This document provides information about front suspension components and alignment specifications for a vehicle. It describes the front suspension system which uses upper and lower control arms, coil springs, shock absorbers, and a stabilizer bar. It provides instructions for inspecting, diagnosing, and adjusting components like wheel bearings, ball joints, and toe alignment. Specifications are given for caster, camber, toe alignment, and torque values for fasteners.
1) The document describes the primary shaft and rear intermediate shaft of a gearbox. It provides details on removal and installation procedures.
2) Removal of the primary shaft requires removing surrounding components and shims to adjust axial clearance of gear pinions. Installation requires cleaning, reinstalling parts, and adjusting bearings.
3) The rear intermediate shaft supports several gear pinions and transmits movement to the rear axle. Its removal requires removing surrounding parts. Installation involves adjusting bearings to specified clearances using shims.
The document discusses differentials and their components. A differential is located in the rear axle assembly and splits torque from the drive shaft to allow the left and right wheels to spin at different speeds when turning. It discusses the types of gears used including spiral bevel gears and hypoid gears. It also describes the different types of differentials including open differentials, limited slip differentials, and locking differentials. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided. Measurements and adjustments that are important for differentials like pinion gear depth, pinion bearing preload, and ring and pinion backlash are also outlined.
India’s recent stand on Smart City Development and involvement of various high income countries; initiates the talk of ideal variables for smart city evolution by our own standards. With a vision of Urban Governance for general livability, it becomes imperative to study these parameters and ensure the evolution of our own concept of a Smart City. Our spatial planning models based on unique factors such as Human Diversity, Physical-Social networks and ICT impact on urban fabric, City resilience, etc. make it all the more interesting to evolve a blueprint for Planning a Smart City.
The paper centers the infrastructural developments for the Smart Urban Development in India. The research helps us arrive at a general line of action for Urban Planning implications catering to the Infrastructure Sector, amongst others; thus affecting environmental, social and economic structure significantly. The study further finds the scope of progress, encouraged from various government policies for successful implementation of Smart City Development. It also allows a peek into future scenario of improvements and deliberations particular to Indian standards in consideration with the scenario of other countries.
The document provides information on servicing the front suspension and axle of a Grand Cherokee vehicle. It discusses components like the track bar, stabilizer bar, upper and lower suspension arms, coil springs, shock absorbers and bushings. The summary also covers procedures for front wheel alignment, diagnosis of noise/vibration issues, specifications and torque values.
This document discusses the steering system of a vehicle. It defines steering as converting the rotary movement of the steering wheel into angular turn of the front wheels. The steering system must multiply turning effort, be somewhat irreversible to shocks, and allow turning at the driver's will. There are two common steering mechanisms: Davis and Ackermann gears. Camber and caster angles are also discussed to explain how wheels are oriented for stability and wear. The document provides details on various components and specifications of a basic automotive steering system.
The document discusses the requirements of a good steering system, including that it should be accurate, easy to handle, and require minimal effort. It also covers various aspects of wheel alignment such as camber angle, caster angle, toe-in/toe-out, and scrub radius that impact tire wear and vehicle stability. Proper wheel alignment reduces tire wear, improves gas mileage and safety, and prevents pulling to one side.
This document discusses key terms and concepts related to steering system design, including camber, caster, directional stability, geometric centerline, toe, parallelism, and Ackerman steering. It provides definitions and explanations of these terms. For example, it explains that caster provides directional stability and the ability of wheels to return to the straight ahead position after a turn. It also discusses various steering system types like rack and pinion steering and their advantages and disadvantages.
Wheel alignment refers to adjusting the angles of a vehicle's wheels to optimize handling and reduce tire wear. There are three main alignment angles: caster, camber, and toe. Caster involves tilting the steering pivot point forward or backward. Camber involves tilting the top of the wheel inward or outward. Toe involves angling the wheels slightly inward (toe-in) or outward (toe-out). Proper alignment settings improve tire wear, straight-line stability, and cornering ability. Alignment should be checked if a vehicle exhibits uneven tire tread wear, pulling, steering wheel issues, or vibrations.
1) The document describes the primary shaft and rear intermediate shaft of a gearbox. It provides details on removal and installation procedures.
2) Removal of the primary shaft requires removing surrounding components and shims to adjust axial clearance of gear pinions. Installation requires cleaning, reinstalling parts, and adjusting bearings.
3) The rear intermediate shaft supports several gear pinions and transmits movement to the rear axle. Its removal requires removing surrounding parts. Installation involves adjusting bearings to specified clearances using shims.
The document discusses differentials and their components. A differential is located in the rear axle assembly and splits torque from the drive shaft to allow the left and right wheels to spin at different speeds when turning. It discusses the types of gears used including spiral bevel gears and hypoid gears. It also describes the different types of differentials including open differentials, limited slip differentials, and locking differentials. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided. Measurements and adjustments that are important for differentials like pinion gear depth, pinion bearing preload, and ring and pinion backlash are also outlined.
India’s recent stand on Smart City Development and involvement of various high income countries; initiates the talk of ideal variables for smart city evolution by our own standards. With a vision of Urban Governance for general livability, it becomes imperative to study these parameters and ensure the evolution of our own concept of a Smart City. Our spatial planning models based on unique factors such as Human Diversity, Physical-Social networks and ICT impact on urban fabric, City resilience, etc. make it all the more interesting to evolve a blueprint for Planning a Smart City.
The paper centers the infrastructural developments for the Smart Urban Development in India. The research helps us arrive at a general line of action for Urban Planning implications catering to the Infrastructure Sector, amongst others; thus affecting environmental, social and economic structure significantly. The study further finds the scope of progress, encouraged from various government policies for successful implementation of Smart City Development. It also allows a peek into future scenario of improvements and deliberations particular to Indian standards in consideration with the scenario of other countries.
The document provides information on servicing the front suspension and axle of a Grand Cherokee vehicle. It discusses components like the track bar, stabilizer bar, upper and lower suspension arms, coil springs, shock absorbers and bushings. The summary also covers procedures for front wheel alignment, diagnosis of noise/vibration issues, specifications and torque values.
This document discusses the steering system of a vehicle. It defines steering as converting the rotary movement of the steering wheel into angular turn of the front wheels. The steering system must multiply turning effort, be somewhat irreversible to shocks, and allow turning at the driver's will. There are two common steering mechanisms: Davis and Ackermann gears. Camber and caster angles are also discussed to explain how wheels are oriented for stability and wear. The document provides details on various components and specifications of a basic automotive steering system.
The document discusses the requirements of a good steering system, including that it should be accurate, easy to handle, and require minimal effort. It also covers various aspects of wheel alignment such as camber angle, caster angle, toe-in/toe-out, and scrub radius that impact tire wear and vehicle stability. Proper wheel alignment reduces tire wear, improves gas mileage and safety, and prevents pulling to one side.
This document discusses key terms and concepts related to steering system design, including camber, caster, directional stability, geometric centerline, toe, parallelism, and Ackerman steering. It provides definitions and explanations of these terms. For example, it explains that caster provides directional stability and the ability of wheels to return to the straight ahead position after a turn. It also discusses various steering system types like rack and pinion steering and their advantages and disadvantages.
Wheel alignment refers to adjusting the angles of a vehicle's wheels to optimize handling and reduce tire wear. There are three main alignment angles: caster, camber, and toe. Caster involves tilting the steering pivot point forward or backward. Camber involves tilting the top of the wheel inward or outward. Toe involves angling the wheels slightly inward (toe-in) or outward (toe-out). Proper alignment settings improve tire wear, straight-line stability, and cornering ability. Alignment should be checked if a vehicle exhibits uneven tire tread wear, pulling, steering wheel issues, or vibrations.
A wheel alignment adjusts the suspension and steering angles to ensure proper vehicle handling and minimize tire wear. The key alignment angles are camber, caster, toe, steering axis inclination, and included angle. Camber is the tilt of the wheel from vertical. Caster is the tilt of the steering axis. Toe is the difference in width between the front and rear of the tires. Correct alignment reduces tire wear and keeps the vehicle traveling in a straight line.
