Lucia PASTORE CELENTANO, MD, MSc
Head of the Vaccine Preventable Diseases Programme, ECDC
“Addressing vaccine hesitancy in challenging times”
European Health Forum Gastein, 05 October 2017
During the first 2 months of 2017 we have seen 1524 cases of measles reported from 14 EU/EEA countries. Measles does not only affect children but also older age groups. In 2014 over half of the cases were in adults over 20 years old, in 2015 and 2016 this age group accounted for approximately one third of all cases. Closing immunisation gaps in adolescents and adults who have not received vaccination in the past as well as strengthening routine childhood immunisation programmes will be vital to prevent future outbreaks and reach the elimination goal.
Presentation by ECDC HIV expert Anastasia Pharris on epidemiological challenges for the HIV response in Europe.
Presented at: 16th European AIDS Conference, 26 October 2017, Milan.
ECDC presentation at the 15th Conference of the International Society of Travel Medicine, 15 May 2017.
Presenter: Teymur Noori
Questions?
Contact info@ecdc.europa.eu
the findings of a survey conducted by ECDC across EU/EEA countries that assessed the level of implementation of IIS and their functionalities, as well as the challenges encountered during the design and implementation. The aim of the survey was to share knowledge about IIS in the EU/EEA in order to build consensus on the characteristics of an optimal system and to describe differences in core functionalities and standards across countries.
ECDC poster at the 16th European AIDS Conference, 2017, Milan.
Authors: Lara Tavoschi, Joana Gomes-Dias, Anastasia Pharris, the EU/EEA HIV Surveillance Network
Data and trends on hepatitis B and C for the countries of the European Union and European Economic Area.
2015 data.
See also ECDC's Annual Epidemiological Report: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/annual-epidemiological-reports
Lucia PASTORE CELENTANO, MD, MSc
Head of the Vaccine Preventable Diseases Programme, ECDC
“Addressing vaccine hesitancy in challenging times”
European Health Forum Gastein, 05 October 2017
During the first 2 months of 2017 we have seen 1524 cases of measles reported from 14 EU/EEA countries. Measles does not only affect children but also older age groups. In 2014 over half of the cases were in adults over 20 years old, in 2015 and 2016 this age group accounted for approximately one third of all cases. Closing immunisation gaps in adolescents and adults who have not received vaccination in the past as well as strengthening routine childhood immunisation programmes will be vital to prevent future outbreaks and reach the elimination goal.
Presentation by ECDC HIV expert Anastasia Pharris on epidemiological challenges for the HIV response in Europe.
Presented at: 16th European AIDS Conference, 26 October 2017, Milan.
ECDC presentation at the 15th Conference of the International Society of Travel Medicine, 15 May 2017.
Presenter: Teymur Noori
Questions?
Contact info@ecdc.europa.eu
the findings of a survey conducted by ECDC across EU/EEA countries that assessed the level of implementation of IIS and their functionalities, as well as the challenges encountered during the design and implementation. The aim of the survey was to share knowledge about IIS in the EU/EEA in order to build consensus on the characteristics of an optimal system and to describe differences in core functionalities and standards across countries.
ECDC poster at the 16th European AIDS Conference, 2017, Milan.
Authors: Lara Tavoschi, Joana Gomes-Dias, Anastasia Pharris, the EU/EEA HIV Surveillance Network
Data and trends on hepatitis B and C for the countries of the European Union and European Economic Area.
2015 data.
See also ECDC's Annual Epidemiological Report: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/annual-epidemiological-reports
Presentation during the EU session "Eliminationm of hepatitis B and C in teh EU: challenges and opportunities", at the International Liver Congress (ILC) 2017 in Amsterdam.
Presenter: Erika Duffell, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation: ECDC Acting Director Dr Andrea Ammon.
a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation at the EU session "Elimination of hepatitis B and C in the EU: challenges and opportunities", at the International Liver Congress (ILC) 2017, Amsterdam.
