The document provides an overview of Epix, an Internet service provider established in 1994. It summarizes Epix's services such as dial-up and high-speed Internet access, email accounts, web hosting, and technical support hours. The document also outlines Epix's various Internet access plans and premium features included with each plan.
The Links that Became a Web: The 45-year Old Internet and the 25-Year Old WebJohan Koren
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet and World Wide Web over several decades. It describes how ARPANET, the earliest precursor to the Internet, was developed in the 1960s as a military network and then expanded. Key developments included the creation of email in the early 1970s, and connections between different networks in 1975 which marked the beginning of the Internet. In the 1980s, uses expanded beyond research and the military with the rise of bulletin board systems and search tools like Gopher, Veronica, and Archie. The World Wide Web was invented in 1989-1991, using HTML and HTTP. The first graphical web browser, Mosaic, helped popularize the Web in the early 1990s.
Short presentation made at attempting to demonstrate the fast growth of the Internet.
Includes pictures of early ArpaNet diagrams, reproduced without permission but found openly on the Internet.
Most of the other material (host files as well as screen captures of early browser activity) is mine.
CATComputer Applied Training...the history and basic concepts provides an overview of the history of the internet from 1969 to 1997. It discusses key milestones such as the development of ARPANET, TCP/IP, email, the world wide web, and commercialization. The document also covers pros and cons of internet use and training as well as basics of netiquette and social networking.
The document outlines the history and development of the Internet from its earliest origins with Morse code and undersea telegraph cables facilitating basic telecommunications, to the creation of ARPANET in the 1960s and the development of TCP/IP in the 1970s allowing for a more advanced global network. It then discusses key milestones like the introduction of email in the 1980s, the creation of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s which popularized access to information on the Internet, and the commercialization and widespread adoption of the Internet in the later 1990s.
The Internet began as a US military network called ARPANET in the 1960s and adopted the TCP/IP protocol in the 1970s allowing it to connect to other networks. In the 1980s universities and businesses began using the Internet and it grew rapidly. The World Wide Web was introduced in 1991 allowing for easy access to information through hyperlinks. Since then, the Internet has seen enormous growth in users and services with new technologies like social media, e-commerce, mobile Internet, and cloud computing transforming how people use and access information online.
The document summarizes the history of the Internet. It began in 1957 with the development of time-sharing, which allowed one computer to serve multiple users simultaneously. In the late 1950s and 1960s, DARPA created ARPANET to connect government researchers. This led to the development of packet switching and TCP/IP protocols, establishing the foundations of the modern Internet. By the 1990s, TCP/IP became the standard protocol, and ARPANET was decommissioned, but the Internet continued to grow globally.
The document discusses the history and components of the Internet. It provides an overview of how the Internet developed from early research networks in the 1970s to becoming a global, commercial system by the mid-1990s. It also describes important aspects like the TCP/IP protocol, the invention of the World Wide Web in 1989, and popular applications and search engines used on the Internet today.
The Links that Became a Web: The 45-year Old Internet and the 25-Year Old WebJohan Koren
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet and World Wide Web over several decades. It describes how ARPANET, the earliest precursor to the Internet, was developed in the 1960s as a military network and then expanded. Key developments included the creation of email in the early 1970s, and connections between different networks in 1975 which marked the beginning of the Internet. In the 1980s, uses expanded beyond research and the military with the rise of bulletin board systems and search tools like Gopher, Veronica, and Archie. The World Wide Web was invented in 1989-1991, using HTML and HTTP. The first graphical web browser, Mosaic, helped popularize the Web in the early 1990s.
Short presentation made at attempting to demonstrate the fast growth of the Internet.
Includes pictures of early ArpaNet diagrams, reproduced without permission but found openly on the Internet.
Most of the other material (host files as well as screen captures of early browser activity) is mine.
CATComputer Applied Training...the history and basic concepts provides an overview of the history of the internet from 1969 to 1997. It discusses key milestones such as the development of ARPANET, TCP/IP, email, the world wide web, and commercialization. The document also covers pros and cons of internet use and training as well as basics of netiquette and social networking.
The document outlines the history and development of the Internet from its earliest origins with Morse code and undersea telegraph cables facilitating basic telecommunications, to the creation of ARPANET in the 1960s and the development of TCP/IP in the 1970s allowing for a more advanced global network. It then discusses key milestones like the introduction of email in the 1980s, the creation of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s which popularized access to information on the Internet, and the commercialization and widespread adoption of the Internet in the later 1990s.
The Internet began as a US military network called ARPANET in the 1960s and adopted the TCP/IP protocol in the 1970s allowing it to connect to other networks. In the 1980s universities and businesses began using the Internet and it grew rapidly. The World Wide Web was introduced in 1991 allowing for easy access to information through hyperlinks. Since then, the Internet has seen enormous growth in users and services with new technologies like social media, e-commerce, mobile Internet, and cloud computing transforming how people use and access information online.
The document summarizes the history of the Internet. It began in 1957 with the development of time-sharing, which allowed one computer to serve multiple users simultaneously. In the late 1950s and 1960s, DARPA created ARPANET to connect government researchers. This led to the development of packet switching and TCP/IP protocols, establishing the foundations of the modern Internet. By the 1990s, TCP/IP became the standard protocol, and ARPANET was decommissioned, but the Internet continued to grow globally.
The document discusses the history and components of the Internet. It provides an overview of how the Internet developed from early research networks in the 1970s to becoming a global, commercial system by the mid-1990s. It also describes important aspects like the TCP/IP protocol, the invention of the World Wide Web in 1989, and popular applications and search engines used on the Internet today.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP protocols. It originated in the 1960s from US military research networks and has since grown exponentially to include networks run by universities, businesses, governments, and individuals worldwide. The Internet allows for communication via applications like the World Wide Web, email, file transfers, online gaming, and voice/video calls. It is estimated that a quarter of the world's population now uses the Internet.
The document provides information about the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from the ARPANET network developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s for research purposes. It then explains how ARPANET evolved into the Internet over time as networking technology advanced and more computers and networks became connected. The document also outlines some of the key events and innovations that led to the widespread adoption of the Internet, such as the introduction of TCP/IP protocols and the creation of the World Wide Web.
The document provides a history of the internet from 1957 to 1990, describing several key events and innovations:
1) In 1957, computers could only perform one task at a time and programmers had an indirect connection, leading to bugs. A remote connection was then installed.
2) In October 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, frightening the US and leading to the creation of DARPA to secure US technology leadership.
3) DARPA developed ARPANET in 1966 to share information between universities, eliminating manual processing. This laid the foundation for the modern internet.
