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1. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Automotive Alignment Angles
Camber
Caster
Front toe
Rear toe
2. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Primary Alignment Angles
Front Camber
Rear Camber
Caster
Front Toe
Rear Toe
3. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Camber
Definition:
– The inward or outward tilt of the top of
the wheel as viewed from the front.
Typical Range:
– Front camber -
– Rear camber -
0 º ± 1 º
-.5 º ± 1 º
4. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Zero Camber
Wheel is vertical
when viewed from
the front
Measured as Zero
degrees
Applicable to front
and rear tires
5. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Reasons to use at or near
Zero Camber
Extremely wide tires
Positive
offset
rims
Extended Tire life
6. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Positive Camber
Top of tire leans
outboard at the
top when viewed
from the front
Measured in
degrees
Primarily used on
front wheels
7. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Reasons to use Positive Camber
Places load inboard
on spindle
Increases road
isolation
Increases directional
stability
8. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Negative Camber
Top of tire leans
inboard at the top
when viewed from
the front
Measured in
degrees
Primarily used on
rear wheels
9. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Reasons to use Negative Camber
Places load outboard
on spindle
Increased cornering
ability
Increases road shock
& component wear
10. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Outside Shoulder Wear due to Excessive
Positive Camber Angle
11. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Camber may cause a Pull
Cross camber is the side-to-side
difference in camber
measurements
More than 1/2º difference side-to
side may cause the vehicle to pull
to the wheel with the most positive
camber.
12. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Excessive Cross Camber
0º camber
1º camber
Vehicle may pull to side of most positive camber
13. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Camber Specifications
Preferred
Specs
Front = 0º
Rear = -.40º
Tolerance
Front = 1º
Rear = .75º
Cross camber
.70º
15. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
The Forward or Rearward Tilt of
the Steering Axis as viewed from
the side
Typical Range
Typical tolerance ± 1º
Caster
1º to 6 º positive
Front
16. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Steering Axis
Line drawn between
the two pivot points
of the steering knuckle
17. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Zero Caster
Steering Axis is
vertical as
viewed from the
side and
measured as 0º
18. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Negative Caster
Forward tilt of the
Steering Axis as
viewed from the
side and
measured in
degrees
Front
19. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Positive Caster
Rearward tilt of
the Steering Axis
as viewed from
the side and
measured in
degrees
Front
20. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Benefits of Positive Caster
Helps to return wheels to straight
ahead after being steered
Helps to maintain directional
stability
Weight must be
picked up as
spindle turns
downward ….
21. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Negative effects of Excessive
Positive Caster
Excessive steering effort & road shock
Shimmy due to excessive speed of wheels
returning to center
Steering damper used to control speed of
steered wheels returning to center
Dampner
22. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Caster Measurement
The amount of
camber change
during a 10 steer
to the left & right
23. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Tire wear factor of Caster
Tires may show wear on both outer
edges due to camber roll.
Camber roll - the change in
camber during a turn due to caster
The amount of camber change is
relative to the amount of positive
caster
24. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Camber Roll
Left spindle
down -
right
spindle up
Left spindle
up - right
spindle
down
25. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Caster may cause a Pull
Cross caster is the side-to-side
difference in caster measurements
More than 1/2º difference side-to
side may cause the vehicle to pull
to the wheel with the least positive
caster.
26. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Cross Caster
2º caster
Cross Caster = Left caster minus right caster
1º caster
Vehicle may pull to side of least positive caster
27. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Caster Specification
Preferred
Spec
Front 3.80º
Rear n/a
Tolerance
Front 1º
Cross caster
.85º
28. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Review
Purpose of Alignment Angles
Camber
Definitions
Measurement method
Specification
Tire wear factor
Pull factor
30. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Front Toe Angles
Incorrect front toe angles may
cause:
– outside shoulder wear
– inside shoulder wear
– wandering
– darting
Total toe changes as the speed of
the vehicle increases
31. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Total Toe
The difference in the
distance measured
between lines drawn
through the center
of tires on the same
axle.
Measurements are
taken at the front
and rear of the tires.
32. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Zero Total Toe
Equal distance
when
measured
across the
front and the
rear of tires
on the same
axle.
80”
80”
33. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Toe-In
Measured
distance is
shorter
between the
front of the
tires.
front = 79 in.
rear = 80 in.
Total toe-in = 1 in.
79”
80”
34. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Excessive Toe-In Tire Wear
Outside
shoulder
wear
Center
of car
35. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Toe-Out
Measured
distance is
shorter
between the
front of the
tires.
front = 80 in.
rear = 79 in.
Total toe-out = 1 in.
79”
80”
36. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Excessive Toe-Out Tire Wear
Inside
shoulder
wear
Center
of car
37. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Total Toe Angle
The Total toe
may also be
displayed as an
angle and
expressed in
degrees.
Total
toe angle
38. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Total Toe Specification
Negative
number
indicates
Toe-Out
Positive
number
indicates
Toe-In
39. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Individual Toe
Front individual toe is responsible for
steering wheel position
40. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Front Individual Toe
Left Front
Individual
toe angle
Centerline
toe
angle
Angle formed
by the
intersection of
the geometric
centerline and
a line drawn
through the
center of the
wheel
41. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Rear Individual Toe
Rear individual toe
is responsible for:
tire wear
thrust angle
vehicle tracking
42. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Rear Tire Wear Patterns
Toe-In
– Outside shoulder
Toe-Out
– Inside shoulder
Diagonal Wipe
– a condition that
may result on rear
tires with
excessive toe
Diagonal Wipe
43. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Geometric Centerline
A line drawn between the midpoint
of both the front and rear axles.
44. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Thrust Line
The bisector of rear total toe. Also
described as the direction the rear
wheels are pushing the vehicle.
45. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Thrust Angle - formed by the
intersection of the geometric
centerline and the thrustline ( a
line bisecting rear total toe )
Thrust angle
Thrustline
Geometric Centerline
46. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Positive & Negative
Thrust Angle
Positive
Thrust
Angle is to
the Right
Negative
Thrust
Angle is to
the Left
+
-
47. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Dog Tracking
A visible dog track condition will be
present, if the thrust angle is
excessive.
48. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Review
Front total toe is responsible for
tire wear factors:
– excessive toe-in =
outside shoulder wear
darting
– excessive toe-out =
inside shoulder wear
wandering
Front individual toe is responsible
for steering wheel position
49. Courtesy of Hunter Engineering Company
Thrustline: the direction the rear
wheels are pointing the vehicle
bisector of the total toe angle
Thrust Angle: the angle formed by
the intersection of the geometric
centerline and the thrustline
Rear tire wear patterns:
outside or inside shoulder wear
diagonal wipe if the toe angle is
extreme
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