Formalism is a literary theory that focuses on the inherent features of a text such as grammar, syntax, literary devices, and form rather than historical or cultural context. It was a dominant mode of academic study from the 1940s-1970s. Key aspects of formalism include its scientific approach to literature, view of art as a means of defamiliarization, and idea that a text's meaning comes from its formal structures rather than external influences. Defamiliarization is a technique used by formalist writers to present familiar things or objects in an unfamiliar way in order to enhance perception and appreciation.
In this you will learn about New Criticism.
You will learn Traditional Critical Practice.
You will learn about characteristics of New practical critisim.
You will also learn waht is Formalism.
What is close reading method of Formalism.
In this you will learn about New Criticism.
You will learn Traditional Critical Practice.
You will learn about characteristics of New practical critisim.
You will also learn waht is Formalism.
What is close reading method of Formalism.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. What is formalism?
• In literary theory, formalism refers to
critical approaches that analyze, interpret,
or evaluate the inherent features of a text.
These features include not only grammar
and syntax but also literary devices such
as meter and figures of speech. The
formalist approach reduces the
importance of a text’s historical,
biographical, and cultural context.
3. Historical prospects
There is no one school of Formalism, and the term groups together
a number of different approaches to literature, many of which
seriously diverge from one another.
Formalism was the dominant mode of academic literary study in the
United States and United Kingdom from the end of the Second
World War through the 1970s,and particularly the Formalism of the
"New Critics," including I. A. Richards, John Crowe Ransom and T.S
Eliot. On the European continent, Formalism emerged primarily and
particularly out of the work of Roman Jacobson, Boris Eichenbaum,
and Viktor Shklovsky. Although the theories of Roman Jacobson
and New Criticism are similar in a number of respects, the two
schools largely developed in isolation from one another, and should
not be considered identical. In reality, even many of the theories
proposed by critics working within their respective schools often
diverged from one another.
4.
5. • Formalism has advantage of forcing
writers to evaluate a work on its own terms
rather to rely on “accepted” notions of
writer work.
• Focus on Form, organization, structure,
Word choice, multiple language.
6. • Russian Formalists were interested in the
analysis of the text but their main concern
was with method as the scientific basis for
literary theory. There was thus a shift
away from the moral approach to literature
towards a scientific approach.
7. Basic Assumptions
• Scientific approach focused on ‘literariness’
which can be found on the level of Form rather
than Content.
• Art as a device of Defamiliarization .
• A text is the sum total of its devices.
• Aesthetics of deviation .
• Literature has its own history, a history of
innovation in formal structures, and is not
determined by external, material history.
8. Practical languagepoetic language
• Practical language is used for the act of
communication
• Poetic language or literary language has
no practical function at all ,it is impractical.
9. Poetic language
• In a work of art, meaning of words are
violated by the artist. They do not convey
what they convey ordinarily in
communication.
10. ‘CONTROLLED VIOLENCE’
The poet exercises a controlled violence in
in poetic language. It refers to the violence
which is constructive ,having a definite
goal.
It is a process by which an artist
transforms one thing into something to
reach his goal.
11. • Viktor Shkolvsky’s critical writing was the
most prominent work of Russian
Formalism. His aim was to define the
techniques of art which writers employed
to produce specific effects. One of his
most attractive concepts was the notion of
Defamiliarization.
12. What is Defamiliarization?
• Defamiliarization is the artistic
technique of presenting to audiences
common things in an unfamiliar or
strange way, in order to enhance
perception of the familiar.
13. for example
looking at the clouds as
a playground for angels
a bearer of tears
or the heaven and earth divide
opposed to a simple cloud to warn us that
rain is on its way.
14. • seeing an object in a totally different light
is ‘Defamiliarization’
• In other words;
‘ to view an object and unravel its
layers and uses’.
15. Why Defamiliarization?
• Undoubtedly, the main reason for
‘defamiliarizing’ objects is to gain an
appreciation for the environment – to see
and appreciate what others don’t. By
seeing and appreciating what others don’t
makes the writer ‘creative’, perhaps even
‘original’, but more importantly makes his
readers say, “I never looked at it that way
before.”
16. Goal of Defamiliarization
Whether an object is rendered unfamiliar by
• the kind of language used,
• the unique portrayal of characters in the story,
• or how a particular event is illustrated,
the goal of Defamiliarization is to make the
object strange and unfamiliar so that the piece is
transformed from ordinary prose to extraordinary
art
17. • . An example of this is T.S. Eliot's use of Greek,
Latin, German and other languages in The
Wasteland, which forces the reader to become a
more active participant in the process by having
to make an extra effort to decode the strange
and exotic words in order to understand the
poem. One is never allowed to fall into a
comfortable lull and be a passive listener/reader
when dealing with T.S. Elliot.
18. Examples
• Gulliver’s travels
• Wordsworthian poetry(Daffodils,The world
is too much us,To the Cuckoo,etc)
• Keatsian Odes
• Sylvia Plath’s ‘Daddy’
19. Defamiliarization and Metaphors
• A Metaphor is a literary figure of speech
for comparative, visual or associative
purposes
• . The very nature of a metaphor (saying
something is something else) is reflective
of the ‘Defamiliarization’ approach. The
two are uncannily similar in certain ways.