The history of the Internet began in the 1960s with the creation of ARPANET by the Department of Defense. Key developments included the adoption of TCP/IP protocols in the 1980s and the launch of the NSFNET in the mid-1980s. In the 1990s, the introduction of the World Wide Web and graphical web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape made the Internet easily accessible to the general public and sparked its rapid growth.
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from the 1960s to present day. It begins with the conception of early computer networks by the US Department of Defense and military researchers. These early networks grew throughout the 1960s and 1970s, eventually connecting many universities. Standards and protocols like TCP/IP were established in the 1970s and 1980s, allowing for the Internet as we know it today. Commercial use expanded in the 1990s with technologies like the World Wide Web, and today the Internet connects billions of people and sites globally.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the Internet. It describes how the earliest computer networks like ARPANET in the 1960s laid the foundations for the Internet by developing packet switching and the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s from just a few hundred hosts to over 100 million by the early 2000s. Key challenges addressed in creating the Internet included building a network infrastructure that was survivable, reliable for message transmission, and could handle increasing data traffic through a best effort service model.
This document provides a summary of the history of internet protocols from the 1960s to the present. It discusses (1) the early development of packet switching by Paul Baran and others in the 1960s, the creation of the ARPANET in 1969, and the development of IP in the 1970s by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. It then discusses (2) the "protocol wars" of competing protocols that emerged outside of academia in response to growing communication demands. Finally, it predicts (3) that cloud computing will lead to further protocol proliferation and complexity initially, but that protocols will eventually converge around designs that are simple, open, separated by function, decoupled from hardware dependencies, and federated/hierarchical
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
The document provides a history of the internet from its earliest origins to its modern form. It describes how pioneers in the 1940s-1960s laid the conceptual foundations for digital networking, and how the U.S. government and researchers collaborated in the 1960s-1970s to develop the ARPANET, one of the first wide-area computer networks. Key figures who contributed to the development of networking technologies and protocols that allowed the ARPANET to scale into today's internet are also profiled.
Growth of internet in world as well as specifically in India.
A huge difference found between 90's condition of Internet and Today;s condition in world which is shortly describe in PPT.
Design and development of a web-based data visualization software for politic...Alexandros Britzolakis
Presenting a tool for identifying political popularity over Twitter. AthPPA (which stands for Athena Political Popularity Analysis) is a tool for identifying how popular a political leader is over Twitter. For the purposes of this dissertation the Twitter accounts of the most prominent Greek political leaders have been identified. Structured data such as likes, re-tweets, text-length per tweet as well as the number of subscribers per account have been visualized. Furthermore, sentiment analysis is calculated and visualized using spaCy module and a sentiment lexicon which contains a set of emotion based labeled words.
The ARPANET was a network created in the 1960s by the US Department of Defense to enable resource sharing between universities and research centers. It connected 4 major universities using packet switching technology over interconnected nodes. This allowed the network to remain operational even if some nodes failed. The ARPANET pioneered internet technology and expanded to include more nodes, eventually evolving into today's internet.
This presentation briefly discusses the history of data communications (late 19th century to mid-20th century) and the different standard organizations that governs the world of data comm.
The document discusses the history and requirements for internet connection. It describes how the internet began in the 1950s as the ARPANet and was commercialized in 1995. It outlines the key developments from packet switched networks to standardization of TCP/IP and the decommissioning of ARPANet. The document also lists the hardware, software, and infrastructure needed for an internet connection including computers, browsers, modems, routers, and internet service providers.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET in the 1960s through the 1990s. It notes that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, computers were large mainframes with no personal computers yet. ARPANET first connected computers at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB and the University of Utah in 1969. Key developments in the 1970s included the creation of TCP/IP, email, and file transfer protocols. The 1980s saw the introduction of personal computers from IBM and Apple and the creation of modem connections and NSFNET. The World Wide Web was developed in the early 1990s, using HTTP and early browsers like Mosaic to access HTML files via URLs on the Internet
The document discusses the origins and development of the Internet. It describes how ARPANET, developed by DARPA, was the first wide area network and used packet switching, laying the foundation for the Internet. It then explains how NSFNET, created by the National Science Foundation, helped spread network usage by connecting to ARPANET and regional networks after ARPANET was discontinued. Finally, it discusses how the World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, made the Internet useful for human communication through technologies like HTML, URIs, and HTTP.
The document provides an introduction to the internet and the world wide web for a course on website design and development. It discusses the history of the internet and how it originated as a military network before becoming publicly available. It defines key terms like web browser, website, and homepage. It explains that the internet is the underlying infrastructure of hardware, while the world wide web is the software comprising hyperlinked web pages. The internet connects millions of computers and networks globally through protocols like TCP/IP, while the web is governed by HTTP and links files and documents stored on various computers.
The document discusses the history and technology of the Internet. It describes how the Internet began as a research project of the U.S. government in the 1960s to develop robust computer networks. Over subsequent decades, the Internet evolved through various research networks until it was commercialized in 1995 and began widespread use. Today, the Internet connects billions of users worldwide through an interconnected system of networks that uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to share information.
The document provides information about the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military network called ARPANET in 1969 and expanded throughout the 1970s. It also describes how the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee led to widespread commercial and public use of the Internet. The document then gives an overview of Internet governance organizations and different types of Internet connections.
Chapter 4 data communication fundamentalN. A. Sutisna
This document provides a history of data communication and the development of the Internet. It discusses key events and innovations such as the development of packet switching networks in the 1960s, the creation of ARPANET in 1969, the specification of TCP and IP in 1982 which defined the Internet, and the commercialization of the Internet in the late 1980s. It outlines the rapid growth of the Internet from just a few nodes in 1969 to over 100,000 hosts by 1989.
The document provides a detailed history and timeline of the development of the Internet from 1836 to 1997. Some of the key events and developments include:
- The origins of packet switching networks developed in the 1960s for the U.S. military which helped enable the future development of the Internet.
- The birth of the Internet in 1969 with the creation of ARPANET and the connection of four computer nodes at universities in California and Utah.
- The development of electronic mail in 1971 which allowed people to communicate over the network and is still a primary form of communication today.
- The creation of the World Wide Web in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee which revolutionized access to information and communications.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP protocols. It originated in the 1960s from US military research networks and has since grown exponentially to include networks run by universities, businesses, governments, and individuals worldwide. The Internet allows for communication via applications like the World Wide Web, email, file transfers, online gaming, and voice/video calls. It is estimated that a quarter of the world's population now uses the Internet.
The document provides information about the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from the ARPANET network developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s for research purposes. It then explains how ARPANET evolved into the Internet over time as networking technology advanced and more computers and networks became connected. The document also outlines some of the key events and innovations that led to the widespread adoption of the Internet, such as the introduction of TCP/IP protocols and the creation of the World Wide Web.