Presenter: Dagmar Hedrich, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Amanda Mocroft, UCL
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Teymur Noori, ECDC
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation on epi data during the conference "New challenges and unmet needs of children and adolescents living and ageing with HIV/AIDS", 19-22 January 2017, Bucharest, Romania
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: ECDC's HIV expert Anastasia Pharris
a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Although HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, significant HIV transmission continues in Europe. In 2015, almost 30 000 people were diagnosed in European Union and European Economic Area Member States; a rate of 6.3 cases in every 100 000 people (when adjusted for reporting delay).
This report, prepared jointly with the WHO Regional Office for Europe, presents data on HIV and AIDS for the whole European Region, including the EU and EEA countries. Analyses are provided for the EU and EEA region.
Although HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, significant HIV transmission continues in Europe. In 2014, almost 30 000 people were diagnosed in European Union and European Economic Area Member States. This slide set includes maps, graphs and tables from the 2014 HIV/AIDS surveillance report, published jointly by ECDC and WHO Europe.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Jean-Michel Molina, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation by the Director-elect, Dr Andrea Ammon, for her hearing at the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety Committee of the European Parliament
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Jens Lundgren, CHIP
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Shigellosis outbreaks associated with sexual transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported in recent years from the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain, with severe infections among HIV-positive MSM.
Poster at ESCAIDE conference 2016, Stockholm.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Sini Pasanen, Civil Society Forum/AIDS Action Europe
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation from the opening session of the 17th European AIDS Conference (EACS) 2019, Basel, Switzerland.
Presenter: Anastasia Pharris, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
What is the current situation of HIV in Europe and Central Asia?
How can we more effectively prevent new infections?
Presentation by Anastasia Pharris,
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
at Glasgow HIV Drug Therapy Conference
28 October 2018
Presentation during the EU session "Eliminationm of hepatitis B and C in teh EU: challenges and opportunities", at the International Liver Congress (ILC) 2017 in Amsterdam.
Presenter: Erika Duffell, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation: ECDC Acting Director Dr Andrea Ammon.
a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation at the EU session "Elimination of hepatitis B and C in the EU: challenges and opportunities", at the International Liver Congress (ILC) 2017, Amsterdam.
Presenter: Dagmar Hedrich, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Amanda Mocroft, UCL
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Teymur Noori, ECDC
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation on epi data during the conference "New challenges and unmet needs of children and adolescents living and ageing with HIV/AIDS", 19-22 January 2017, Bucharest, Romania
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: ECDC's HIV expert Anastasia Pharris
a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Although HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, significant HIV transmission continues in Europe. In 2015, almost 30 000 people were diagnosed in European Union and European Economic Area Member States; a rate of 6.3 cases in every 100 000 people (when adjusted for reporting delay).
This report, prepared jointly with the WHO Regional Office for Europe, presents data on HIV and AIDS for the whole European Region, including the EU and EEA countries. Analyses are provided for the EU and EEA region.
Although HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, significant HIV transmission continues in Europe. In 2014, almost 30 000 people were diagnosed in European Union and European Economic Area Member States. This slide set includes maps, graphs and tables from the 2014 HIV/AIDS surveillance report, published jointly by ECDC and WHO Europe.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Jean-Michel Molina, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation by the Director-elect, Dr Andrea Ammon, for her hearing at the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety Committee of the European Parliament
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Jens Lundgren, CHIP
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Shigellosis outbreaks associated with sexual transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported in recent years from the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain, with severe infections among HIV-positive MSM.
Poster at ESCAIDE conference 2016, Stockholm.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Sini Pasanen, Civil Society Forum/AIDS Action Europe
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation from the opening session of the 17th European AIDS Conference (EACS) 2019, Basel, Switzerland.
Presenter: Anastasia Pharris, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
What is the current situation of HIV in Europe and Central Asia?
How can we more effectively prevent new infections?