This document provides information about propeller shafts and driveline angles. It includes:
- Descriptions of propeller shaft components and their purpose in transmitting power from the transmission to the axle.
- Guidelines for proper propeller shaft lubrication, phasing, and maximum operating angles based on engine speed.
- Procedures for diagnosing and testing for vibration, imbalance, and runout.
- Steps for measuring driveline angles using an inclinometer to evaluate the transmission output angle, propeller shaft angle, and axle input angle.
This document provides information about propeller shafts and drivelines. It discusses lubrication requirements, joint angles, types of universal joints, diagnosis of issues like runout and vibration, service procedures including measurement and adjustment, specifications, and removal/installation of front and rear propeller shafts. The document contains diagrams and explanations to aid technicians in maintenance and repair of these components.
The document discusses various components of an automobile steering system. It describes the purpose of the steering system to convert the rotary movement of the steering wheel into angular turns of the front wheels. It then explains different steering layouts such as swinging beam, fixed beam, and Ackermann steering principles. It also discusses steering angles including caster angle, camber angle, and kingpin inclination. Finally, it covers steering gears, power steering systems, steering linkages, and ball joints.
LEVEL II WHEEL ALIGNMENT system of automotive 3.Jemilsultan1
Vehicle wheel alignment ensures proper handling and reduces tire wear by adjusting the suspension and steering angles. The key angles adjusted are camber, caster, steering axis inclination, toe, and turning radius. Improper alignment of any of these angles can cause difficulties steering, poor stability, reduced cornering ability, and increased tire wear. Regular wheel alignments are needed to restore optimal suspension and steering geometry as components shift slightly with use over time.
Wheel alignment, also called steering geometry, ensures a vehicle's wheels are properly positioned for directional stability, smooth rolling, and safe recovery after turns. It involves adjusting the caster angle, camber, king pin inclination, toe-in and toe-out. A positive caster angle of about 30 improves stability and reduces tire wear, while negative caster has poor stability. Camber is the tilt of wheels from vertical, with positive camber tilting outward at the top. Toe-in and toe-out refer to the front wheels pointing inward or outward when viewed from the top.
Toe, camber, caster, steering axis inclination, and turning radius are the key alignment angles. Toe is the distance between the front and rear of the tires. Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the tire. Caster is the forward or rearward tilt of the spindle support arm. Steering axis inclination is an imaginary line through the upper and lower pivot points. Turning radius is the angle created by a common point to both front wheels. Adjustments should not be made before inspecting steering and suspension components for wear.
This document provides information on propeller shafts. It discusses:
1) There are three types of propeller shafts used on 4WD vehicles, differing by their joint configurations and whether they include a slip yoke.
2) Universal joints are used to allow the propeller shaft to operate at different angles and are not repairable if damaged.
3) Vibration can be caused by an unbalanced propeller shaft, worn or misaligned universal joints, or other vehicle component issues like loose engine mounts. Diagnosis procedures include measuring runout and clamping sections to isolate the source.
1) Skew is the position of the roller axis with respect to the rotating drum axis. If they are parallel there is zero skew, if not parallel the roller is skewed and creates axial thrust on the drum.
2) Skewed rollers can accelerate wear by creating uneven load distribution, loss of contact and high stress points, and slipping/skidding between the roller and drum.
3) Understanding the bearing style is key to determining the axial position and direction of skew for each roller. Fixed plain sleeve bearings with thrust buttons can be checked by striking the end caps to identify which end has thrust.
Skew is the position of the roller axis relative to the rotating axis of the kiln shell. If they are parallel there is zero skew, but if not parallel the roller is skewed and creates axial thrust on the kiln. Understanding skew is important to avoid mechanical issues. Skew distributes the load between rollers but too much skew decreases contact area and increases stress, potentially causing failure. Proper adjustment and understanding of skew is needed to optimize kiln operation and prevent damage.
1) Skew is the position of the roller axis with respect to the rotating drum axis. If they are parallel there is zero skew, if not parallel the roller is skewed and creates axial thrust on the drum.
2) Skewed rollers can accelerate wear by creating uneven load distribution, loss of contact and high stress areas, and slipping/skidding between the roller and drum.
3) Understanding the bearing style is key to determining the axial position and direction of skew for each roller. Fixed plain sleeve bearings with thrust buttons can be checked by striking the end caps to identify which end has thrust.
The document discusses steering, brake, and suspension systems. It describes the main components of a steering system, including the steering wheel, steering column, steering gear, drop arm and ball joints. It explains the functions of the steering wheel and concepts such as caster, camber, kingpin inclination, and toe. It also discusses different types of steering gear boxes, including rack and pinion and recirculating ball types. Power steering and its advantages over manual steering are also summarized.
Presentation on Steering pull on vehicle by Yogesh prasadYogesh Prasad
The document discusses various types of steering pull that can occur in vehicles. It defines steady pull as a continual drift to one side that requires constant steering correction. Possible causes of steady pull include uneven camber/caster, rear axle misalignment, brake drag, tire issues, or an unbalanced power steering system. Memory steer is when the steering wants to return to a position other than center after a turn. Bump steer makes the vehicle jerk or veer when passing over bumps due to unequal toe changes in the suspension.
The document provides information about rear suspension and axles for a Grand Cherokee vehicle. It describes the main components of the rear suspension system, including coil springs, upper and lower suspension arms, shock absorbers, stabilizer bar, track bar, and jounce bumpers. It also explains how the standard differential allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds when turning corners to compensate for the longer path of the outside wheel. The Model 35 axle used in the Grand Cherokee can be equipped with an optional Trac-Lok limited slip differential.
This document discusses vehicle handling and summarizes key concepts related to steady state and transient handling behavior. It covers topics such as Ackerman steering geometry, low and high speed cornering, tire cornering stiffness, understeer and oversteer characteristics, and factors that influence steady state response including weight distribution and tire properties. Metrics for evaluating vehicle response like understeer gradient, characteristic speed, and static margin are also introduced.
This document provides information on servicing the front and rear axles. For the front axle, it describes components of the wheel hub and knuckle assembly and provides procedures for removal, installation, disassembly, inspection, and assembly. It also covers the drive shaft components and procedures for removal, installation, disassembly, inspection, and assembly. Noise, vibration and harshness troubleshooting tips are given. Specifications are provided for drive shaft, dynamic damper, and wheel bearings. For the rear axle, similar information is given for rear axle parts, rear wheel bearings, and wheel hub removal and installation. Rear wheel bearing specifications are also included.
This document provides information on servicing the front and rear axles. For the front axle, it describes components of the wheel hub and knuckle assembly and drive shaft. It provides procedures for removal, installation, disassembly, inspection, and assembly of these components. It also includes specifications for front axle parts like the drive shaft and wheel bearings. For the rear axle, it similarly outlines components, removal/installation procedures, and specifications for parts like the wheel hub and wheel bearings.
The document discusses various aspects of steering systems, including:
1. The primary and secondary functions of steering systems which allow the driver to control vehicle direction and provide stability and feedback.
2. Common causes of stiff steering like insufficient lubrication or incorrect tire pressure and alignment.
3. Requirements of a good steering system including accuracy, ease of handling, and minimal effort.
4. Types of front axles including live and dead axles and their characteristics.
Computer based Wireless Automobile Wheel Alignment system using Accelerometertheijes
A computer based wireless automobile wheel alignment measurement system using accelerometer is presented in this paper, which has the advantages of simple circuit, low cost , high resolution with high working reliability. The causes and effects of improper wheel alignment by traditional methods are analyzed in the model. In this system wireless transmission techniques are adopted to transmit data between measuring unit and computer. This makes the measurement operation much easier. This paper presents unique and innovative use of accelerometer for the measurement of automobile wheel parameters, such as camber and toe. The hardware and software realizations are also explored in this paper. The system practical applications shows that its performance meets the design requirements.