The document provides a history of the internet from 1957 to 1990, describing several key events and innovations:
1) In 1957, computers could only perform one task at a time and programmers had an indirect connection, leading to bugs. A remote connection was then installed.
2) In October 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, frightening the US and leading to the creation of DARPA to secure US technology leadership.
3) DARPA developed ARPANET in 1966 to share information between universities, eliminating manual processing. This laid the foundation for the modern internet.
The history of the Internet began in the 1960s with the creation of ARPANET by the Department of Defense. Key developments included the adoption of TCP/IP protocols in the 1980s and the launch of the NSFNET in the mid-1980s. In the 1990s, the introduction of the World Wide Web and graphical web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape made the Internet easily accessible to the general public and sparked its rapid growth.
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from the 1960s to present day. It begins with the conception of early computer networks by the US Department of Defense and military researchers. These early networks grew throughout the 1960s and 1970s, eventually connecting many universities. Standards and protocols like TCP/IP were established in the 1970s and 1980s, allowing for the Internet as we know it today. Commercial use expanded in the 1990s with technologies like the World Wide Web, and today the Internet connects billions of people and sites globally.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the Internet. It describes how the earliest computer networks like ARPANET in the 1960s laid the foundations for the Internet by developing packet switching and the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s from just a few hundred hosts to over 100 million by the early 2000s. Key challenges addressed in creating the Internet included building a network infrastructure that was survivable, reliable for message transmission, and could handle increasing data traffic through a best effort service model.
This document provides a summary of the history of internet protocols from the 1960s to the present. It discusses (1) the early development of packet switching by Paul Baran and others in the 1960s, the creation of the ARPANET in 1969, and the development of IP in the 1970s by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. It then discusses (2) the "protocol wars" of competing protocols that emerged outside of academia in response to growing communication demands. Finally, it predicts (3) that cloud computing will lead to further protocol proliferation and complexity initially, but that protocols will eventually converge around designs that are simple, open, separated by function, decoupled from hardware dependencies, and federated/hierarchical
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
The document provides a history of the internet from its earliest origins to its modern form. It describes how pioneers in the 1940s-1960s laid the conceptual foundations for digital networking, and how the U.S. government and researchers collaborated in the 1960s-1970s to develop the ARPANET, one of the first wide-area computer networks. Key figures who contributed to the development of networking technologies and protocols that allowed the ARPANET to scale into today's internet are also profiled.
Growth of internet in world as well as specifically in India.
A huge difference found between 90's condition of Internet and Today;s condition in world which is shortly describe in PPT.
Design and development of a web-based data visualization software for politic...Alexandros Britzolakis
Presenting a tool for identifying political popularity over Twitter. AthPPA (which stands for Athena Political Popularity Analysis) is a tool for identifying how popular a political leader is over Twitter. For the purposes of this dissertation the Twitter accounts of the most prominent Greek political leaders have been identified. Structured data such as likes, re-tweets, text-length per tweet as well as the number of subscribers per account have been visualized. Furthermore, sentiment analysis is calculated and visualized using spaCy module and a sentiment lexicon which contains a set of emotion based labeled words.
The ARPANET was a network created in the 1960s by the US Department of Defense to enable resource sharing between universities and research centers. It connected 4 major universities using packet switching technology over interconnected nodes. This allowed the network to remain operational even if some nodes failed. The ARPANET pioneered internet technology and expanded to include more nodes, eventually evolving into today's internet.
This presentation briefly discusses the history of data communications (late 19th century to mid-20th century) and the different standard organizations that governs the world of data comm.
The document discusses the history and requirements for internet connection. It describes how the internet began in the 1950s as the ARPANet and was commercialized in 1995. It outlines the key developments from packet switched networks to standardization of TCP/IP and the decommissioning of ARPANet. The document also lists the hardware, software, and infrastructure needed for an internet connection including computers, browsers, modems, routers, and internet service providers.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET in the 1960s through the 1990s. It notes that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, computers were large mainframes with no personal computers yet. ARPANET first connected computers at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB and the University of Utah in 1969. Key developments in the 1970s included the creation of TCP/IP, email, and file transfer protocols. The 1980s saw the introduction of personal computers from IBM and Apple and the creation of modem connections and NSFNET. The World Wide Web was developed in the early 1990s, using HTTP and early browsers like Mosaic to access HTML files via URLs on the Internet
The document discusses the origins and development of the Internet. It describes how ARPANET, developed by DARPA, was the first wide area network and used packet switching, laying the foundation for the Internet. It then explains how NSFNET, created by the National Science Foundation, helped spread network usage by connecting to ARPANET and regional networks after ARPANET was discontinued. Finally, it discusses how the World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, made the Internet useful for human communication through technologies like HTML, URIs, and HTTP.
The document provides an introduction to the internet and the world wide web for a course on website design and development. It discusses the history of the internet and how it originated as a military network before becoming publicly available. It defines key terms like web browser, website, and homepage. It explains that the internet is the underlying infrastructure of hardware, while the world wide web is the software comprising hyperlinked web pages. The internet connects millions of computers and networks globally through protocols like TCP/IP, while the web is governed by HTTP and links files and documents stored on various computers.
The document discusses the history and technology of the Internet. It describes how the Internet began as a research project of the U.S. government in the 1960s to develop robust computer networks. Over subsequent decades, the Internet evolved through various research networks until it was commercialized in 1995 and began widespread use. Today, the Internet connects billions of users worldwide through an interconnected system of networks that uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to share information.
The document provides information about the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military network called ARPANET in 1969 and expanded throughout the 1970s. It also describes how the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee led to widespread commercial and public use of the Internet. The document then gives an overview of Internet governance organizations and different types of Internet connections.
Chapter 4 data communication fundamentalN. A. Sutisna
This document provides a history of data communication and the development of the Internet. It discusses key events and innovations such as the development of packet switching networks in the 1960s, the creation of ARPANET in 1969, the specification of TCP and IP in 1982 which defined the Internet, and the commercialization of the Internet in the late 1980s. It outlines the rapid growth of the Internet from just a few nodes in 1969 to over 100,000 hosts by 1989.
The document provides a detailed history and timeline of the development of the Internet from 1836 to 1997. Some of the key events and developments include:
- The origins of packet switching networks developed in the 1960s for the U.S. military which helped enable the future development of the Internet.
- The birth of the Internet in 1969 with the creation of ARPANET and the connection of four computer nodes at universities in California and Utah.
- The development of electronic mail in 1971 which allowed people to communicate over the network and is still a primary form of communication today.