Presentation by Anastasia Pharris,
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
at Glasgow HIV Drug Therapy Conference
28 October 2018
Presentation at European Harm Reduction Conference
Bucharest, 21 November 2018
Author Anastasia Pharris, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
Presentation by Teymur Noori, ECDC, at AIDS 2018 conference during teh joint ECDC and EACS satellite "Getting to 90: Addressing inequalities in the HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia"
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Masoud Dara, WHO Regional Office for Europe
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Presentation by Daniel Simões, HIV in Europe, Portugal , at AIDS 2018 conference during the joint ECDC and EACS satellite "Getting to 90: Addressing inequalities in the HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia"
Presentation during the 17th European AIDS Conference (EACS) 2019 looking at the status of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis PrEP in Europe..
Presenter: Teymur Noori, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
Teymur Noori, ECDC
22nd International AIDS Conference, Amsterdam 2018
2018 European African HIV/AIDS & Hepatitis C Community Summit. "Our Voices Matter for a lasting solution!!"
Антиретровирусное лечение – перспективы Европейского клинического общества по...hivlifeinfo
Антиретровирусное лечение – перспективы Европейского клинического общества по СПИДу (EACS)/Antiretroviral Treatment.The European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Perspective.2017
Poster presentation at the AIDS 2018 conference in Amsterdam.
By: Marieke J. van der Werf and Csaba Ködmön, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC.
Presentation by: Erika Duffell, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
Presentad at: International Liver Congress, April 2018
Summary slides on the epidemiological situation in the EU/EEA.
2018 surveillance data.
Report and ppt slides available from: http://bit.ly/HIVAIDSsurv18
ECDC symposium "Responding to two of the main STI threats of our time: syphilis and antimicrobial resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae"
Presentation by: Otilia Mårdh
Presented at: IUSTI 2019, Tallinn
Hepatitis E is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis in the EU/EEA but currently not notifiable at EU level.
This presentation summarises ECDC's work on the topic and survey results on hepatitis E on 2005 to 2015 data.
Any questions? Contact press@ecdc.europa.eu
This presentation summarises the main data from the ECDC Annual epidemiological reports 2017 on chlamydia, gonorrhoea, lymphogranuloma venereum, (congenital) syphilis
Providing an overview on data, trends and summary of findings on the hepatitis B and C surveillance data from EU/EEA countries for the year 2017:
Find ECDC's Annual Epidemiological reports online: http://bit.ly/ECDCAER
HIV transmission remains a major public health concern and affects more than 2 million people in the WHO European Region.
These ECDC slides summarise findings from the report which is available via http://bit.ly/WAD_18
Data and trends from the ECDC Annual Epidemiological reports for 2016 on:
Chlamydia (http://bit.ly/AERch16)
Lymphogranuloma venereum (http://bit.ly/AERLGV16)
Gonorrhoea (http://bit.ly/AERsy16)
Syphilis (http://bit.ly/AERsy16)
Congenital syphilis (http://bit.ly/AERcs16)
See also: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/annual-epidemiological-reports
Poster presentation at the AIDS 2018 conference in Amsterdam.
By: Adam Bourne1, Beatrice Alba1, Alex Garner2, Gianfranco Spiteri3, Anastasia Pharris3, Teymur Noori3
1. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; 2. Hornet Gay Social Network, California, USA; 3. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC, Sweden
Presentation by Jens Lundgren, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen - European AIDS Clinical Society, Denmark, at AIDS 2018 conference during the joint ECDC and EACS satellite "Getting to 90: Addressing inequalities in the HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia"
Presentation by Chloe Orkin, Royal London Hospital - BHIVA, United Kingdom, at AIDS 2018 conference during the joint ECDC and EACS satellite "Getting to 90: Addressing inequalities in the HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia"
Summary of surveillance data for hepatitis B and hepatitis C across the European Union and European Economic area for 2016.
See also:
ECDC's Annual Epidemiological Report hepatitis B: http://bit.ly/AER16HBV
ECDC's Annual Epidemiological Report hepatitis C: http://bit.ly/AER16HCV
More from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
How are countries in Europe and Central Asia performing against the UNAIDS 90-90-90 Targets?
1. How are countries in Europe and Central Asia
performing against the UNAIDS 90-90-90 Targets?
