This document provides information about the steering system of an automobile. It discusses various components and angles of the steering system including camber, caster, king pin inclination, and toe-in/toe-out. It describes the functions of these components such as maintaining stability and returning the wheels to straight ahead position after a turn. The document is a report submitted by engineering students for their subject on automobile engineering focusing on the steering system.

1. VIDHYADEEP INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT: Automobile Engineering
TOPIC : Steering System
DEPARTMENT : Mechanical Engg.

2. Group Member
Name Enrollment Number
Patel Hiten P. 130943119008
Patel Lateshkumar H. 130943119009
Patel Sanketkumar U. 130943119010
Guide by : Mr.Ritesh.N.Patel

3. Introduction
 The steering system allow the driver to control the direction of
vehicle travel.
The following are the secondary function of steering system:
(1) It provides directional stability of vehicle when going straight
ahead.
(2) It provides straight ahead recovery after completing a turn.
(3) It helps in controlling wear and tear of tyres.
(4) It converts the rotary movement of the steering wheel into an
angular turn of the front wheels

4. The following are the requirements of a good steering
system.
(1) The steering mechanism should be very accurate and easy to handle.
(2) The vehicle should be steered with a minimum of effort so that the
driver does not feel driving fatigue.
(3) The steering mechanism should be affected by the side thrusts,
cornering forces and wind effects.
(4)The mechanism should have a tendency to regain the straight ahead
configuration after steering need is over.

5. Camber
 Camber is the tilt of the car wheel from the vertical.
 The tyre life will be maximum when camber angle is zero.
 Caster is also know as wheel rake.
Effect: Excessive camber causes
improper contact of the wheel.
Amount: most manufactures specify
A very small camber. Usually 2º to 3º from
Straight up and down.

6. Positive Camber Angle
Compound belt drive
 If tiles outward it is positive camber angle.
 Positive camber angle
Primarily used on front wheels.
Reasons to use Positive Camber
 s

7. Negative Camber Angle
 If tiled inward it is negative camber angle.
 Negative camber angle Primarily
used on rear wheels.
Reasons to use Negative Camber
 Increased cornering ability.
 Increases road shock & component wear.

8. Caster
 The angle between the king pin Centre line and the vertical ,in the
plane of the wheel is called caster angle.
Effect: Incorrect caster can produce
Difficulties like hard steering,
Pulling to one side when brakes are
Applied.
Amount: It will be about 3º

9. Positive Caster Angle
 The caster is called positive when the top of the king pin axis is
inclined to the rear of the wheel.
Benefits of positive caster
 Helps to maintain directional
stability.
 Helps to return wheels to straight
ahead after being steered.

10. Negative Caster Angle
 If toping of the king pin axis is incline to the front of the vehicle, it is
called negative caster angle.
Benefits of negative caster
 wheel is easier to turn.

11. King Pin Inclination
 The angle between the vertical line and center of the king pin or
steering axle, when view from front
vehicle, is known as king pin inclination.
Effect :It is reduces steering effort
particularly when vehicle is stationary. It
reduces tyre wear also.
Amount: The king pin inclination in
vehicles ranges from 6°to 8°.It
must be equal to both sides.

12. Toe-in
 Toe-in is the amount by which the front wheels are set closer
together at the front than at the rear
when the vehicle is stationary.
front = 79 in.
rear = 80 in.
Total toe-in = 1 in
79”
80”

13. Toe-Out
 The wheel may be set closer at the rear than at the front in which case
the difference of the distance between
the front wheels at the front and at
the rear is called toe-out.
front = 80 in.
rear = 79 in.
Total toe-out = 1 in