- The creation of the World Wide Web in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee which revolutionized access to information and communications.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the Internet. It describes how the earliest computer networks like ARPANET in the 1960s laid the foundations for the Internet by developing packet switching and the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s from just a few hundred hosts to over a million as TCP/IP became the standard and the World Wide Web launched in 1989. By the early 2000s, there were over 200 million hosts connected to the Internet and it was predicted that 80% of the world would be online by 2010. The creation of the Internet solved challenges around networking, reliability, and data traffic through innovations like packet switching and the best effort service model.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from the ARPANET network created by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s to enable communication between researchers even if parts of the network failed. It describes how standards like TCP/IP were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, allowing the Internet to grow rapidly from around 1,000 hosts in 1984 to over 200 million hosts by 2002. The document also summarizes how the Internet works, including topics like browsers, URLs, domain names, and different ways users can access the Internet through connections like LAN servers, dial-up, or online services.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
The document provides a timeline of key events in the development of computer networking and the internet from 1962 to 1992. It describes early research into connecting computers long-distance, the creation of the ARPANET in 1965, the development of networking protocols in the 1970s, and the launch of the World Wide Web in 1989 which fueled exponential growth of the internet in the early 1990s.
The document discusses the history and workings of the Internet. It originated from ARPANET, a network developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s to enable communication between computers despite damage. The Internet evolved to connect various networks worldwide using TCP/IP protocols. It allows users to access services and information over the worldwide network through an Internet service provider. The document outlines the advantages of communication, information access and more, as well as security risks, and predicts future Internet developments like globalization and wireless connectivity.
Computer Networking-The past, present and future.pptxChideraAnichebe
A slide on the past, present and future of Computer Networking presented during the IEEE Tech Brush-Up event at the FUTO Student Branch on January, 2022
The document outlines the key events in the history and development of the Internet from 1836 to 1997, including the invention of the telegraph and Morse code, early computer networks like ARPANET, the creation of TCP/IP protocols, the introduction of email and domains, the growth of networks internationally, the development of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, and the commercialization and mass adoption of the Internet in the mid-1990s.
The document summarizes the history and development of computer networking. It describes how ARPANET, developed in the 1960s, connected several universities and allowed for the first transmission of data between networked computers. This led to the creation of the internet as more networks were interconnected. Key developments included the introduction of TCP/IP in the 1980s and the creation of the World Wide Web in the 1990s. The document also provides an overview of networking concepts such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and IP addressing.
The internet began in the 1950s as a US government network called ARPANET to enable communication in case of nuclear war. In the 1960s, scientists developed packet switching and email, allowing computers to communicate. In the 1970s, protocols like TCP/IP were developed to connect different networks, and the term "internet" was coined. The 1980s saw widespread adoption among researchers, and domains and browsers launched in the 1990s, making the internet publicly accessible. The web, e-commerce, social media, and mobile use transformed the internet in the 2000s into a global communication platform.
Entrepreneurship & Commerce in IT - 09 - The internet and the world wide webSachintha Gunasena
The document discusses the evolution and key concepts of the Internet. It describes how packet switching, TCP/IP, and client-server computing enabled the Internet to develop. Packet switching allowed messages to be broken into packets and sent over multiple paths. TCP/IP provided protocols for transmitting and routing these packets. Client-server models distributed processing power across many connected computers. Together these innovations formed the basis of the Internet and World Wide Web.
The document outlines the history and development of telecommunication and computer networking technologies from 1836 to 1997. It details important milestones such as the invention of the telegraph in 1836, the first transatlantic cable in 1858, the telephone in 1876, and the launch of Sputnik in 1957 which marked the start of global telecommunication. It then focuses on the development of the Internet from the 1960s onwards, including the earliest concepts of packet switching, the creation of ARPANET in 1969, the development of TCP/IP in the 1980s, and the commercialization of the Internet in the 1990s.
THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA...ZymyraCanillas
The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA of the 1950s. The Cold War was at its height and huge tensions existed between North America and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers were in possession of deadly nuclear weapons, and people lived in fear of long-range surprise attacks. The US realized it needed a communications system that could not be affected by a Soviet nuclear attack.
At this time, computers were large, expensive machines exclusively used by military scientists and university staff.
These machines were powerful but limited in numbers, and researchers grew increasingly frustrated: they required access to the technology, but had to travel great distances to use it.
To solve this problem, researchers started ‘time-sharing’. This meant that users could simultaneously access a mainframe computer through a series of terminals, although individually they had only a fraction of the computer’s actual power at their command.
The difficulty of using such systems led various scientists, engineers and organizations to research the possibility of a large-scale computer network.
No one person invented the internet. When networking technology was first developed, a number of scientists and engineers brought their research together to create the ARPANET. Later, other inventors’ creations paved the way for the web as we know it today.
In 1965, Lawrence Roberts made two separate computers in different places ‘talk’ to each other for the first time. This experimental link used a telephone line with an acoustically coupled modem, and transferred digital data using packets.
When the first packet-switching network was developed, Leonard Kleinrock was the first person to use it to send a message. He used a computer at UCLA to send a message to a computer at Stanford. Kleinrock tried to type ‘login’ but the system crashed after the letters ‘L’ and ‘O’ had appeared on the Stanford monitor.
A second attempt proved successful and more messages were exchanged between the two sites. The ARPANET was born.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1958, bringing together some of the best scientific minds in the country. Their aim was to help American military technology stay ahead of its enemies and prevent surprises, such as the launch of the satellite Sputnik 1, happening again. Among ARPA’s projects was a remit to test the feasibility of a large-scale computer network.
Lawrence Roberts was responsible for developing computer networks at ARPA, working with scientist Leonard Kleinrock.
Roberts was the first person to connect two computers. When the first packet-switching network was developed in 1969, Kleinrock successfully used it to send messages to another site, and the ARPA Network—or ARPANET—was born.
Once ARPANET was up and running, it quickly expanded. By 1973, 30 academic, military and research institutions had joined the network, connecting locations including Hawaii, Norway and the UK.
As ARPANET grew
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the Internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and expanded in the 1970s and 1980s. Important protocols like TCP/IP, FTP, and telnet were introduced during this period. In the 1980s, NSFNET connected universities and research networks, expanding access. The World Wide Web was created in the early 1990s, making the Internet more graphical and user-friendly. By the mid-1990s, commercial use of the Internet began to take off. The document concludes by stating that the next lecture will cover popular Internet services.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the Internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and expanded in the 1970s and 1980s. Important protocols like TCP/IP, FTP, and telnet were introduced during this period. In the 1980s, NSFNET connected universities and research networks, expanding access. The World Wide Web was created in the early 1990s, making the Internet more graphical and user-friendly. By the mid-1990s, commercial use of the Internet began to take off. The document concludes by stating that the next lecture will cover popular Internet services.