Computerized wheel alignment and balancing PPT.pptxitech2017
This document discusses wheel balancing and the wheel balancing machine. It begins with an introduction to wheel balancing and why it is important. It then describes the wheel balancing machine, how it works, and the process for balancing an unbalanced wheel using the machine. Key points are that the machine spins the wheel and measures any imbalance, determines the necessary weight size and location to add to balance the wheel, and ensures a smooth, vibration-free ride. The conclusion restates that balancing increases tire life and comfort.
The document provides information on turn signal and hazard warning systems. It describes the main components, which include a combination flasher, multi-function switch, turn signal indicator lamps, and turn signal lamps. It outlines procedures for diagnosing issues and testing components like the flasher and switch. Removal and installation instructions are provided for the multi-function switch and combination flasher.
This document provides information about steering systems for ZJ vehicles. It describes the major components of the power steering system including the recirculating ball steering gear, steering linkage, power steering pump, and steering column. It provides details on identifying codes for the steering gear and pump as well as diagnosing common noise complaints.
A wheel alignment adjusts the suspension and steering angles to ensure proper vehicle handling and minimize tire wear. The key alignment angles are camber, caster, toe, steering axis inclination, and included angle. Camber is the tilt of the wheel from vertical. Caster is the tilt of the steering axis. Toe is the difference in width between the front and rear of the tires. Correct alignment reduces tire wear and keeps the vehicle traveling in a straight line.
This document provides information about propeller shafts and driveline angles. It includes:
- Descriptions of propeller shaft components and their purpose in transmitting power from the transmission to the axle.
- Guidelines for proper propeller shaft lubrication, phasing, and maximum operating angles based on engine speed.
- Procedures for diagnosing and testing for vibration, imbalance, and runout.
- Steps for measuring driveline angles using an inclinometer to evaluate the transmission output angle, propeller shaft angle, and axle input angle.
This document provides information about propeller shafts and drivelines. It discusses lubrication requirements, joint angles, types of universal joints, diagnosis of issues like runout and vibration, service procedures including measurement and adjustment, specifications, and removal/installation of front and rear propeller shafts. The document contains diagrams and explanations to aid technicians in maintenance and repair of these components.
The document discusses various components of an automobile steering system. It describes the purpose of the steering system to convert the rotary movement of the steering wheel into angular turns of the front wheels. It then explains different steering layouts such as swinging beam, fixed beam, and Ackermann steering principles. It also discusses steering angles including caster angle, camber angle, and kingpin inclination. Finally, it covers steering gears, power steering systems, steering linkages, and ball joints.
LEVEL II WHEEL ALIGNMENT system of automotive 3.Jemilsultan1
Vehicle wheel alignment ensures proper handling and reduces tire wear by adjusting the suspension and steering angles. The key angles adjusted are camber, caster, steering axis inclination, toe, and turning radius. Improper alignment of any of these angles can cause difficulties steering, poor stability, reduced cornering ability, and increased tire wear. Regular wheel alignments are needed to restore optimal suspension and steering geometry as components shift slightly with use over time.
Wheel alignment, also called steering geometry, ensures a vehicle's wheels are properly positioned for directional stability, smooth rolling, and safe recovery after turns. It involves adjusting the caster angle, camber, king pin inclination, toe-in and toe-out. A positive caster angle of about 30 improves stability and reduces tire wear, while negative caster has poor stability. Camber is the tilt of wheels from vertical, with positive camber tilting outward at the top. Toe-in and toe-out refer to the front wheels pointing inward or outward when viewed from the top.
Toe, camber, caster, steering axis inclination, and turning radius are the key alignment angles. Toe is the distance between the front and rear of the tires. Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the tire. Caster is the forward or rearward tilt of the spindle support arm. Steering axis inclination is an imaginary line through the upper and lower pivot points. Turning radius is the angle created by a common point to both front wheels. Adjustments should not be made before inspecting steering and suspension components for wear.
This document provides information on propeller shafts. It discusses:
1) There are three types of propeller shafts used on 4WD vehicles, differing by their joint configurations and whether they include a slip yoke.
2) Universal joints are used to allow the propeller shaft to operate at different angles and are not repairable if damaged.
3) Vibration can be caused by an unbalanced propeller shaft, worn or misaligned universal joints, or other vehicle component issues like loose engine mounts. Diagnosis procedures include measuring runout and clamping sections to isolate the source.
1) Skew is the position of the roller axis with respect to the rotating drum axis. If they are parallel there is zero skew, if not parallel the roller is skewed and creates axial thrust on the drum.
2) Skewed rollers can accelerate wear by creating uneven load distribution, loss of contact and high stress points, and slipping/skidding between the roller and drum.
3) Understanding the bearing style is key to determining the axial position and direction of skew for each roller. Fixed plain sleeve bearings with thrust buttons can be checked by striking the end caps to identify which end has thrust.
Skew is the position of the roller axis relative to the rotating axis of the kiln shell. If they are parallel there is zero skew, but if not parallel the roller is skewed and creates axial thrust on the kiln. Understanding skew is important to avoid mechanical issues. Skew distributes the load between rollers but too much skew decreases contact area and increases stress, potentially causing failure. Proper adjustment and understanding of skew is needed to optimize kiln operation and prevent damage.
1) Skew is the position of the roller axis with respect to the rotating drum axis. If they are parallel there is zero skew, if not parallel the roller is skewed and creates axial thrust on the drum.
2) Skewed rollers can accelerate wear by creating uneven load distribution, loss of contact and high stress areas, and slipping/skidding between the roller and drum.
3) Understanding the bearing style is key to determining the axial position and direction of skew for each roller. Fixed plain sleeve bearings with thrust buttons can be checked by striking the end caps to identify which end has thrust.
The document discusses steering, brake, and suspension systems. It describes the main components of a steering system, including the steering wheel, steering column, steering gear, drop arm and ball joints. It explains the functions of the steering wheel and concepts such as caster, camber, kingpin inclination, and toe. It also discusses different types of steering gear boxes, including rack and pinion and recirculating ball types. Power steering and its advantages over manual steering are also summarized.
Presentation on Steering pull on vehicle by Yogesh prasadYogesh Prasad
The document discusses various types of steering pull that can occur in vehicles. It defines steady pull as a continual drift to one side that requires constant steering correction. Possible causes of steady pull include uneven camber/caster, rear axle misalignment, brake drag, tire issues, or an unbalanced power steering system. Memory steer is when the steering wants to return to a position other than center after a turn. Bump steer makes the vehicle jerk or veer when passing over bumps due to unequal toe changes in the suspension.
The document provides information about rear suspension and axles for a Grand Cherokee vehicle. It describes the main components of the rear suspension system, including coil springs, upper and lower suspension arms, shock absorbers, stabilizer bar, track bar, and jounce bumpers. It also explains how the standard differential allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds when turning corners to compensate for the longer path of the outside wheel. The Model 35 axle used in the Grand Cherokee can be equipped with an optional Trac-Lok limited slip differential.
This document discusses vehicle handling and summarizes key concepts related to steady state and transient handling behavior. It covers topics such as Ackerman steering geometry, low and high speed cornering, tire cornering stiffness, understeer and oversteer characteristics, and factors that influence steady state response including weight distribution and tire properties. Metrics for evaluating vehicle response like understeer gradient, characteristic speed, and static margin are also introduced.
This document provides information on servicing the front and rear axles. For the front axle, it describes components of the wheel hub and knuckle assembly and provides procedures for removal, installation, disassembly, inspection, and assembly. It also covers the drive shaft components and procedures for removal, installation, disassembly, inspection, and assembly. Noise, vibration and harshness troubleshooting tips are given. Specifications are provided for drive shaft, dynamic damper, and wheel bearings. For the rear axle, similar information is given for rear axle parts, rear wheel bearings, and wheel hub removal and installation. Rear wheel bearing specifications are also included.
This document provides information on servicing the front and rear axles. For the front axle, it describes components of the wheel hub and knuckle assembly and drive shaft. It provides procedures for removal, installation, disassembly, inspection, and assembly of these components. It also includes specifications for front axle parts like the drive shaft and wheel bearings. For the rear axle, it similarly outlines components, removal/installation procedures, and specifications for parts like the wheel hub and wheel bearings.
