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Ancient Mesopotamia consisted of independent city-states each with their own ruler, with patriarchal societies dominated by men. Hammurabi established the first written law code in Babylon based on strict justice that varied by social class. Ancient Egypt developed along the Nile River, with pharaohs believed to have divine kingship and their rule evolving from the Old to New Kingdoms and eventual collapse of their large empire. The Israelites originated as a united kingdom under King Solomon in Palestine, which later split into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah after his death.
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Mesopotamia developed one of the earliest known legal codes, the Code of Hammurabi. Ancient Egypt was one of the oldest civilizations ruled by powerful pharaohs. In ancient India, Hinduism and Buddhism developed, with Hinduism believing in reincarnation and karma and Buddhism started by Siddhartha Gautama. Ancient China was divided into dynasties that were ruled by families, and Confucianism emphasized moral behavior. In ancient Greece, city-states like Athens and Sparta ruled parts of Greece, with Athens being a great sea power and Sparta very militaristic.
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The Merovingians arose as the strongest Frankish group after the fall of Rome. Clovis was the first Merovingian king to accept Christianity in 481. Pepin the Short strengthened the position of the Franks when he was anointed by the Pope as divine ruler. Pepin's son Charlemagne further expanded the Frankish lands and was crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800, reestablishing the Roman Empire in the West. Charlemagne's empire was divided after his death, weakening central authority and leading to more localized power under feudalism.
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The Roman Republic was established after the overthrow of the tyrannical Tarquin monarchy. It featured a government with three branches - magistrates including two annually-elected consuls, the Roman Senate, and assemblies where citizens voted. The Republic also had checks on power through term limits, vetoes, and requiring legislative approval. Roman law was codified in the Twelve Tables, and the Republic grew powerful through Mediterranean trade and conquests, becoming the dominant force around the sea.
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The document provides background information on the Byzantine Empire. It describes how the Roman Empire was originally centered around the Mediterranean but faced internal and external threats over time. Emperor Diocletian divided the empire into western and eastern halves to make it easier to govern. Constantine later moved the capital to Constantinople in Turkey. The western half of the empire continued to decline due to invasions, while the eastern half grew stronger under emperors like Justinian who reconquered territory and standardized the legal system. The Byzantine Empire had Constantinople as its capital and spoke Greek, with Orthodox Christianity becoming its dominant religion.
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1) Rome was founded in the 8th century BC by Romulus and Remus on the Tiber River. It was built on seven hills and became a center of power in the Italian peninsula due to its strategic location and fertile soil.
2) In the early republic, Rome transitioned from villages to a city covering 500 square miles. However, the patricians and plebeians struggled for power and influence.
3) Julius Caesar rose to power as a military leader and was appointed dictator for life, concentrating power in his hands. However, many senators saw him as a threat and assassinated him, plunging Rome into further civil war and destroying the Roman Republic.
Peoples and empires
The document discusses the history of empires. It describes how Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire in the 4th century BC in hopes of unifying Asia and Europe. However, he died without appointing an heir, and his empire was later divided among his generals. One of the greatest achievements of the Roman Empire was establishing its legal system. The Roman Empire expanded greatly but eventually became too large to manage from a single center. It also transitioned from a polytheistic pagan society to a monotheistic Christian one before splitting into western and eastern parts.
Soc 8 ch15_1
The Greeks developed direct democracy and made advancements in philosophy, art, and science. They spread their culture through Alexander the Great's conquests. The Romans established a republic and laws, built cities and advanced technologies, and brought peace during the Pax Romana. However, Rome fell due to endless warfare, economic troubles, and barbarian invasions by the 400s AD. After the fall, Europe transitioned to feudalism and adopted Christianity.
Ancient rome and ancient china
Ancient Rome and Ancient China are compared across several domains:
- Rome expanded through military conquest while China expanded after defeating neighboring dynasties and states.
- Rome's early religion was polytheistic while China's influential philosophies included Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism.
- Rome had a democratic government while China was ruled by a series of monarchies.
- Both civilizations made important contributions to technology, architecture, and culture that still influence the modern world today.