Teymur Noori and Anastasia Pharris
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
EACS 2017
25-27 October, 2017
2. Fast Track Targets by 2020
73%
of all people living
with HIV
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
=
Target 1 Target 2 Target 3 Overall target
diagnosed with HIV
ON ART
living with HIV
DIAGNOSED
on ART
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
3. Fast Track Targets by 2020
73%
of all people living
with HIV
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
=
Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
diagnosed with HIV
ON ART
living with HIV
DIAGNOSED
on ART
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
Overall target
4. Progress toward achieving the first 90:
Target 1: 90% of all PLHIV who know their status (n=36)
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
UNAIDS target 90%
Regional average 75%
5. Progress toward achieving the first 90:
Target 1: 90% of all PLHIV who know their status (n=36)
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
UNAIDS target 90%
EU/EEA average 83%
Non-EU average 58%
6. Source: ECDC/WHO Europe (2016). HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe, 2015
Too many people living with HIV are
diagnosed late
*CD4<350 at diagnosis
7. Are new innovative approaches to HIV testing
included in national HIV testing guidelines? (n=47)
Testing types Yes No
No
guidelines
Community-based testing delivered by
trained medical staff
27 10 10
Community-based testing delivered by non-
medical staff (e.g. trained lay people)
11 26 10
Home-sampling kits 3 34 10
Self-testing kits 2 35 10
Source: ECDC. HIV testing in Europe. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
8. Fast Track Targets by 2020
73%
of all people living
with HIV
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
=
Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
diagnosed with HIV
ON ART
living with HIV
DIAGNOSED
on ART
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
Overall target
9. Progress toward achieving the second 90:
Target 2: 90% of those diagnosed on ART (n=40)
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Regional average 78%
UNAIDS target 90%
10. Progress toward achieving the second 90:
Target 2: 90% of those diagnosed on ART (n=40)
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
UNAIDS target 90%
EU/EEA average 85%
Non-EU average 53%
11. Policies on ART initiation in European countries
2014 (n=48)
2015
Source: ECDC. HIV treatment and care. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
4
29
15
1028
8
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2014 2016
Numberofcountries/ARTpolicy
200 cells/mm3
350 cells/mm3
500 cells/mm3
Initiation regardless
of CD4 count
12. Policies on ART initiation in European countries
2014 (n=48)
2015
Source: ECDC. HIV treatment and care. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
4
29
15
1028
8
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2014 2016
Numberofcountries/ARTpolicy
200 cells/mm3
350 cells/mm3
500 cells/mm3
Initiation regardless
of CD4 count
13. Policies on ART initiation in European countries
2014 (n=48) and 2016 (n=47)
2015
Source: ECDC. HIV treatment and care. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
4
29
15
1028
8
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2014 2016
Numberofcountries/ARTpolicy
200 cells/mm3
350 cells/mm3
500 cells/mm3
Initiation regardless
of CD4 count
14. Availability of ART for undocumented migrants, 2016
Source: ECDC. From Dublin to Rome: ten years of responding to HIV in Europe and Central Asia: Stockholm, ECDC; 2014
Source: ECDC. HIV and migrants. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia:
2017 progress report Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
15. Fast Track Targets by 2020
73%
of all people living
with HIV
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
=
Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
diagnosed with HIV
ON ART
living with HIV
DIAGNOSED
on ART
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
Overall target
16. Progress toward achieving the third 90:
Target 3: 90% of those on ART virally suppressed (n=31)
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Regional average 88%
UNAIDS target 90%
17. Progress toward achieving the third 90:
Target 3: 90% of those on ART virally suppressed (n=31)
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
UNAIDS target 90%
EU/EEA average 89%
Non-EU average 71%
18. Fast Track Targets by 2020
73%
of all people living
with HIV
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
=
Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
diagnosed with HIV
ON ART
living with HIV
DIAGNOSED
on ART
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
Overall target
19. Progress toward achieving the 90-90-90:
Target 4: 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed (n=29)
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Regional average 60%
UNAIDS target 73%
20. Progress toward achieving the 90-90-90:
Target 4: 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed (n=29)
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
UNAIDS target 73%
EU/EEA average 65%
Non-EU average 24%
21. Rate of new HIV diagnoses
EU/EEA vs. non-EU/EEA countries, 2006–2015
+105%
Source: ECDC/WHO Europe (2016). HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe, 2015
22. Can we produce an EU continuum of care
estimate based on country reported data?