The document discusses various aspects of steering systems, including:
1. The primary and secondary functions of steering systems which allow the driver to control vehicle direction and provide stability and feedback.
2. Common causes of stiff steering like insufficient lubrication or incorrect tire pressure and alignment.
3. Requirements of a good steering system including accuracy, ease of handling, and minimal effort.
4. Types of front axles including live and dead axles and their characteristics.
Computer based Wireless Automobile Wheel Alignment system using Accelerometertheijes
A computer based wireless automobile wheel alignment measurement system using accelerometer is presented in this paper, which has the advantages of simple circuit, low cost , high resolution with high working reliability. The causes and effects of improper wheel alignment by traditional methods are analyzed in the model. In this system wireless transmission techniques are adopted to transmit data between measuring unit and computer. This makes the measurement operation much easier. This paper presents unique and innovative use of accelerometer for the measurement of automobile wheel parameters, such as camber and toe. The hardware and software realizations are also explored in this paper. The system practical applications shows that its performance meets the design requirements.
Computerized wheel alignment and balancing PPT.pptxitech2017
This document discusses wheel balancing and the wheel balancing machine. It begins with an introduction to wheel balancing and why it is important. It then describes the wheel balancing machine, how it works, and the process for balancing an unbalanced wheel using the machine. Key points are that the machine spins the wheel and measures any imbalance, determines the necessary weight size and location to add to balance the wheel, and ensures a smooth, vibration-free ride. The conclusion restates that balancing increases tire life and comfort.
The document provides information on turn signal and hazard warning systems. It describes the main components, which include a combination flasher, multi-function switch, turn signal indicator lamps, and turn signal lamps. It outlines procedures for diagnosing issues and testing components like the flasher and switch. Removal and installation instructions are provided for the multi-function switch and combination flasher.
This document provides information about steering systems for ZJ vehicles. It describes the major components of the power steering system including the recirculating ball steering gear, steering linkage, power steering pump, and steering column. It provides details on identifying codes for the steering gear and pump as well as diagnosing common noise complaints.
This document provides an overview of fuel delivery systems for vehicles with 4.0L and 5.2L engines. It describes the components of the fuel pump module, which is mounted in the fuel tank and contains the electric fuel pump, fuel pressure regulator, and in-tank fuel filter. The fuel pressure regulator is no longer mounted on the fuel rail. Procedures are provided for releasing fuel system pressure before servicing, and for testing fuel system pressure.
This document appears to be an electronic service manual for the 1995 Jeep Grand Cherokee. The logo on the page links to instructions when clicked. The page requests the user click the link for further information.
The document provides information on standard service procedures for engines, including form-in-place gaskets, honing cylinder bores, measuring crankshaft and connecting rod bearing clearances using Plastigage, repairing damaged or worn threads using a Heli-Coil tap, and servicing a 4.0L engine assembly (short block). It includes diagrams and step-by-step instructions for compression testing, measuring bearing clearance, and honing cylinder bores. Tables of contents and indexes provide page references for additional information on specific engines and procedures.
This document provides information about power mirrors and an automatic day/night rear view mirror on Jeep Grand Cherokee models. It describes the major components of these systems and their functions. The document also provides diagnostic procedures to test the power mirror switch and motors, as well as the automatic rear view mirror. Finally, it lists the service procedures for removing and installing the power mirror switch and removing the power mirrors and automatic rear view mirror.
The document discusses various exterior body components of a vehicle. It provides removal and installation instructions for components like the grille, headlamps, hood, hood latches and related parts. The document is organized in sections covering the grille/reinforcement, radiator support, hood, hood hinges/latches/striker and other exterior parts. Diagrams and step-by-step instructions are provided for servicing these exterior body parts.
This document provides information about power seats in Jeep Grand Cherokee models. It describes the major components of the power seat system, including the power seat switch and three reversible motors that operate the seat adjustments. The document provides guidance on diagnosing issues with the power seat motors or switch, including continuity tests of the switch connections. It also outlines procedures for removing and installing the power seat switch and motor/adjuster assembly.
This document provides information about a vehicle theft alarm system, including:
- General descriptions of how the system arms, disarms, and responds to unauthorized access attempts.
- Instructions for performing self-diagnosis tests to check the operation of sensors and circuits.
- Procedures for technicians to remove and install the VTA module, which involves removing various dash panel components.
- Steps for technicians to diagnose the system using the self-diagnosis mode and by checking for proper horn responses from sensors.
This document contains information about brakes for a vehicle model. It includes sections on general brake information, ABS brakes, changes for the 1995 model year, brake components, fluids and cleaning products, safety precautions, and an index of topics. The key points are:
- The vehicle uses power assisted four-wheel disc brakes with ABS standard on all models.
- Changes for 1995 include different master cylinder, power brake booster, and hydraulic control unit components for the ABS system.
- Safety precautions for working on brakes include wearing protective equipment and properly disposing of any potential asbestos dust.
This document provides information about exhaust systems and intake manifolds. It discusses the basic components of exhaust systems, including exhaust manifolds, pipes, catalytic converters, heat shields, mufflers and tailpipes. It describes symptoms of exhaust system problems and provides procedures for removing and installing exhaust pipes and manifolds. Intake manifolds and catalytic converters are also discussed.
The document provides general information about emission control systems, including:
1) It describes the different emission control components and systems used on 4.0L and 5.2L engines.
2) It explains how the on-board diagnostic system checks for faults in emission components like the EGR and EVAP systems.
3) It provides an overview of the evaporative emission control system and its components like the EVAP canister.
The document provides information about the overhead console in Jeep Grand Cherokee models. It describes the different types of overhead consoles that are used depending on whether the vehicle has a power sunroof option. It also describes the major components in the overhead console including the trip computer, compass, thermometer, reading lamps, remote garage door opener storage, and sunglasses storage. The document provides details on diagnosing issues with these components through self-diagnostic tests and flow charts.
This document provides general information about audio systems for Jeep Grand Cherokee models. It describes components such as radios, speakers, antennas, and amplifiers. It also provides diagnostic procedures and service instructions for removing and installing these components.
This document provides information about cooling system diagnosis and service procedures for a vehicle. It includes:
- An overview of cooling system components and coolant routing
- Diagnosis charts to help identify potential causes of overheating
- Procedures for testing the water pump, draining and refilling the cooling system, and replacing components like the radiator, hoses, thermostat, and water pump.
- Cautions for working on the high-pressure cooling system and ensuring the correct rotating water pump is installed.
This document provides contact information for obtaining special service tools in the United States, Canada, and internationally. The same tools or their equivalent are required for certain vehicle service operations and can be obtained from local sources or through the listed contacts, which include addresses and phone/fax numbers for Miller Special Tools in Michigan and C&D Riley Enterprises in Ontario.
The document provides information about manual transmissions and transfer cases used in Jeep vehicles, including:
- An index listing transmission and transfer case models covered
- Service information for the AX15 5-speed manual transmission, including identification, gear ratios, lubrication, diagnosis and repair procedures
- Procedures for transmission removal, disassembly, component inspection and installation
The document provides information about diagnosing issues with a vehicle's rear window defogger system. It describes the major components of the system, including the rear window glass grid, defogger switch, and defogger relay/timer. It then lists steps to test overall system operation and to isolate problems, such as using a voltmeter to check for breaks in the glass grid lines or testing power supply to the relay.
The document provides information on servicing a clutch system. It includes:
- Descriptions of clutch components and their functions.
- Procedures for diagnosing clutch problems through road testing, inspection of components for contamination, misalignment or excessive wear.
- Guidelines for checking flywheel and clutch disc runout and how to address issues found.
- Causes of clutch housing misalignment and how it can lead to premature wear.
- Charts outlining common clutch faults, their causes and recommended corrective actions.
- Steps for removal and installation of clutch cover/disc, housing, hydraulic linkage, pedal, pilot/release bearings and flywheel service.