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Rome was founded between 1000-500 BC by Latins on seven hills along the Tiber River in central Italy due to its fertile soil and strategic location. Originally ruled by Etruscan kings, Rome became a republic in 509 BC with citizens electing leaders like consuls and tribunes. Rome expanded its power by conquering neighboring peoples and defeating rivals like Carthage in the Punic Wars, allowing Rome to control the entire Italian peninsula and become the dominant power in the Mediterranean by 146 BC.
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How Did The Enlightenment Philosophies Influence Modern Political Thought
The enlightenment philosophies of freedom, democracy, reason, and separation of church and state greatly influenced modern political thought. These ideas challenged traditional systems of monarchy, aristocracy, and religious authority. Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Adams, Hume, and Jefferson promoted natural rights, consent of the governed, and prioritized human reason over tradition and divine right. Their ideas shaped the American and French Revolutions and continue to underpin democratic systems today.
Part I Roman Monarchy (Pre-Roman Republic) Notes
The document summarizes notes on the early history of Rome from the Roman Monarchy through the establishment of the Roman Republic. It describes Rome's strategic geographic location, the original Latin settlers, conquest by the Etruscans who established a monarchy ruled by kings called Tarquins. The last Tarquin king ruled as a tyrant, leading the Romans to overthrow the monarchy and establish the Roman Republic with elected representatives instead of a monarch.
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This document summarizes the key political developments of classical civilizations including Greece, Persia, China, India, and Rome. It outlines the rise and fall of major dynasties and empires, noting some similarities like centralized monarchies, bureaucracies, taxation, and use of religion to reinforce political authority. Differences are also highlighted such as Greece having independent city-states while India maintained a caste-structured society.
Rome notes
Rome was located in a strategic position in central Italy on the Tiber River, allowing it to control the Mediterranean region. It began as a kingdom ruled by Etruscans but overthrew them in the 5th century BCE to establish a republic with a Senate dominated by patricians. Conflicts emerged between patricians and plebeians seeking more rights and power. Rome then expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean through military conquests, establishing itself as a major power and defeating Carthage. It transitioned from a republic to an empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus, though the form of a republic was maintained. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent by the 2nd century CE and spread its culture and laws
Han china and Gupta India
The Han Dynasty in China was characterized by a strong bureaucracy that ruled over a largely rural population. The emperor held power as long as he ruled virtuously, according to Confucian ideals. Society was stratified, with the emperor, nobles, officials, and scholars at the top. Peasants, artisans, merchants and slaves comprised the lower classes. The Han era saw advances in mathematics, calligraphy, and the decorative arts. Taoism and Buddhism gained prominence alongside traditional ancestor worship and Confucian philosophy.
The Gupta Empire in India also had a centralized government that supported trade and local rule. Agriculture was important to the economy, as were textile production and long-distance trade. Hinduism
Bizantine Empire and Islam (Medieval Age)
The Byzantine Empire lasted over 1000 years as the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople with an effective administration and strong military that resisted invasions. The rise of Islam in the 7th century originated in the Arabian Peninsula and quickly expanded, establishing a prosperous civilization with Arabic as the dominant language from Spain to India based on the teachings of the Quran and five pillars of Islam including prayer, fasting during Ramadan, charity, and pilgrimage to Mecca. The Byzantine Empire ended in 1534 with its conquest by the Ottoman Turks.
Roman Republic
Rome was founded as a republic in 509 BCE, with a government led by senators and two annually elected consuls. Romans were polytheistic and adopted Greek gods like Jupiter and Juno. Society was divided into patricians and plebeians. The Roman Republic expanded across Italy and conquered territories through a powerful army composed of citizen-soldiers. After a period of instability, Augustus established the Roman Empire, bringing two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule. However, the western empire eventually declined due to invasions, economic troubles, and governmental corruption.
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Rome was founded in 753 BCE near the Tiber River in Italy. It began as a monarchy but became a republic. The Roman Empire expanded through military conquests and established roads, aqueducts and other infrastructure. Religions like Christianity and Judaism became widespread in the Roman Empire, though emperors sometimes persecuted groups like Christians and Jews. Roman society was stratified with patricians at the top and slaves and plebeians at the bottom.