This document outlines the major developments in telecommunications and the internet from 1836 to 2011, including the invention of the telegraph, telephone, development of packet switching networks, creation of ARPAnet which laid the foundations for the internet, development of email and network gateways allowing international communication, standardization of TCP/IP, commercialization of the internet, expansion of access and capabilities through multimedia, the World Wide Web revolution, growth of wireless technologies, and the internet's impact on digital literacy and education.
The document outlines the history and development of the Internet from 1957 to 1996. Some key events include the launch of Sputnik in 1957, the development of ARPANET in the late 1960s led by DARPA, the creation of TCP/IP in 1973 allowing different networks to connect, the commercialization of the Internet in the mid-1990s including the introduction of web browsers, and the handover of management from the US government to commercial institutions. The Internet grew out of research and military networks and became a globally connected, commercial system by the mid-1990s.
Blogging 101
Presented By: Dale Culp and Jonathon Knepper
Track: Technology
Session Format: Co-Presentation
Description: If you’re just starting out with blogging, this session is a must-attend! Join Dale and Jonathan as they discuss how to build your first blog, including choosing a host and domain name, a content management system to work with, and then, how to make your blog thrive.
Blogging 101
Presented By: Dale Culp and Jonathon Knepper
Track: Technology
Session Format: Co-Presentation
Description: If you’re just starting out with blogging, this session is a must-attend! Join Dale and Jonathan as they discuss how to build your first blog, including choosing a host and domain name, a content management system to work with, and then, how to make your blog thrive.
Google Analytics 101
Presented By: Eleni Konstas and Ruth Whispell
Track: Technology
Session Format: Co-Presentation
Description: In Google Analytics 101 for Bloggers, Eleni and Ruth will go over how to know if you’re tracking properly, what filters and profiles will save you grief, where to track social media performance, and other smart nuggets in the cavernous world of analytics. Attendees can plan to take away both useful and interesting tips from the session, as Google Analytics can provide bloggers with ways to make sure the site is performing well, how people are coming to the site, and be more than another WordPress Plugin! Plus, this session will also go over the more fun bits like how to find topics for future posts to squirrel away for a later day and ways to pull top performing posts for that all essential wrap-up post.
Content Creation & Management
Presented By: Michael Lello
Track: Marketing
Session Format: Single Presenter Session
Description: Michael’s blog, Highway 81 Revisted, is an example of great content in action. This session will go over what types of content you can create and why, how to promote your content once it’s live, and ways to share your content so you can build a strong brand and loyal readership.
NEPA BlogCon 2013 - Non-Profits vs. For-Profits in the Game of Social Media, ...Michelle Davies (Hryvnak)
Non-Profits vs. For-Profits in the Game of Social Media, Blogs, and Online Media Tools
Presented By: Michelle Schmude and Scott Weiland
Track: Marketing
Session Format: Panel Discussion
Description: Social media, blogs, and other online media can be utilized by organizations to introduce a new product or service, build name recognition and loyalty among key constituencies, or drive traffic to a website so the customer can locate more information or even buy the product. The communication strategies that support these initiatives vary greatly by organization. In addition, some companies have large budgets to support these initiatives whereas others do not. Therefore, your communications plan for your social media, blogging, and use of online media should be customized for your organization; it shouldn’t be a one-size-fits-all approach for these important communication vehicles.
This session will discuss the similarities and differences among for-profit and not-for-profit organizations and their use of social media, blogs, and other online media tools. Topics such as budgets, how social media, blogs, and other online media complete the communication plan, keeping up with the changing communications landscape, and suggestions for how your company can use social media, blogs, and other online media will be addressed by a panel of experts.
WordPress Customization & Security
Presented By: Joe Casabona and Phil Erb
Track: Technology
Session Format: Co-Presentation
Description: WordPress is one of the most popular blogging platforms used today and if you’re using it already, you already know its benefits – but let’s take things a step further. In this session, Joe and Phil will dive into how to customize your WordPress blog and theme so that it reflects your brand and serves up your content in the best ways possible, ways to make your WordPress blog more secure (and how to monitor it so that it stays that way!), and other techniques and technologies to make the most of this content management system.
Building a Professional Network in the Digital Age
Presented By: Jeff Katra and Michael Toma
Track: Business
Session Format: Co-Presentation
Description: It has become very clear over the recent years that building a relevant professional network is important in both securing a job and starting a career. College educations are becoming more of a standard and less of a distinguishing factor amongst our peers. This has made the job market much more competitive and opportunities less abundant. It has also created a trend where intelligent college graduates believe that they need to escape to the big city in order to secure a job. The truth is that while the job market is competitive, it is not impossible. There are tons of opportunities out there, it just takes an out-of-the-box attitude and a little work to uncover them. While networking has always existed, certain tools have been created to help us stand out amongst the crowd and connect with relevant professionals in the digital space.
This session will discuss how professionals can utilize networking and digital tools such as blogging and Linkedin to help them standout in their respective careers.
The panelists discussed what bloggers share online, why they share it, and how they share it. Riss Vandal of Fashion Vandals shares celebrations of alternative fashion and new brands through photos on her blog and social media to build community and empower others. Evan Barden of One Hundred Dates blogged about going on 100 dates in a year for entertainment, to document an underpublicized social experiment, and to hold himself accountable. The panelists discussed how sharing activates reward centers of the brain and allows people to connect and gauge success more easily online through social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
The document discusses HTML5 and CSS3 for bloggers, explaining that HTML5 introduces new semantic elements and APIs while CSS3 adds new selectors and capabilities for borders, backgrounds, fonts, and transforms. It also recommends learning HTML5 and CSS3 to gain more control over blog customization and reduce the need for plugins like Flash. The document provides resources for learning more about HTML5, CSS3, and web development.
Blog Growth & Development
Presented By: Christina Hitchcock and Jaime Karpovich
Track: Marketing
Session Format: Co-Presentation
Description: Both Christina and Jaime have built strong blogs that have gained them national recognition. In this session, you’ll go behind the scenes to learn how they started, how they grew, and how they developed their blogs into truly remarkable brands.
Presentation prepared for 4/17/13's ComputerWise on Blue Ridge TV.
You can also watch the video of the Interview Here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxY-E-ETFiM
A 20x20 presentation on the history of nepablogs.blogspot.com/nepablogs.org. This was created by Harold Jenkins and was presented at Pecha Kucha Night in Scranton on 1/22/13 at the Vintage Theater.
A 20x20 Pecha Kucha presentation taking a closer look at catalog snail-mail spam. Presented at Pecha Kucha Night Scranton on 1/26/13 at the Vintage Theater in Scranton.
H tags, line breaks, and alt-text, oh my! HTML is an essential element in a blogger's tool box. In this session, you'll learn basic HTML tricks that can make your blog even better while also enhancing your site's overall functionality.