The
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
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Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
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Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program Resources by Cat Plein
Exj 2
1. XJ SUSPENSION 2-1
SUSPENSION
CONTENTS
page page
ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 REAR SUSPENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
FRONT SUSPENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ALIGNMENT
INDEX
page page
GENERAL INFORMATION SERVICE PROCEDURES
WHEEL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PRE-ALIGNMENT INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING WHEEL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEM . . . . . . 2 SPECIFICATIONS
ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
GENERAL INFORMATION • WHEEL TOE POSITION is the difference
between the leading inside edges and trailing inside
WHEEL ALIGNMENT edges of the front tires. Incorrect wheel toe position
Wheel alignment involves the correct positioning of is the most common cause of unstable steering and
the wheels in relation to the vehicle. The positioning uneven tire wear. The wheel toe position is the final
is accomplished through suspension and steering front wheel alignment adjustment.
linkage adjustments. An alignment is considered • STEERING AXIS INCLINATION ANGLE is
essential for efficient steering, good directional stabil- measured in degrees and is the angle that the steer-
ity and to minimize tire wear. The most important ing knuckles are tilted. The inclination angle has a
measurements of an alignment are caster, camber fixed relationship with the camber angle. It will not
and toe position (Fig. 1). change except when a spindle or ball stud is dam-
• CASTER is the forward or rearward tilt of the aged or bent. The angle is not adjustable, the dam-
steering knuckle from vertical. Tilting the top of the aged component(s) must be replaced to correct mis-
knuckle rearward provides positive caster. Tilting the alignment.
top of the knuckle forward provides negative caster. • THRUST ANGLE is the angle of the rear axle
Caster is a directional stability angle. This angle relative to the centerline of the vehicle. Incorrect
enables the front wheels to return to a straight thrust angle can cause off-center steering and exces-
ahead position after turns. sive tire wear. This angle is not adjustable, the dam-
• CAMBER is the inward or outward tilt of the aged component(s) must be replaced to correct mis-
wheel relative to the center of the vehicle. Tilting the alignment.
top of the wheel inward provides negative camber.
Tilting the top of the wheel outward provides positive CAUTION: Do not attempt to modify any suspen-
camber. Incorrect camber will cause wear on the sion or steering component by heating and bend-
inside or outside edge of the tire. The angle is not ing.
adjustable, the damaged component(s) must be
replaced to correct mis-alignment.
2. VEHICLE OF CAMBER (NOT SHOWN)(−)TOP AXLE
AXLE CASTER REAR
ANGLERELATIVE TO
TRUE TICAL
POSITIVE CENTER-
VER- LINE
TRUST CAMBER TERLINE OF
ANGLE WHEELOUTBOARD
WHEELSCRUBRIGHT
CENTER-CEN-
PIVOTLINE RADIUS
NEGATIVE CAM-
BER ANGLE
POINTS IN) FRONT B >
POSITIVE OF A
(TOE OUT) TOE (TOE
NEGATIVETOE VEHICLE
B <A FRONT OF VEHICLEPIN POSITIVE CASTER
TOE A
KING
(+) AXLE POINTS VERTICAL
LEFT
2-2 SUSPENSION XJ
Fig. 1 Wheel Alignment Measurements
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING
SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEM
SERVICE PROCEDURES specifications with the vehicle at its NORMAL RIDE
HEIGHT.
PRE-ALIGNMENT INSPECTION
Before starting wheel alignment, the following CAMBER
inspection is necessary and must be completed. The wheel camber angle is preset. This angle is not
(1) Inspect tires for size, air pressure and tread adjustable and cannot be altered.
wear.
CASTER
(2) Inspect front wheel bearings for wear or adjust-
Before checking the caster of the front axle for cor-
ment.
rect angle, be sure the axle is not bent or twisted.
(3) Inspect front wheels and tires for excessive
Road test the vehicle, make left and right turns. If
radial or lateral runout and balance.
the steering wheel returns to the center position
(4) Inspect ball studs, linkage pivot points and
unassisted, the caster angle is correct. If steering
steering gear for looseness, roughness or binding.
wheel does not return toward the center position
(5) Inspect suspension components for wear and
unassisted, an incorrect caster angle is probable.
noise.
Caster can be adjusted by installing the appropri-
ate size shims (Fig. 2). Changing caster angle will
WHEEL ALIGNMENT
also change the front propeller shaft angle. The
Before each alignment reading, the vehicle should
propeller shaft angle has priority over caster.
be jounced (rear first, then front). Grasp each
Refer to Group 3 Differential & Driveline for
bumper at the center and jounce the vehicle up and
additional information.
down several times. Always release the bumper in
the down position. Set the front end alignment to
3. SUSPENSION ARM SHIM
XJ SUSPENSION 2-3
SERVICE PROCEDURES (Continued)
CONDITION POSSIBLE CAUSES CORRECTION
FRONT END 1. Loose or worn wheel bearings. 1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.
NOISE 2. Loose or worn steering or suspension components 2. Tighten or replace components as necessary.
EXCESSIVE 1. Loose or worn wheel bearings. 1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.
PLAY IN 2. Loose or worn steering or suspension components 2. Tighten or replace components as necessary.
STEERING 3. Loose or worn steering gear. 3. Adjust or replace steering gear.
FRONT 1. Loose or worn wheel bearings. 1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.
WHEELS 2. Loose or worn steering or suspension components 2. Tighten or replace components as necessary.
SHIMMY 3. Tires worn or out of balance. 3. Replace or balance tires.
4. Alignment. 4. Align vehicle to specifications.
5. Leaking steering dampener. 5. Replace steering dampener.
VEHICLE 1. Loose or worn wheel bearings. 1. Adjust or replace wheel bearings.
INSTABILITY 2. Loose or worn steering or suspension components 2. Tighten or replace components as necessary.
3. Tire pressure. 3. Adjust tire pressure.
4. Alignment. 4. Align vehicle to specifications.
EXCESSIVE 1. Loose or worn steering gear. 1. Adjust or replace steering gear.
STEERING 2. Power steering fluid low. 2. Add fluid and repair leak.
EFFORT 3. Column coupler binding. 3. Replace coupler.
4. Tire pressure. 4. Adjust tire pressure.
5. Alignment. 5. Align vehicle to specifications.
VEHICLE 1. Tire pressure. 1. Adjust tire pressure.
PULLS TO 2. Alignment. 2. Align vehicle to specifications.
ONE SIDE 3. Loose or worn steering or suspension components 3. Tighten or replace components as necessary.
4. Radial tire lead. 4. Rotate or replace tire as necessary.
5. Brake pull. 5. Repair brake as necessary.
6. Weak or broken spring. 6. Replace spring.
(1) Start the engine and turn wheels both ways
before straightening the wheels. Secure the steering
wheel with the front wheels in the straight-ahead
position. Turn off the engine.
(2) Loosen the adjustment sleeve clamp bolts (Fig.
3).
(3) Adjust the right wheel toe position with the
drag link. Turn the sleeve until the right wheel is at
correct TOE-IN specifications. Position the clamp
bolts as shown (Fig. 4) and tighten to 49 N·m (36 ft.
lbs.).
NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change
during clamp tightening.
(4) Adjust the left wheel toe position with the tie
rod. Turn the sleeve until the left wheel is at specifi-
cations. Position the clamp bolts as shown (Fig. 4)
and tighten to 27 N·m (20 ft. lbs.).
NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change
Fig. 2 Caster Adjustment
during clamp tightening.
TOE POSITION (LHD)
(5) Verify the right toe setting.
NOTE: The wheel toe position adjustment should (6) Road test the vehicle on a flat level road to ver-
be the final adjustment. ify the steering wheel is centered.
4. DRAGCLAMPS
LINK DRAG LINK
PITMANARM TIE ROD CLAMP STEERING DAMPENER TIE ROD ADJUSTMENT SLEEVE
FWD
2-4 SUSPENSION XJ
SERVICE PROCEDURES (Continued)
NOTE: Once the toe setting is correct, the steering correct TOE-IN specifications. Position the clamp
wheel can be re-centered by adjusting only the drag bolts to their original position and tighten to 49 N·m
link. (36 ft. lbs.).
NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change
during clamp tightening.
(4) Adjust the right wheel toe position with the tie
rod. Turn the sleeve until the right wheel is at cor-
rect TOE-IN specifications. Position the clamp bolts
to their original position and tighten to 27 N·m (20
ft. lbs.).
NOTE: Make sure the toe setting does not change
during clamp tightening.
(5) Verify the right toe setting.
(6) Road test the vehicle on a flat level road to ver-
ify the steering wheel is centered.
Fig. 4 Drag Link and Tie Rod Clamp (LHD) NOTE: Once the toe setting is correct, the steering
wheel can be re-centered by adjusting only the drag
TOE POSITION (RHD)
link.
NOTE: The wheel toe position adjustment should
be the final adjustment.
(1) Start the engine and turn wheels both ways
before straightening the wheels. Secure the steering
wheel with the front wheels in the straight-ahead
position. Turn off the engine.
(2) Loosen the adjustment sleeve clamp bolts (Fig.
5).
(3) Adjust the left wheel toe position with the drag
link. Turn the sleeve until the left wheel is at the
Fig. 3 Steering Linkage (LHD)
5. STEERING MENTNER LINK
TIE ROD ADJUST-
DAMP-
SLEEVE
DRAG FWD PITMAN ARM
XJ SUSPENSION 2-5
Fig. 5 Steering Linkage (RHD)
SPECIFICATIONS
ALIGNMENT
NOTE: All alignment specifications are in degrees.
MAX RT/LT
ADJUSTMENT PREFERRED RANGE
DEFFERENCE
CASTER + 7.0° + 5.25° to + 8.5° 1.25°
CAMBER − 0.25° − 0.75° to + 0.5° 1.0°
(fixed angle)
WHEEL TOE-IN 0° − 0.10° to + 0.25° .05°
(each wheel)
6. 2-6 SUSPENSION XJ
FRONT SUSPENSION
INDEX
page page
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION STABILIZER BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
SUSPENSION COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 STEERING KNUCKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING TRACK BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
SHOCK DIAGNOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 UPPER SUSPENSION ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION WHEEL MOUNTING STUDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
AXLE BUSHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SPECIFICATIONS
COIL SPRING/JOUNCE BUMPER . . . . . . . . . . . 7 TORQUE CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
HUB BEARING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 SPECIAL TOOLS
LOWER SUSPENSION ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 FRONT SUSPENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SHOCK ABSORBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION allow for adjustment of caster and drive shaft pinion
angle. The suspension arm travel is limited through
SUSPENSION COMPONENTS the use of jounce bumpers in compression and shocks
The front suspension is a link/coil design (Fig. 1). absorbers in rebound.
This suspension is use on Left Hand Drive (LHD) Stabilizer Bar: The stabilizer bar is used to min-
and Right Hand Drive (RHD) vehicles. The suspen- imize vehicle body roll during turns. The spring steel
sion is comprised of: bar helps to control the vehicle body in relationship
• Drive axle (4WD), tube axle (2WD) to the suspension. The bar extends across the front
• Dual-action shock absorbers underside of the chassis and connects to the body
• Coil springs rails. Links are connected from the bar to the axle
• Upper and lower suspension arms brackets. Stabilizer bar mounts are isolated by rub-
• Stabilizer bar ber bushings.
• Track bar Track Bar: The track bar is used to locate the
• Jounce bumpers axle laterally. The bar is attached to a body rail
Link/Coil Suspension: This suspension allows bracket with a ball stud and isolated with a bushing
each wheel to adapt to different road surfaces with- at the axle bracket.
out greatly affecting the opposite wheel. Wheels are
attached to a hub/bearings which bolts to the knuck- CAUTION: Components attached with a nut and
les. The hub/bearing is not serviceable and is cotter pin must be torqued to specification. Then if
replaced as a unit. Steering knuckles pivot on the slot in the nut does not line up with the cotter
replaceable ball studs attached to the axle tube pin hole, tighten nut until it is aligned. Never loosen
yokes. the nut to align the cotter pin hole.
Shock Absorbers: The shocks dampen jounce and
rebound of the vehicle over various road conditions. CAUTION: Suspension components with rubber
The top of the shock absorbers are bolted to the body. bushings should be tightened with the vehicle at
The bottom of the shocks are bolted to the axle normal ride height. It is important to have the
spring bracket. springs supporting the weight of the vehicle when
Coil Springs: The springs control ride quality and the fasteners are torqued. If springs are not at their
maintain proper ride height. The coil springs mount normal ride position, vehicle ride comfort could be
up in the fender shield to a bracket which is part of affected and premature bushing wear may occur.
the unitized body. A rubber isolator is located Rubber bushings must never be lubricated.
between the top of the spring and the body. The bot-
tom of the spring seats on a axle pad and is retained
with a clip. NOTE: Periodic lubrication of the front suspension
Upper & Lower Suspension Arms: The suspen- (steering) system components is required. Refer to
sion arms are different lengths, with bushings at Group 0, Lubrication And Maintenance for the rec-
both ends. They bolt the axle assembly to the body. ommended maintenance schedule.
The lower arms use shims at the body mount to
7. LOWER SHOCK TRACKAXLE
UPPER SUSPENSION ARM
LINKS COILBUMPER
JOUNCE SPRING
STABILIZER BAR
ABSORBER
XJ SUSPENSION 2-7
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION
SHOCK DIAGNOSIS SHOCK ABSORBER
A knocking or rattling noise from a shock absorber
may be caused by movement between mounting REMOVAL
bushings and metal brackets or attaching compo- (1) Remove the nut, retainer and grommet from
nents. These noises can usually be stopped by tight- the upper stud in the engine compartment (Fig. 2).
ening the attaching nuts. If the noise persists, (2) Remove the lower nuts and bolts from the axle
inspect for damaged and worn bushings, and attach- bracket. Remove the shock absorber.
ing components. Repair as necessary if any of these
conditions exist. INSTALLATION
A squeaking noise from the shock absorber may be (1) Position the lower retainer and grommet on the
caused by the hydraulic valving and may be intermit- upper stud. Insert the shock absorber through the
tent. This condition is not repairable and the shock shock tower hole.
absorber must be replaced. (2) Install the lower bolts and nuts. Tighten nuts
The shock absorbers are not refillable or adjust- to 23 N·m (17 ft. lbs.).
able. If a malfunction occurs, the shock absorber (3) Install the upper grommet and retainer on the
must be replaced. To test a shock absorber, hold it in stud in the engine compartment. Install the nut and
an upright position and force the piston in and out of tighten to 10 N·m (8 ft. lbs.).
the cylinder four or five times. The action throughout
each stroke should be smooth and even. COIL SPRING/JOUNCE BUMPER
The shock absorber bushings do not require any
REMOVAL
type of lubrication. Do not attempt to stop bushing
(1) Raise and support the vehicle. Position a
noise by lubricating them. Grease and mineral oil-
hydraulic jack under the axle to support it.
base lubricants will deteriorate the bushing.
(2) Remove the wheel if necessary.
Fig. 1 Suspension Components (LHD)
8. SHOCK ABSORBER
CONTROL FWD
GROMMET
GROMMET
RETAINER
FRAME
ARM SPRING
RETAINER NUT SPRING SCREW
SCREW
SPRING FWD NUT
RETAINER ISOLATOR
2-8 SUSPENSION XJ
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)
Fig. 2 Coil Spring & Shock Absorber
(3) Mark and disconnect the front propeller shaft STEERING KNUCKLE
from the axle. For service procedures on the steering knuckle and
(4) Disconnect the lower suspension arms from the ball studs refer to Group 3 Differentials And Driv-
axle (Fig. 2). eline.
(5) Disconnect the stabilizer bar link and shock
absorber from the axle. LOWER SUSPENSION ARM
(6) Disconnect the track bar from the body rail
bracket. REMOVAL
(7) Disconnect the drag link from the pitman arm. (1) Raise and support the vehicle.