World History Ch. 6 Section 1 Notes
1. Rome began as a small town along the Tiber River in Italy. Its location provided protection and access to important trade routes by land and sea. Rome later became a republic with a system of checks and balances between patricians and plebeians.
2. During the Roman Republic, Rome was a thriving city centered around the Forum. It was both a political and social center.
3. Rome's expansion led to conflicts with Carthage known as the Punic Wars. After three wars, Rome defeated Carthage and destroyed the city.
Change From Republic To Empire
The document summarizes the transition from Roman Republic to Roman Empire. There was growing disparity between the rich and poor, leading to reforms attempted by the Gracchus brothers which failed. This led to civil war between Marius and Sulla, and the establishment of the First Triumvirate between Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. Caesar's victories in Gaul increased his power and fame, causing Pompey to oppose him and lead to more civil war. Caesar became dictator for life but was assassinated. This threw Rome into further chaos and civil war until Octavian emerged as the first emperor, taking the name Augustus and establishing the Pax Romana.
Byzantine Empire student notes
The document discusses the Byzantine Empire, which emerged after the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves. The Eastern half became the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire preserved Greek and Roman culture and laws through scholars, works of art like mosaics, and the Justinian Code. It lasted from approximately 400 AD to 1453 AD.
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2) The influence of ancient Greece and Rome, including the first democratic systems and concepts of separation of powers that emerged.
3) The impact of religious ideas from Christianity, Judaism, and Islam on principles like equality and opposition to tyranny that supported democratic growth.
4) Key documents and reforms in medieval and early modern England like the Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and Bill of Rights that
Each reply to a classmate should be 100 words or more. Response stat.docx
Each reply to a classmate should be 100 words or more. Response stating that “I agree” with a post is inadequate without adding more information. A student will not receive full credit for responses to classmates that are not substantive responses.
Response 1:
In greek society, the people revolved around religion, although it wasn't a strict one. People weren't ruled by kings or leaders majority of places, but they did tend to follow their preiest or preistess and follow what they said on behalf of the gods. If you were more skilled in specialized practices, or more educated, since it was an oligarchy society (where the power lies in the small, wealthy elites), you would of course be ranked higher than slaves and peasants, but merchants and such typically weren't ruling forces.
The Roman and the Han Empires shared many similarities, despite the fact that they developed separately from each other. Both Roman and Han Empires experienced social unrest during their collapse. Nomadic invasions pestered both Roman and Han empires. Both empires developed strong bureaucracies that allowed them to establish a long period with effective centralized rule. There were a lot of positive things that came from both empires. The road network facilitated it and so did the Mediterranean, which made it easy to shuttle goods throughout the Empire through sea. Sea trade was less expensive than land trade and the fact that Rome was more of a naval empire than the Han DynOne key difference from the Han was an extensive institution of slavery, in which slave laborers were used in large numbers to produce goods. The factor that contributed to the collapse of both the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty is that wars with invaders from neighboring lands weakened both empires. The Han Dynasty declined due to internal political disputes among people in power and rebellion form peasants that were tired of heavy taxation. The Han Dynasty of China was the second imperial dynasty. It was a well organized bureaucracy based upon Confucian ideas and education. Roman Empire was a well organized bureaucracy founded on Roman law and classical learning.
Response 2:
The Greek contribution to the creation of Western Civilization equals that of the Jews and the Christians. In the addition to the concept of democratic government, the Greeks were most recognized for their love of the fine arts and their search for wisdom, which they called philosophy. Power is what created the arts and literature of the Greek world and made it as amazing as it is today and for the last twenty-five centuries. While philosophy was very popular in the Greek world, not all the Greeks could find the answers they were looking for in philosophy and turned to religion. Greek religion was different from most in the way that it believed that human beings were only second to the gods themselves but that "man is a measure of all things" (pg. 109). The confidence they felt towards themselves was visible thr.