Learn about Google tools that can help you gain insight, stay organized, and everything in between. Google Hangouts, Google Analytics, Google Apps, and other Google Tools will be covered. Presented by PWNVFAIL.com creator and extreme Google-ist Jason Valenti.
Our friends from Kuhcoon show you how businesses can effectively manage their social media presences for success. No matter what your business' size or industry, social media is a key component of your marketing efforts.
App developer extraordinaire Jason Gaylord gives you the scoop on content management systems and blogging platforms, so you know which one is right for you. If you're a new blogger and aren't sure where to begin or simply want to get more out of your CMS, this is the session for you.
Four women who met at NEPA Blog Fest - Karla Porter, Michelle Hryvnak-Davies, Leslie Stewart, and Mandy Boyle - are organizing the first ever NEPA BlogCon to bring bloggers, social media users, and community members together to learn about blogging, social media, and technology while also benefiting two local charities. The one day event will be held on September 29th at LCCC and include food, sessions on topics like SEO, social media, branding and more, panels, prizes and "blogging fantasticness".
Flat Stanley is a character from a 1964 children's book who becomes flattened by a bulletin board and can be mailed in envelopes. The document describes various adventures of Flat Stanley, including visiting with families, celebrities like Kim Kardashian, and fictional characters. It also provides information on the original Flat Stanley book and educational project where children create flat characters to send to other classrooms.
Always ask a parent for permission before using the computer or giving out any personal information. Do not share private details like your name, address, phone number, school, or photos without parental approval. Only communicate online with family and friends that parents have approved. Talk to parents about setting rules for safe internet use.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
2. • Established in August of 1994
• Services Offered: 800 number access, Measured
and Unlimited Dialup Usage, DSL, ISDN, T1
circuits, FTP, Telnet, Mail/Webmail, Webhosting
• EPIX stands for Eastern Pennsylvania Internet
eXchange.
• Local Technical Support and Customer Service
3. • PPP Dialup Accounts
• General Information:
• Epix provides Netscape software on CDROM for Windows 95, Windows 98
and supports MAC Operating Systems at no charge.
• Customer Service hours of operation are 8am-9pm M-F, Sat 9am-6pm
• Technical Support hours of operation are 8am-10pm M-F, Sat 9am-6pm, and
Sunday 10am-7pm
• Epix has a 6 to 1 customer to modem ratio.
• Epix has multiple, redundant links directly to the Internet backbone through
AT&T & Level 3.
• Epix Supports V.90 technology.
4. • Premium PPP Package: ($20.99)
• Unlimited access to the Internet.
• One Premium email address.
• Four Web email addresses.
• 10 Megabytes of storage space for email and personal homepage*
• epix policy forbids commercial content on the personal homepage server.
• Premium email: ($4.95)
• One Premium email address.
• Includes email features (webmail).
• 5 Megabytes of storage space for email account.
• *Must be purchased with a Dial-up account or High Speed Access.
5. • Five Internet Plans:
• $20.99 Premium PPP Package
• $9.95 Measured Service
• $4.95 Seasonal Plan (includes premium web email box)
• $2.95 Seasonal Plan (includes basic email box)
6. • Services available through Epix:
• AOL Instant Messenger available free
• 800 access available within the United States $.14 per minute.
• Chatterbox chat room for Epix’s customers.
• Webhosting and development of web sites.
• Highspeed data and Internet connections.
• Jack Flash DSL **Only available in certain areas.
• T-1, Fractional T-1’s and 56kbps.
• Low customer to modem ration in comparison to industry standard
• Dedicated IP/Modem connections available.
• We offer Kali Game Server.
• “In Your Neighborhood” allows a customer to find out about upcoming
envents in their area.
• Classified enable customers to sell personal possessions.
7. Epix offers high speed Internet access from 56k dial-up to T-1 LAN/WAN connections.
Epix is a full service provider offering the complete Internet, from domain name
registration to configuration or interconnection of your LAN/WAN to secondary domain
name services.
Epix maintains a 6:1 modem ratio.
Epix is a full point to point reseller of CISCO equipment.
Since Epix is a division of Commonwealth Telephone Enterprises:
Epix has a 100% digital, fiber-optic network with T3 redundant links to the Internet
backbone, ensuring a fast, reliable connection.
Epix draws from CTCo’s 100 years of telecommunications knowledge and expertise.
The Epix network is reliable, dependable, and continually monitored 24 hours a day, 7
days a week.
Epix offers free pre-configured, easy to use Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer
software to all dial-up customers.
Epix offers a full array of WWW commercial web services ranging from simple home
pages to highly interactive multi-media web sites.
Epix continuously upgrades and maintains its network to support a growing customer
base.
8. • In the late 1960’s the U.S. Defense
Department began the Internet as a military
research project. The Government created a
network that covered a large geographic
area that could withstand a nuclear attack.
If part of the network failed, information
could find a new route around the disabled
computers.
9. • The network quickly grew to include
scientists and researchers across the country
and eventually included schools,
businesses, organizations, and individuals
around the world.
10. • Structure of the Internet:
• The Internet consists of thousands of
connected networks around the world. A
network is a collection of computers that
are connected to share information. Each
Government agency, company, and
organizations on the Internet is responsible
for maintaining its own network on the
Internet.
11. .
1836
-- Telegraph. Cooke and Wheatstone patent it. Why is this relevant?
• Revolutionised human (tele)communications.
• Morse Code a series of dots and dashes used to communicate between
humans. This is not a million miles away from how computers communicate
via (binary 0/1) data today. Although it is much slower!!
1858-1866
-- Transatlantic cable. Allowed direct instantaneous communication across the
atlantic. Why is this relevant?
• Today, cables connect all continents and are still a main hub of
telecommunications.
1876
-- Telephone. Alexander Graham Bell Exhibits.
Why is this relevant?
• Telephones exchanges provide the backbone of Internet connections today.
• Modems provide Digital to Audio conversions to allow computers to connect
over the telephone network.
12. 1962 - 1968
-- Packet-switching (PS) networks developed Why is this relevant?
• As we will see later the Internet relies on packets to transfer data.
• The origin is military : for utmost security in transferring information of
networks (no single outage point).
• Data is split into tiny packets that may take different routes to a destination.
• Hard to eavesdrop on messages.
• More than one route available -- if one route goes down another may be
followed.
• Networks can withstand large scale destruction (Nuclear attack - This was the
time of the Cold War).
1969
-- Birth of Internet
ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking
Why is this relevant?
• First node at UCLA (Los Angeles) closely followed by nodes at Stanford
Research Institute, UCSB (Santa Barbara) and U of Utah (4 Nodes).
13. 1971
-- People communicate over a network
• 15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET.