(8) Lower the axle until the spring is free from the (2) Remove the lower suspension arm nut and bolt
upper mount. Remove the coil spring clip and remove from the axle bracket.
the spring. (3) Remove the nut and bolt from the rear bracket
(9) Pull jounce bumper out of mount. and remove the lower suspension arm (Fig. 3).
INSTALLATION INSTALLATION
(1) Install jounce bumper into mount. (1) Position the lower suspension arm at the axle
(2) Position the coil spring on the axle pad. Install bracket and rear bracket.
the spring clip and bolt. Tighten bolt to 21 N·m (16 (2) Install the bolts and finger tighten the nuts.
ft. lbs.). (3) Remove support and lower the vehicle.
(3) Raise the axle into position until the spring (4) Tighten the front and rear nuts to 115 N·m (85
seats in the upper mount. ft. lbs.).
(4) Connect the stabilizer bar links and shock
absorbers to the axle bracket. Connect the track bar UPPER SUSPENSION ARM
to the body rail bracket.
(5) Install the lower suspension arms to the axle. REMOVAL
DO NOT TIGHTEN AT THIS TIME. (1) Raise and support the vehicle.
(6) Install the front propeller shaft to the axle. (2) Remove the upper suspension arm nut and bolt
(7) Remove the supports and lower the vehicle. at the axle bracket.
(8) Tighten lower suspension arms nuts to 115 (3) Remove the nut and bolt at the frame rail and
N·m (85 ft. lbs.). remove the upper suspension arm (Fig. 3).
INSTALLATION
(1) Position the upper suspension arm at the axle
and frame rail.
9. (LT-2WD)
(LT-4WD) FWD NUT
BOLT UPPER ARM
LOWER ARM NUT FRAMEBOLT
NUTBOLT RAIL
NUT (J-35581-2)TOOL
SPECIAL 7932–2
SPECIAL
7932–2 TOOL TOOL
SPECIAL 7603 7603
TOOL
(J-35581-2)
(J-21474-18)
(J-21474-18)
SPECIAL AXLE SPECIAL
BRACKETTOOL SPECIAL7932-1 7604
(J-35581-1)
7932-1 AXLE (J-21474-19)
SPECIAL TOOL
(J-35581-1)
SPECIAL 7604
(J-21474-19)
BRACKET
TOOL TOOL
XJ SUSPENSION 2-9
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)
Fig. 3 Upper and Lower Suspension Arms Fig. 4 Bushing Removal
(2) Install the bolts and finger tighten the nuts.
(3) Remove the supports and lower the vehicle.
(4) Tighten the nut at the axle to 75 N·m (55 ft.
lbs.). Tighten the nut at the frame bracket to 90 N·m
(66 ft. lbs.).
AXLE BUSHING
REMOVAL
(1) Remove the upper suspension arm from axle
(2) Position Receiver 7932-1 (J-35581-1) over the
bushing in the axle and install Bushing Removal/In-
staller (Fig. 4).
(3) Remove the bushing by tightening the Long
Nut.
NOTE: For two-wheel drive axles and right side on
Model 30 axle, do not remove Receiver 7932-1
(J-35581-1) at this time.
INSTALLATION
(1) Position new bushing, Receiver and Installer Fig. 5 Bushing Installation
on axle (Fig. 5).
(2) Install the bushing by tightening the Long Nut.
(3) Remove tools and install the upper suspension
arm.
10. STABILIZER
BAR RETAINER
CLAMP
GROMMET BUSHING
LINK NUT PLATE STUD SUPPORT NUTFWD
COTTERIN
P BRACKET TRACK BAR
FRAME
BRACKET
NUT LEFT
BALL FRAME
SCREW
STUD
RAIL
ENDNUT
2 - 10 SUSPENSION XJ
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)
STABILIZER BAR NOTE: A puller tool may be necessary to separate
the ball stud from the frame rail bracket.
REMOVAL
(1) Raise and support the vehicle. (3) Remove the bolt and flag nut from the axle
(2) Disconnect the stabilizer bar links from the shaft tube bracket (Fig. 7).
axle brackets (Fig. 6). (4) Remove the track bar.
Fig. 7 Track Bar (LHD)
Fig. 6 Stabilizer Bar (LHD)
INSTALLATION
(3) Disconnect the stabilizer bar from the links.
(1) Install the track bar at axle tube bracket.
(4) Disconnect the stabilizer bar clamps from the
Loosely install the retaining bolt and flag nut.
body rails. Remove the stabilizer bar.
(2) It may be necessary to pry the axle assembly
INSTALLATION over to install the track bar at the body rail. Install
(1) Inspect stabilizer bar bushings. Replace bush- track bar at the body rail bracket. Install the retain-
ings if cracked, cut, distorted, or worn. ing nut on the stud.
(2) Position the stabilizer bar on the body rail and (3) Remove the supports and lower the vehicle.
install the bushings and clamps. Ensure the bar is (4) Tighten the retaining bolt at the axle shaft
centered with equal spacing on both sides. Tighten tube bracket to 100 N·m (74 ft. lbs.).
the bolts to 75 N·m (40 ft. lbs.). (5) Tighten the ball stud nut to 81 N·m (60 ft.
(3) Install the links and grommets onto the stabi- lbs.). Install a new cotter pin.
lizer bar and axle brackets. Tighten the nut at the
connecting links at the axle bracket to 95 N·m (70 ft. HUB BEARING
lbs.). The Hub Bearing is serviced as an assembly.
(4) Tighten the stabilizer bar to connecting link
REMOVAL
nut to 36 N·m (27 ft. lbs.).
(1) Raise and support the vehicle.
(5) Remove the supports and lower the vehicle.
(2) Remove the wheel and tire assembly.
TRACK BAR (3) Remove the brake components from the axle,
refer to Group 5 Brakes.
REMOVAL (4) Remove the cotter pin, nut retainer and axle
(1) Raise and support the vehicle. hub nut (Fig. 8).
(2) Remove the cotter pin and nut from the ball (5) Remove the hub mounting bolts and remove
stud end at the body rail bracket. hub bearing from the steering knuckle and axle
shaft.
11. TONE WHEEL (ABS) BOLT STEERINGNUCKLE
K REMOVER ANDASSEMBLY
HUB
BRAKE SHIELD
BEARING
WHEEL STUD
WASHER
NUT COTTER PIN
RETAINER
XJ SUSPENSION 2 - 11
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)
Fig. 8 Hub Bearing & Knuckle
INSTALLATION
(1) Install the hub bearing and brake dust shield
to the knuckle.
(2) Install the hub to knuckle bolts and tighten to
102 N·m (75 ft. lbs.).
(3) Install the hub washer and nut. Tighten the
hub nut to 237 N·m (175 ft. lbs.). Install the nut
retainer and a new cotter pin.
(4) Install the brake components, refer to Group 5
Brakes.
(5) Install the wheel and tire assembly.
(6) Remove support and lower the vehicle.
WHEEL MOUNTING STUDS
REMOVAL
(1) Raise and support vehicle. Fig. 9 Wheel Stud Removal
(2) Remove wheel and tire assembly.
(5) Install the brake rotor and caliper, refer to
(3) Remove brake caliper and rotor, refer to Group
Group 5 Brakes for procedure.
5 Brakes for procedure.
(6) Install wheel and tire assembly, use new lug
(4) Remove stud from hub with Remover C-4150A
nut on stud or studs that were replaced.
(Fig. 9).
(7) Remove support and lower vehicle.
INSTALLATION
(1) Install new stud into hub flange.
(2) Install three washers onto stud, then install
lug nut with the flat side of the nut against the
washers.
(3) Tighten lug nut until the stud is pulled into
the hub flange. Verify that the stud is properly
seated into the flange.
(4) Remove lug nut and washers.