Variability of data availability, quality, sources and measurement
have historically made it difficult to compare and combine results
across countries
But…
23. EuroCoord/ECDC collaboration on estimating
the continuum of care
ECDC project with UCL &
EuroCoord on estimating the
continuum of care using
surveillance and cohort data
Using standard definitions and
high quality data sources
Gourlay A, Noori T, Pharris A. et al. The HIV continuum of care in European Union countries in 2013: data and
challenges. Clin Infect Dis 2017 cix212. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix212
24. PLHIV Diagnosed On ART Viral suppression
Clinical/
cohort data
Public health/
surveillance data
Bringing together HIV surveillance and clinical data
25. Country Surveillance leads Cohort leads
Austria Daniela Schmid/Alexander Spina Robert Zangerle
Belgium Andre Sasse/Dominique Van Beckhoven Andre Sasse/Dominique Van Beckhoven
Denmark Susan Cowan Niels Obel
France Florence Lot/Francoise Cazein Dominique Costagliola/Virginie Supervie
Germany Barbara Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer Barbara Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer
Greece Georgios Nikolopoulos Giota Touloumi
Italy Barbara Suligoi Antonella d’ Arminio Monforte/Enrico
Girardi
Netherlands Eline Op de Coul Peter Reiss/Ard van Sighem
Spain Mercedes Diez/Asuncion Diaz Julia Del Amo/Vicky Hernando
Sweden Maria Axelsson Anders Sӧnnerborg
United Kingdom Valerie Delpech Caroline Sabin
Surveillance and cohort leads in participating
countries
26. Country Surveillance leads Cohort leads
Austria Daniela Schmid/Alexander Spina Robert Zangerle
Belgium Andre Sasse/Dominique Van Beckhoven Andre Sasse/Dominique Van Beckhoven
Denmark Susan Cowan Niels Obel
France Florence Lot/Francoise Cazein Dominique Costagliola/Virginie Supervie
Germany Barbara Bartmeyer Barbara Bartmeyer
Greece Georgios Nikolopoulos Giota Touloumi
Italy Barbara Suligoi Antonella d’ Arminio Monforte/Enrico
Girardi
Netherlands Eline Op de Coul Peter Reiss/Ard van Sighem
Spain Mercedes Diez/Asuncion Diaz Julia Del Amo/Vicky Hernando
Sweden Maria Axelsson Anders Sӧnnerborg
United Kingdom Valerie Delpech Caroline Sabin
Surveillance and cohort leads in participating
countries
These 11 countries have a combined population of
378.6 million (74% of the EU population)
The estimated number PLHIV in these 11 countries
= 670 000 (≈80% of all PLHIV in the EU/EEA)
27. Estimates for HIV continuum using standardised
definitions and surveillance/cohort data, 2013
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
PLHIV Diagnosed On ART Viral suppression
84%**
84%*
84%*
85%*
**Percentages out of all PLHIV by end 2013*Percentages out of the previous step
Gourlay A, Noori T, Pharris A. et al. The HIV continuum of care in European Union countries in 2013: data and challenges.
Clin Infect Dis 2017 cix212. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix212
71%**
60%**
28. 100%
83%
69%
65%
100%
84%
71%
60%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
PLHIV Diagnosed On ART Viral suppression
Continuum of care estimates in the EU/EEA
Dublin (n=18) vs clinical cohort (n=11) estimates
90%
81%
73%
Gourlay A, Noori T, Pharris A. et al. The HIV continuum of care in European Union
countries in 2013: data and challenges. Clin Infect Dis 2017 cix212. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix212
ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Stockholm:
ECDC; 2017. (In press)
Dublin continuum
Cohort continuum
29. How close are we to reaching the 90-90-90
targets?
100%
81%
68%
60%
100%
84%
73%
65%
100%
61%
34%
24%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
PLHIV Diagnosed On ART Viral suppression
Europe and Central Asia EU/EEA Non-EU/EEA
90%
81%
73%
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
30. How close are we to reaching the 90-90-90
targets?