• E-mail invented -- a program to send messages across a distributed network.
Why is this relevant?
• E-mail is still the main way of inter-person communication on the
Internet today.
• We will study how to use and send E-mail shortly in this course.
• You will make extensive use of E-mail for the rest of your life.
1972
-- Computers can connect more freely and easily
• First public demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines.
• Internetworking Working Group (INWG) created to address need for
establishing agreed upon protocols.
Why is this relevant?
• Telnet specification
• Telnet is still a relevant means of inter-machine connection today.
14. 1973
-- Global Networking becomes a reality
• First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of
London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway)
• Ethernet outlined -- this how local networks are basically connected today.
• Internet ideas started.
• Gateway architecture sketched on back of envelope in hotel lobby in San
Francisco. Gateways define how large networks (maybe of different
architecture) can be connected together.
• File Transfer protocol specified -- how computers send and receive data.
1974
-- Packets become mode of transfer
• Transmission Control Program (TCP) specified. Packet network
Intercommunication -- the basis of Internet Communication.
• Telenet, a commercial version of ARPANET, opened -- the first public packet
data service.
15. 1976
-- Networking comes to many
• Queen Elizabeth sends out an e-mail.
• UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed
with UNIX.
Why is this relevant?
• UNIX was and still is the main operating system used by universities
and research establishments.
• These machines could now ``talk'' over a network.
• Networking exposed to many users worldwide.
1977
-- E-mail takes off, Internet becomes a reality
• Number of hosts breaks 100.
• THEORYNET provides electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer
science (using a locally developed E-mail system and TELENET for access to
server).
• Mail specification
• First demonstration of ARPANET/Packet Radio Net/SATNET operation of
Internet protocols over gateways.
16. 1979
-- News Groups born
• Computer Science Department research computer network established in
USA.
• USENET established using UUCP.
Why is this relevant?
• USENET still thrives today.
• A collection of discussions groups, news groups.
• 3 news groups established by the end of the year
• Almost any topic now has a discussion group.
1979 (Cont)
• First MUD (Multiuser Dungeon) -- interactive multiuser sites. Interactive
adventure games, board games, rich and detailed databases.
• ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB).
• Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with ARPA funding. Most
communications take place between mobile vans.
17. 1981
-- Things start to come together
• BITNET, the "Because It's Time NETwork" Started as a cooperative network
at the City University of New York, with the first connection to Yale
• Provides electronic mail and listserv servers to distribute information,
as well as file transfers
• CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) established to provide networking
services (specially E-mail) to university scientists with no access to
ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known as the Computer and Science
Network.
1982
-- TCP/IP defines future communication
• DCA and ARPA establishes the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for
ARPANET.
Why is this relevant?
• Leads to one of the first definitions of an internet as a connected set of
networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and Internet as connected TCP/IP
internets.
18. 1982 (Cont)
• EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to provide E-mail and
USENET services. Original connections between the Netherlands, Denmark,
Sweden, and UK
• External Gateway Protocol specification -- EGP is used for gateways between
(different architecture) networks.
1983
-- Internet gets bigger
• Name server developed.
Why is this relevant?
• Large number of nodes.
• Hard to remember exact paths
• Use meaningful names instead.
• Desktop workstations come into being.
Why is this relevant?
• Many with Berkeley UNIX which includes IP networking software.
• Need switches from having a single, large time sharing computer
connected to Internet per site, to connection of an entire local network.
19. 1983 (Cont)
• Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing ICCB
• Berkeley releases new version of UNIX 4.2BSD incorporating TCP/IP.
• EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established on similar
lines to BITNET
1984
-- Growth of Internet Continues
• Number of hosts breaks 1,000.
• Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced.
• instead of 123.456.789.10
• it is easier to remember something like
www.myuniversity.mydept.mynetwork.mycountry
( e.g. www.cs.cf.ac.uk).
• JANET (Joint Academic Network) established in the UK
• Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET.
20. 1986
-- Power of Internet Realised
• 5, 000 Hosts. 241 News groups.
• NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56 Kbps)
• NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing power
for all -- This allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities.
• Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance Usenet news
performance over TCP/IP.
1987
-- Commercialisation of Internet Born
• Number of hosts 28,000.
• UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and
Usenet access.
1988
• NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544 Mbps)
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed
21. 1989
-- Large growth in Internet
• Number of hosts breaks 100,000
• First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the Internet
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force
(IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB
1990
-- Expansion of Internet continues
• 300,000 Hosts. 1,000 News groups
• ARPANET ceases to exist
• Archie released files can be searched and retrieved (FTP) by name.
• The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial
provider of Internet dial-up access.
22. 1991
-- Modernisation Begins
• Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed after NSF lifts
restrictions on the commercial use of the Net.
• Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) Why is relevant?
• Provides a mechanism for indexing and accessing information on the
Internet.
• Large bodies of knowledge available: E-mail messages, text, electronic
books, Usenet articles, computer code, image, graphics, sound files,
databases etc..
• These form the basis of the index of information we see on WWW
today.
• Powerful search techniques implemented. Keyword search.
1991 (cont)
-- Friendly User Interface to WWW established
• Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the U of
Minnesota. Why is relevant?
• Text based, menu-driven interface to access internet resources.
• No need to remember or even know complex computer command.
User Friendly Interface (?).
• Largely superseded by WWW, these days.
23. 1991 (cont)
-- Most Important development to date
• World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer.
Why is relevant?
• Originally developed to provide a distributed hypermedia system.
• Easy access to any form of information anywhere in the world.
• Initially non-graphic (this came later, MOSAIC, 1993).
• Revolutionised modern communications and even our, way of life (?).
• NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736 Mbps). NSFNET traffic passes 1
trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month
• Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) using TCP/IP within the UK academic
network.
1992
-- Multimedia changes the face of the Internet
• Number of hosts breaks 1 Million. News groups 4,000
• Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered.
• First MBONE audio multicast (March) and video multicast (November).
• The term "Surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly.
24. 1993
-- The WWW Revolution truly begins
• Number of Hosts 2 Million. 600 WWW sites.
• InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services
• directory and database services
• registration services
• information services
• Business and Media really take notice of the Internet.
• US White House and United Nations (UN) comes on-line.
• Mosaic takes the Internet by storm. Why is this relevant?
• User Friendly Graphical Front End to the World Wide Web.
• Develops into Netscape -- most popular WWW browser to date.
• WWW proliferates at a 341,634
25. 1994
-- Commercialisation begins
• Number of Hosts 3 Million. 10,000 WWW sites. 10,000 News groups.
• ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary
• Local communities begin to be wired up directly to the Internet (Lexington
and Cambridge, Mass., USA)
• US Senate and House provide information servers
• Shopping malls, banks arrive on the Internet
• A new way of life
• You can now order pizza from the Hut online in the US.