Ancient greeceandrome
The toga was the standard garment worn by male citizens in ancient Rome, though it became less common over time due to inconvenience, eventually being replaced as everyday wear by tunics and cloaks; women typically wore a long tunic called a stola along with a shawl-like mantle when going out. Undergarments were minimal, consisting solely of a knee-length undertunic for men and ankle-length one for women and girls.
Classical Greece (L. 5 Pba)
Classical Greece saw the development of strong city-states like Sparta and Athens between 1700 BCE and the 5th century BCE. Sparta was a military aristocracy that dominated slaves, while Athens was a more diverse commercial state under the influential leader Pericles. Democracy was first developed in Athens when the aristocrat Cleisthenes gave more political power to poorer citizens. Greek civilization is renowned for its accomplishments in philosophy with Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato, as well as developing the Phoenician alphabet and laying foundations for Western democracy and architecture.
Global midterm review
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social studies including:
1) Definitions of various social science fields like history, economics, geography, and their practitioners.
2) Distinctions between primary and secondary sources.
3) Concepts of cultural diffusion and ethnocentrism with examples.
4) Influences of geographic features on river valley civilizations and trade.
5) Characteristics of early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley.
People 1
The Greeks built a vast empire based on strong morals and values, allowing them to colonize many lands through their effective colonization methods. Their culture valued individual heroes and fighters seeking fame. Most of the Greek empire can be attributed to Alexander the Great, who exemplified their heroic ideals. Both the Greeks and the Romans who succeeded them established foundations for modern society through their forms of philosophy, military innovations, and social structure with different classes protecting their way of life. Roman law also developed from contributions of Germanic tribes, forming the basis for law today.
Liberty and literacy
This document provides an overview of Thomas Jefferson's views on education and liberal ideology during the early American period. It discusses Jefferson's belief that education should be available to all citizens to allow for the development of reason and virtue. Jefferson proposed a multi-tiered educational system with elementary schools to teach basic skills, grammar schools for further instruction, and a state university to educate a "natural aristocracy" to govern. The document examines Jefferson's liberal views and how he embraced principles of reason, natural law, progress, and freedom of thought central to classical liberalism.
Social Studies Review
The document summarizes the origins and founding of Judaism. It describes how Abraham was told by God (Yahweh) to leave Mesopotamia and settle in Canaan, establishing the Hebrew people. Later, some Hebrews moved to Egypt but were enslaved by the pharaoh. Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt in the Exodus and Yahweh gave Moses the Ten Commandments. The Hebrews settled in Canaan and became known as Israelites, establishing Jerusalem as their capital. Key beliefs of Judaism included belief in one God, obedience to Mosaic law, and that the Messiah would one day restore Israel.
The Rise Of Democratic Ideas
The document traces the rise of democratic ideas from ancient Greece to the modern era. It discusses the democratic reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes in ancient Athens, as well as Athens' evolution into a direct democracy under Pericles. Roman influence is explored through the establishment of the Roman Republic and the codification of Roman law. The document then examines the contributions of the Enlightenment philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau to the development of democratic thought. It also summarizes the American and French Revolutions, which drew upon these Enlightenment ideas of natural rights and popular sovereignty.
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World foundations of democracy - greek & roman contributions
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Wh ch1
- 1. Ch.1 Section 1 The First Civilizations
- 5. Code of Hammurabi was the first law code preserved
- 9. King Solomon created united kingdom of Israel in Palestine (Jerusalem as capital)
- 14. Warriors
- 19. Focused on achieving wisdom
- 21. Rulers were given a mandate from heaven
- 22. Family is the core of society
- 25. Obedience to superiors was important
- 27. The Civilization of the Greeks Ch.1 Section 2
- 29. 3 groups of citizens- Adult males (with political rights), women and children (no political rights), and noncitizens (slaves and resident aliens)
- 34. Rome and the Rise of Christianity Ch.1 Section 3
- 39. Romans extended citizenship to people they ruled spreading their influence
- 42. Eventually Christianity became popular amongst Romans and its values tied closely to Roman values
- 44. New Patterns of Civilization Ch.1 Section 4
- 48. 1066 William of Normandy became king of England- brought about common law
- 49. 1215 nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta giving more rights to nobles