100%
81%
68%
60%
100%
84%
73%
65%
100%
61%
34%
24%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
PLHIV Diagnosed On ART Viral suppression
Europe and Central Asia EU/EEA Non-EU/EEA
90%
81%
73%
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
31. How close are we to reaching the 90-90-90
targets?
100%
81%
68%
60%
100%
84%
73%
65%
100%
61%
34%
24%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
PLHIV Diagnosed On ART Viral suppression
Europe and Central Asia EU/EEA Non-EU/EEA
90%
81%
73%
Source: ECDC. Thematic report: HIV continuum of care. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight
HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017. (In press)
33. Comparison of the continuum of care for key
populations
100%
83%
70%
63%
100%
82%
57%
40%
100%
73%
51%
41%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
LivingwithHIV
Diagnosed
ReceivingART
Virallysuppressed
LivingwithHIV
Diagnosed
ReceivingART
Virallysuppressed
LivingwithHIV
Diagnosed
ReceivingART
Virallysuppressed
MSM (n=6) PWID (n=7) Foreign born migrants (n=2)
Source: Monitoring the HIV Continuum of Care in key populations across Europe and Central Asia. Submitted for publication.
34. Comparison of the continuum of care for key
populations against national continua
100%
83%
70%
63%
100%
82%
57%
40%
100%
73%
51%
41%
100%
84%
74%
68%
100%
83%
71%
65%
100%
84%
75%
68%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
LivingwithHIV
Diagnosed
ReceivingART
Virallysuppressed
LivingwithHIV
Diagnosed
ReceivingART
Virallysuppressed
LivingwithHIV
Diagnosed
ReceivingART
Virallysuppressed
MSM (n=6) PWID (n=7) Foreign born migrants (n=2)
Source: Monitoring the HIV Continuum of Care in key populations across Europe and Central Asia. Submitted for publication.
35. Conclusions
ONTREATMENT
VIRAL
SUPPRESSION
DIAGNOSED
PLHIV There are huge inequalities in HIV treatment and care
While the EU is closing in on reaching the 90-90-90 targets
Eastern Europe and Central Asia are lagging far behind
TESTING
LINKAGE &
GUIDELINES
RETENTION AND
ADHERENCE
SUPPORT
35%
OF All PLHIV IN
EU/EEA ARE
NOT VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
76%
OF All PLHIV IN
EECA ARE NOT
VIRALLY
SUPPRESSED
36. Acknowledgements
Dublin Declaration advisory group
Irene Rueckerl (Austria), Florence Lot, Daniela Rojas Castro, Richard Stranz (France), Gesa Kupfer (Germany), Derval Igoe (Ireland), Lella Cosmaro (Italy), Silke
David, Eline Op De Coul (Netherlands), Arild Johan Myrberg (Norway), Olivia Castillo (Spain), Maria Axelsson (Sweden), Valerie Delpech, Alison Brown, Cary
James, Brian Rice (United Kingdom), Velina Pendalovska (European Commission), Klaudia Palczak and Dagmar Hedrich (EMCDDA), Taavi Erkkola, Kim Marsh
(UNAIDS) and Annemarie Steengard (WHO Regional Office for Europe).