13. XJ SUSPENSION 2 - 13
REAR SUSPENSION
INDEX
page page
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION LEAF SPRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SUSPENSION COMPONENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SHOCK ABSORBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING STABILIZER BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SPRING AND SHOCK DIAGNOSIS . . . . . . . . . . 13 SPECIFICATIONS
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION TORQUE CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
LEAF SPRING AND SHACKLE BUSHING . . . . . 15
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING
SUSPENSION COMPONENT SPRING AND SHOCK DIAGNOSIS
The rear suspension is comprised of: A knocking or rattling noise from a shock absorber
• Drive Axle may be caused by movement between mounting
• Leaf Springs bushings and metal brackets or attaching compo-
• Dual-Action Shock Absorbers nents. These noises can usually be stopped by tight-
• Stabilizer Bar (optional) ening the attaching nuts. If the noise persists,
• Jounce Bumpers inspect for damaged and worn bushings, and attach-
Leaf Springs: The rear suspension system uses a ing components. Repair as necessary if any of these
multi-leaf springs and a solid drive axle. The forward conditions exist.
end of the springs are mounted to the body rail hang- A squeaking noise from the shock absorber may be
ers through rubber bushings. The rearward end of caused by the hydraulic valving and may be intermit-
the springs are attached to the body by the use of tent. This condition is not repairable and the shock
shackles. The spring and shackles use rubber bush- absorber must be replaced.
ings. The bushing help to isolate road noise. The The shock absorbers are not refillable or adjust-
shackles allow the springs to change their length as able. If a malfunction occurs, the shock absorber
the vehicle moves over various road conditions. must be replaced. To test a shock absorber, hold it in
Shock Absorbers: Ride control is accomplished an upright position and force the piston in and out of
through the use of dual-action shock absorbers. The the cylinder four or five times. The action throughout
shocks dampen the jounce and rebound as the vehicle each stroke should be smooth and even.
travels over various road conditions. The top of the The spring eye and shock absorber bushings do not
shock absorbers are bolted to the body crossmember. require any type of lubrication. Do not attempt to
The bottom of the shocks are bolted to the axle stop spring bushing noise by lubricating them.
bracket. Grease and mineral oil-base lubricants will deterio-
Stabilizer Bar: The stabilizer bar is used to min- rate the bushing rubber.
imize vehicle body roll. The spring steel bar helps to If the vehicle is used for severe, off-road operation,
control the vehicle body in relationship to the sus- the springs should be examined periodically. Check
pension. The bar extends across the underside of the for broken and shifted leafs, loose and missing clips,
vehicle and is bolted body. Links at the end of the and broken center bolts. Refer to Spring and Shock
bar are bolted to axle. Absorber Diagnosis chart for additional information.
Jounce Bumpers: The jounce bumpers are used
to limit the spring and axle travel. They are bolted to
the frame rail above the axle. REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION
CAUTION: Suspension components which use rub- SHOCK ABSORBER
ber/urethane bushings, should be tightened at vehi-
cle ride height. This will prevent premature bushing REMOVAL
failure and maintain vehicle ride comfort. (1) Remove the shock absorber upper bolts from
the body bracket (Fig. 1).
(2) Remove lower attaching nut and washer from
the bracket stud. Remove the shock absorber.
14. SHOCKABSORBER FWD
SHACKLE BUSHING SPRING U-BOLTS
BRACKET SPRING
NUTSHOCK
ABSORBERBUSHING
FWDRETAINER
NUT BUMPER BRACKET FWD
2 - 14 SUSPENSION XJ
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)
SPRING AND SHOCK ABSORBER DIAGNOSIS
CONDITION POSSIBLE CAUSES CORRECTION
SPRING SAGS 1. Broken leaf. 1. Replace spring.
2. Spring fatigue. 2. Replace spring.
SPRING NOISE 1. Loose spring clamp bolts. 1. Tighten to specification.
2. Worn bushings. 2. Replace spring.
3. Worn or missing spring liner. 3. Replace liner.
SHOCK NOISE 1. Loose mounting fastener. 1. Tighten to specification.
2. Worn bushings. 2. Replace shock.
3. Leaking shock. 3. Replace shock.
Fig. 1 Rear Suspension Components
INSTALLATION INSTALLATION
(1) Install the shock absorber lower eye on the (1) Position the stabilizer bar links at the spring
spring bracket stud. Install the shock absorber and brackets. Install the attaching bolts and nuts and
upper bolts on the body bracket. tighten to 74 N·m (55 ft. lbs.).
(2) Tighten the lower nut to 62 N·m (46 ft. lbs.). (2) Attach the stabilizer bar to the body rail brack-
(3) Tighten the upper bolts to 23 N·m (17 ft. lbs.). ets with the bolts. Tighten to 54 N·m (40 ft. lbs.).
(3) Remove the supports and lower the vehicle.
STABILIZER BAR
LEAF SPRING
REMOVAL
(1) Raise and support the vehicle. REMOVAL
(2) Disconnect stabilizer bar links from spring (1) Raise vehicle at body rails.
brackets (Fig. 2). (2) Remove the wheel and tire assemblies.
(3) Disconnect the stabilizer bar brackets from the (3) Support axle with hydraulic jack to relieve axle
body rails. Remove the stabilizer bar and links. weight.
15. SPRING BAR FWD
SWAY LINK
BOLT
BRACKET SCREW GROMMET
BUSHING SCREW NUT
FRAMERAIL
CLAMP SOCKET WRENCHWASHER
(DRIVER)
FLAT
NUT THREADED ROD (RECEIVER)EYENUT
SPRING
PIPE
XJ SUSPENSION 2 - 15
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)
(1) Assemble tools shown (Fig. 3). Tighten nut at
the socket wrench end of the threaded rod until the
bushing is forced out.
Fig. 2 Stabilizer Bar
(4) Disconnect the stabilizer bar link from the
spring bracket stud.
(5) Remove nuts, U-bolts and spring bracket from Fig. 3 Spring Eye Bushing Removal
axle.
(6) Remove nut and bolt attaching spring front eye (2) Assemble and align the bushing installation tools.
to shackle. (3) Align the bushing with the spring eye or
(7) Remove nut and bolt from spring rear eye. shackle eye and tighten the nut at the socket wrench
(8) Remove spring from vehicle. end of the threaded rod. Tighten until the bushing is
forced into the spring eye.
INSTALLATION
(1) Position the spring front eye in the bracket. NOTE: The bushing must be centered in the spring
Loosely install the attaching bolt and nut. Do not eye. The ends of the bushing must be flush or
tighten at this time. slightly recessed within the end surfaces of the
(2) Position the rear eye in the shackle bracket. spring eye.
Loosely install the attaching bolt and nut. Do not
(4) For front bushings bend tabs up after installation.
tighten at this time.
(3) Position the axle. Install the spring bracket,
U-bolts and nuts. Tighten the nuts to 70 N·m (52 ft.
SPECIFICATIONS
lbs.).
(4) Connect the stabilizer bar link to the spring
TORQUE CHART
bracket. DESCRIPTION TORQUE
(5) Remove the hydraulic jack. Shock Absorber
(6) Lower the vehicle. Upper Bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 N·m (17 ft. lbs.)
(7) Tighten the spring front eye attaching bolts to Lower Nut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 N·m (46 ft. lbs.)
156 N·m (115 ft. lbs.). Stabilizer Bar
(8) Tighten the spring rear eye attaching bolts to Clamp Bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 N·m (40 ft. lbs.)
108 N·m (80 ft. lbs.). Link Upper Bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 N·m (9 ft. lbs.)
(9) Tighten the stabilizer bar link to 74 N·m (55 ft. Link Lower Nut . . . . . . . . . . . 74 N·m (55 ft. lbs.)
lbs.). Spring
U-Bolt Nut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 N·m (52 ft. lbs.)
LEAF SPRING AND SHACKLE BUSHING Front Pivot Bolt . . . . . . . . . . 156 N·m (115 ft. lbs.)
For front bushings bend tabs DOWN before Upper Shackle Bolt . . . . . . . 156 N·m (115 ft. lbs.)
removal. Use an appropriate driver tool and force the Lower Shackle Bolt . . . . . . . . 108 N·m (80 ft. lbs.)
original bushing out of the spring eye.