• First Virtual, the first cyberbank, open up for business
• NSFNET traffic passes 10 trillion bytes/month
• WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the Net
(behind ftp-data) based on % of packets and bytes traffic distribution on
NSFNET
• UK's HM Treasury on-line (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/)
26. 1995
-- Commercialisation continues apace
• 6.5 Million Hosts, 100,000 WWW Sites.
• NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone traffic now
routed through interconnected network providers
• WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service with greatest traffic on
NSFNet based on packet count, and in April based on byte count
• Traditional online dial-up systems (Compuserve, America Online, Prodigy)
begin to provide Internet access
• A number of Net related companies go public, with Netscape leading the
pack.
• Registration of domain names is no longer free.
• Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines (WAIS development).
• New WWW technologies Emerge Technologies
• Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript, ActiveX),
• Virtual environments (VRML),
• Collaborative tools (CU-SeeMe)
27. 1996
-- Microsoft enter
• 12.8 Million Hosts, 0.5 Million WWW Sites.
• Internet phones catch the attention of US telecommunication companies who
ask the US Congress to ban the technology (which has been around for years)
• The WWW browser war begins , fought primarily between Netscape and
Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software development, whereby new
releases are made quarterly with the help of Internet users eager to test
upcoming (beta) versions.
1997
-- What Next?
• 19.5 Million Hosts, 1 Million WWW sites, 71,618 Newsgroups
29. Science Websites
Weather For Kids http://www.wxdude.com
World Wildlife Fund – US http://www.worldwildlife.org
National Wildlife Federation http://www.nwf.org/nwf
Eddy The Eco-Dog http://www.mbnet.mb.ca/eddy
Any-Boy’s Bug World http://www.heatersworld.com/bugworld
All About Dinosaurs http://dinosaur.umbc.edu
Pets Resources http://www.acmepet.com
All About Frogs http://allaboutfrogs.org/froglnd.shtml
Animals, Myths Legends http://www.ozemail.com.au/~oban
The Weather Channel http://www.weather.com
NASA http://www.nasa.gov
Earth/Moon Viewer http://fourmilab.ch/earthview/vplanet.html
Bill Nye the Science Guy http://www.billnye.com
The Yuckiest Site on the Internet http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/
Sports Related Websites
NFL Homepage http://www.nfl.com
Basketball Hall Of Fame http://www.hoophall.com/index.cfm
US Ski Team http://www.usskiteam.com
Science of Hockey http://www.exploratorium.edu/hockey
Major League Baseball http://www.majorleaguebaseball.com
Red Barons Baseball http://www.redbarons.com
NASCAR http://www.nascar.com
Pocono Raceway http://www.poconoraceway.com
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins http://www.wbspenguins.com
National Hockey League http://www.nhl.com
ESPN http://www.espn.com
Major League Soccer http://www.mlsnet.com
WWF Wrestling http://www.wwf.com
Internet Public Library (Youth Division) http://www.ipl.org/youth/
Sports Illustrated Kids http://www.sikids.com/
NBA http://www.nba.com
WNBA http://www.wnba.com
30. Writing/English Related Websites
Kids Writing Resources http://www.write4kids.com/index.html
Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com
Encarta Encyclopedia http://encarta.msn.com
History/Social Studies Websites
History Buff’s Homepage http://www.historybuff.com/index.html
Egyptian Artifacts http://www.memphis.edu/egypt/artifact.html
White House for Kids http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/kids/html/home.html
The White House http://www.whitehouse.gov
Atlapedia http://www.atlapedia.com
50 States http://www.50states.com/
Online Games & other Fun Websites
The Zone http://www.zone.com
Pogo http://www.pogo.com
Gamesville http://www.gamesville.com
Yahoo Games http://games.yahoo.com
PBS Kids http://pbskids.org/fun_and_games
Brain Teasers http://www.eduplace.com/math/brain
Candystand http://www.candystand.com
Nick Gas http://www.gas.nick.com
FunBrain http://www.funbrain.com
Disney http://www.disney.com
FunSchool http://www.funschool.com/
Comics http://www.comics.com
KidInfo http://www.kidinfo.com/
Crayola Kids http://www.crayola.com/kids/
Hot Wheels http://www.hotwheels.com
Apple Jacks http://www.applejacks.com
KidLand http://www.kidland.com/
World Village Kidz http://www.worldvillage.com/kidz/
Coloring Books http://www.coloring.com
Cyberkids Creative Works http://www.cyberkids.com/cw/
31. Math Websites
Flashcards for Kids http://www.edu4kids.com/math/
BasketMath http://www.scienceacademy.com/BI/
Math Games/Puzzles http://www.cut-the-knot.org/games.shtml
Local Websites
WNEP http://www.wnep.com
WKRZ http://www.wkrz.com
The Citizens Voice Newpaper http://www.citizensvoice.com
The First Union Arena http://www.nepaarena.com
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton.com http://www.wilkesbarrescranton.com
epix Internet Services http://www.epix.net
Jack Flash http://www.getjackflash.com
The Pocono Mountains http://www.800poconos.com
Dorney Park http://www.dorneypark.com
Knoebels Amusement Resort http://www.knoebels.com
Rock 107 http://www.rock107.com
Search Engines
Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com
Ask Jeeves http://www.ask.com
Google http://www.google.com
MSN Search http://search.msn.com
NBCi http://www.nbci.com
Excite http://www.excite.com
Lycos http://www.lycos.com
Yahooligans http://www.yahooligans.com
Ask Jeeves (for kids) http://www.ajkids.com/
32. Computer Webpages
Webopedia http://www.webopedia.com
Newbie.org http://www.newbie.org
ICQ http://www.icq.com
AOL Instant Messenger http://www.aol.com/aim
Gateway http://www.gateway.com
Hewlett Packard http://www.hp.com
Apple Macintosh http://www.apple.com
Netscape http://www.netscape.com
Download.com http://www.download.com
Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com
TV Websites
MTV http://www.mtv.com
Noggin http://www.noggin.com
Nickelodian http://www.nick.com
VH1 http://www.vh1.com
ABC http://www.abc.go.com
NBC http://www.nbci.com
PBS http://www.pbs.org
PBS Kids http://www.pbskids.org
CBS http://www.cbs.com
Cartoon Network http://www.cartoonnetwork.com
WBRE http://www.wbre.com
WYOU http://www.wyou.com
WVIA http://www.wvia.org
WVIA Kids http://www.wvia.org/kids/index.html
Nick Jr. http://www.nickjr.com
Zoog Disney http://www.zoogdisney.com
Kids WB http://www.kidswb.com
Fox Kids http://www.foxkids.com