Dublin Declaration focal points in Europe and Central Asia
Roland Bani (Albania), Montse Gessé (Andorra), Samvel Grigoryan (Armenia), Irene Rueckerl, Bernhard Benka, Robert Zangerle (Austria), Esmira
Almammadova (Azerbaijan), Inna Karabakh (Belarus), Andre Sasse, Dominique Van Beckhoven (Belgium), Šerifa Godinjak (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Tonka
Varleva (Bulgaria), Jasmina Pavlic (Croatia), Ioannis Demetriades (Cyprus), Veronika Šikolová, Hana Janatova (Czech Republic), Jan Fouchard (Denmark), Kristi
Rüütel, Liilia Lõhmus, Anna-Liisa Pääsukene (Estonia), Henrikki Brummer-Korvenkontio (Finland), Bernard Faliu (France), Tamar Kikvidze (Georgia), Gesa
Kupfer, Ulrich Marcus, (Germany), Vasileia Konte, Chryssoula Botsi, Jenny Kremastinou, Theodoros Papadimitriou (Greece), Katalin Szalay (Hungary), Guðrún
Sigmundsdóttir (Iceland), Derval Igoe (Ireland), Daniel Chemtob (Israel), Maria Grazia Pompa, Anna Caraglia, Barbara Suligoi, Laura Camoni, Stefania
D’Amato, Anna Maria Luzi, Anna Colucci, Marco Floridia, Alessandra Cerioli, Lella Cosmaro, Massimo Oldrini, Laura Rancilio, Maria Stagnitta, Michele
Breveglieri, Margherita Errico (Italy), Irina Ivanovna Petrenko (Kazakhstan), Laura Shehu, Pashk Buzhala, Bajram Maxhuni (Kosovo*), Dzhainagul Baiyzbekova
(Kyrgyzstan), Šarlote Konova (Latvia), Irma Caplinskiene (Lithuania), Patrick Hoffman (Luxembourg), Jackie Maistre Melillo (Malta), Violeta Teutu (Moldova),
Aleksandra Marjanovic (Montenegro), Silke David (Netherlands), Arild Johan Myrberg (Norway), Iwona Wawer, Piotr Wysocki, Adam Adamus (Poland),
Antonio Diniz, Teresa Melo (Portugal), Mariana Mardarescu (Romania), Danijela Simic, Sladjana Baros (Serbia), Peter Truska (Slovakia), Irena Klavs (Slovenia),
Olivia Castillo (Spain), Maria Axelsson (Sweden), Stefan Enggist, Axel Schmidt (Switzerland), Muratboky Beknazarov (Tajikistan), Nurcan Ersöz (Turkey),
Valerie Delpech (United Kingdom), Igor Kuzin (Ukraine) and Zulfiya Abdurakhimova (Uzbekistan).
HIV Surveillance focal points in the EU/EEA
Daniela Schmid, Alexander Spina (Austria), Andre Sasse (Belgium), Tonka Varleva (Bulgaria), Tatjana Nemeth Blazic (Croatia); Maria Koliou (Cyprus), Marek
Maly (Czech Republic); Susan Cowan (Denmark), Kristi Ruutel (Estonia), Kirsi Liitsola (Finland), Florence Lot (France), Barbara Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer
(Germany), Georgios Nikolopoulos and Dimitra Paraskeva (Greece), Maria Dudas (Hungary), Gudrun Sigmundsdottir and Haraldur Briem (Iceland), Kate
O’Donnell and Derval Igoe (Ireland), Barbara Suligoi (Italy), Šarlote Konova (Latvia), Saulius Čaplinskas and Irma Čaplinskienė (Lithuania), : Jean-Claude Schmit
(Luxembourg), Jackie Maistre Melillo and Tanya Melillo (Malta), Eline Op de Coul (Netherlands), Hans Blystad (Norway), Magdalena Rosinska (Poland),
Helena Cortes Martins (Portugal), Mariana Mardarescu (Romania), Peter Truska (Slovakia), Irena Klavs (Slovenia), Asuncion Diaz (Spain), Maria Axelsson
(Sweden), Valerie Delpech (United Kingdom).
EuroCoord/ECDC project collaborators
Daniela Schmid, Alexander Spina, Robert Zangerle (Austria), Andre Sasse, Dominique Van Beckhoven (Belgium), Susan Cowan, Niels Obel (Denmark),
Florence Lot, Francoise Cazein, Dominique Costagliola, Virginie Supervie (France), Barbara Bartmeyer (Germany), Georgios Nikolopoulos, Giota Touloumi
(Greece), Barbara Suligoi, Antonella d’ Arminio Monforte, Enrico Girardi (Italy), Eline Op de Coul, Peter Reiss, Ard van Sighem (Netherlands), Mercedes Diez,
Asuncion Diaz, Julia Del Amo (Spain), Maria Axelsson, Anders Sӧnnerborg (Sweden), Valerie Delpech, Sara Croxford, Caroline Sabin (United Kingdom)