upgrade the vitality
effectiveness, driving solidness for a Utility Vehicle (UV) that's
initially prepared with a 500cc combustion motor.
The rotational difference between the left and right wheels is only
1%, but this could be a problem when high RPM.
The differences in space required when the system is activated
reach 1.49 meters shorter than the system off. Space requirements
could still be further reduced if the direction of rotation between
left and right wheels made differently.
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6. Difference between various drive train
 If we consider the front-wheel-drive all the
power generated by the engine transferred
to the front wheel. Front-wheel drive
vehicles are easy to manufacture and
cheaper than other designs. In addition,
they provide good traction while climbing
hills. While rear-wheel drive comes in a
performance vehicle, pickups and old
school SUVs, and luxury sedans. Rear-
wheel drive offers less traction on slippery
roads [4].
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7. Difference between various drive train
In all-wheel drive, because the name
suggests power is provided to all or any
corners of the vehicle. It provides
superb traction and stability to the
vehicle, but it also increases the load of
the vehicle. Because the weight of the
vehicle increases the fuel, the economy
of the vehicle decreases.
Most of the all-wheel-drive vehicle
provides maximum power to the front
wheel and a little amount of power to
rear wheel when the need arises [4].
Albeit all-wheel drive and four-wheel
drive assignment frequently utilized
reciprocally in promotions, there is a
distinction.
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8. 4 wheel drive
 4-wheel drive refers to vehicles with two
axles giving torque to four pivot ends. In
the North American showcase, the term,
for the most part, alludes to a framework
optimized for off-road driving
conditions. The term "4-wheel drive" is
regularly assigned for vehicles prepared
with an exchange case that switches
between 2WD and 4WD working
modes, either physically or consequently
[6].
4/5/2022
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9.  most parts of any four-wheel-drive framework are the two
differentials (front and raise) and the exchange case. In
addition, part-time systems have locking hubs, and both
types of systems may have advanced electronics that help
them make even better use of the available traction [2].
 Differentials A car has two differentials, one found
between the two front wheels and one between the two
raise wheels. They moreover permit the cleared out and
right wheels to turn at diverse speeds once you go around a
turn.
 Once you go around a turn, the interior wheels take after a
distinctive way than the exterior wheels, and the front
wheels take after a distinctive way than the raise wheels,
so each of the wheels is spinning at a different speed [2].
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10. 2 wheel drive
 On most cars, known as two-wheel-drive cars,
the drivetrain transfers power to just two
wheels either the two rear wheels or the two
front wheels [4]. The 2-wheel drive system is
easy to manufacture and has less weight
compare to 4-wheel drive which affects the
fuel economy of the vehicle.
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11. Conflicting
parameters of
2WD and
4WD
There are some advantages and
disadvantages of an all-wheel-drive over
2-wheel drive. The 4-wheel drive can
accelerate better than 2-wheel drive in
increased weather or in the unpaved dirt
road. After you go on camping off-street
on earth or a sandy region, vehicle with 4-
wheel drive will decrease your chances of
getting stuck [4].
There are also some disadvantages like
increased cost, and you will also pay for
more fuel as the fuel economy will be
rated lower in 4-wheel drive. The 4-wheel
drive components weigh more and place a
higher load on the engine [8]. These
variables will diminish fuel economy by
approximately 1-2 mpg. It may not appear
like much, but typically a 5-10 percent
diminish in trucks and can include up to a
few hundred dollars in a year.
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12. Conflicting parameters of 2WD and 4WD drivetrain
In 4-wheel drive, differentials require oil
changes and it requires regular maintenance.
This will increase the maintenance cost of the
vehicle and if something happens to the
component the replacement cost is higher than
the 2-wheel drive vehicle [8]. It also gives a
false sense of security to the customers like you
can drive in snow or rain easily as the dry
condition, but the reality is 4-wheel drive only
helps in acceleration and traction [8].
A noteworthy sum of control is going through
due to friction to turn gears, driveshafts, and
joints fair to exchange that control to the drive
wheels. Usually called driveline loss. it ‘Then
there is a thing called unsprung weight which
also negatively impacts performance and gas
mileage.
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13. Conclusions and
recommendations
 So, in conclusion, it’s safe to say that 4 wheels drivetrain has higher traction control and
acceleration than 2-wheel drive. And 4-wheel drive train is most appropriate to use for dusty,
snow and not so healthy weather so that all wheels can generate its strength and vehicle can run
easily. But for the normal weather conditions and daily use, a 2-wheel drive train system would
be enough for a vehicle.
 Other than that, manufacturers are trying to sell the vehicle by providing an advertisement that it
may be more accurate and efficient in use, but it has seen that it is not true at all. It is completely
up to the driver’s ability and in most of the cases with the help of certain parts on wheels and
over vehicle (for instance grip tires for rusty roads) 2-wheel drive system can easily cop up.
 Well, it is always been recommended that customers should take care before luring through the
salesperson or any fancy advertisement and try to buy the vehicle most prefer them for their
uses.
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14. References
1. B Setyono et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 462
012013
2. Sankar Mohan, “All-Wheel Drive / Four-Wheel Drive
Systems and Strategies,” Conference Series: FISITA World
Automotive Congress, June 12-15, 2000,
3. Chih-Hsien, Yu, Chyuan-Yow, Chih-Ming, Chang, “Study
on Power Train of Two Axles Four Wheel Drive Electric
Vehicle”, vol. 14, DOI - 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1128,
December 2012
4. Karim Nice "How Four-Wheel Drive Works" 18 April
2001.
HowStuffWorks.com.
<https://auto.howstuffworks.com/four-wheel-drive.htm> 6
April 2020
5. Collard, Chris. "2WD vs AWD vs
4WD". ConsumerReports.com. Consumer Reports
Magazine. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
6. J. Wang and R. G. Longoria, "Coordinated and
Reconfigurable Vehicle Dynamics Control," in IEEE
Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 17, no.
3, pp. 723-732, May 2009.
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