http://www.fao.org/resilience/news-events/detail/en/c/417460/ Building more resilient livelihoods is increasingly recognized as one of the most powerful means to mitigate – or even prevent – food security crises. Since 2008, FAO has been at the forefront of efforts to measure the resilience capacity of people to food insecurity and the effectiveness of resilience-strengthening interventions. Within this framework, FAO has pioneered the development and use of the Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA), an innovative and quantitative approach which identifies the main factors that contribute to household resilience in selected countries. RIMA seeks to explain why and how some households cope with shocks and stressors better than others. The first version of RIMA has recently been technically improved based on its application in ten countries. As a result, the new RIMA-II methodology provides more effective support for designing, delivering, monitoring and evaluating assistance to populations in need, based on what they need most. The presentation provides an overview of the evolved RIMA-II, highlight the possible use of RIMA results and present some of the analyses that have been conducted around the world. © FAO: http://www.fao.org

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List
of
webinars

3. INFORMED
INFORMATION FOR NUTRITION FOOD SECURITY AND RESILIENCE FOR
DECISION MAKING

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#ks4resilience
#UNFAO

5. Resilience Index
Measurement
and Analysis II
RIMA-II: what’s new?
Marco d’Errico
Resilience Analysis and Policies team
Agricultural Development Economics Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FAO-RIMA@fao.org

6. Outline
What you can get from RIMA
Resilience and RIMA-II
RIMA-II: the descriptive measure
RIMA-II: the causal measure
Stepping up policy influence
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7. What you can get from RIMA

8. Whatquestionsanswer?
Who is most in need?
Where should investment focus in terms of
geographical location?
Which dimensions of resilience need to be
supported?
To what extent have interventions
increased target populations’ resilience?
Was our money well-spent?
What are the main determinants of food
security recover?

9. WhatyoucangetfromRIMA
Was our money well-spent?

10. WhatyoucangetfromRIMA
Was our money well-spent?
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
IFA
APS
AC
A
SSN
S
Baseline Evaluation
Urban /Peri Urban
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
IFA
APS
AC
A
SSN
S
Baseline Evaluation
Herders
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
IFA
APS
AC
A
SSN
S
Baseline Evaluation
Farmers
Before and After Prj Implementation - WBGS

11. WhatyoucangetfromRIMA
Resilience maps

12. WhatyoucangetfromRIMA
An infographic visually
explains the process
step by step and the
results of the analysis.
Evidence-based policy choice
A brief addressed
to government
policy-makers
summarizes the
results of the
resilience analysis
and formulates
policy
recommendations.

13. RIMAanalysisintheworld
RIMA – Finalized Analysis
Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso,
Mali, Sudan, South Sudan,
Kenya, Somalia, West Bank
and Gaza Strip, Nigeria,
Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi
RIMA – Ongoing Analysis
Senegal, Mauritania, Chad,
Ethiopia, Lesotho, West Bank
and Gaza Strip
Mauritania
Chad
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Malawi
Lesotho
Senegal
Mali
Niger
Sudan
South
Sudan
Kenya
Nigeria
West Bank & Gaza Strip

14. Resilience and RIMA-II
Photo: FAO

15. ResilienceandRIMA-II
• a context-specific concept with respect to:
- specific population of interest
- specific outcome of interest
- specific shocks
• Linked to an outcome
- Resilience is on the right hand of the equation
- The Y is in the LHS (food security; consumption)
• Time-dependent
Impact on resilience can be measured as change over
time; need baseline/end-line data. It is all about time.
How can resilience be measured?
 quantitative vs qualitative
 big surveys vs lighter surveys
 ad hoc vs pre-existing data
Challenges in Resilience Measurement

16. ResilienceandRIMA-II
RIMA (Resilience Index Measurement and
Analysis) is an innovative quantitative approach
that estimates resilience to food insecurity and
generates the evidence for more effectively
assisting vulnerable populations.
RIMA allows explaining why and how some
households cope with shocks and stressor
better than others do and provides rigorous
framework for humanitarian and long-term
development initiatives to build food secure and
resilient livelihoods.

17. ResilienceandRIMA-II
RIMA suits several definitions of resilience:
• The ability to prevent disasters and crises as well as to
anticipate, absorb, accommodate or recover from them
in a timely, efficient and sustainable manner (FAO, 2013)
• The capacity of a household to bounce back to a
previous level of well-being (for instance food security)
after a shock (Alinovi, Mane & Romano, 2009)
• The capacity that ensures adverse stressors and shocks
do not have long-lasting adverse development
consequences (Resilience Measurement Technical
Working Group, 2014)

18. RIMA is focused on households
ResilienceandRIMA-II
• It is the unit within
which the most
important decisions to
manage uncertain
events are made
• It is the unit that
benefits the positive
effects of policies and
suffers for negative
effects of shocks

19. Conceptualframework

20. ResilienceandRIMA-II
RIMA-II provides a comprehensive estimation
of resilience and clear policy indications.
It estimates household resilience to food insecurity
with a comprehensive pack which includes
descriptive and causal measure as well as long and
short term measurement approaches
Shocks are considered exogenous and included into a
regression model for estimating their impact on food
security and on resilience
Food security variables are considered exogenous
indicators of resilience capacity

21. Shocks
RIMA-II takes into account several types of shocks
that can affect households.
Shocks affecting one household such as livestock
death, job loss and illness of a household member.
These shocks are all directly reported by
households in surveys (idiosyncratic shocks)
Shocks affecting an entire community (covariate
shocks) which in turn are divided into:
Climate shocks, such as droughts, floods,
rainfalls and other natural hazards,
registered through GIS;
Conflict-related shocks, such as war,
murders and social disorders

22. Dataset
Quantitative data
Existing data (LSMS, MICS,
other HH budget survey)
• LSMS-ISA (Niger, Nigeria,
Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Uganda,
Tanzania)
• Kenya Integrated Household
Budget Survey 2005
Ad hoc data (LSMS-type, primary
data collection through surveys)
• Baseline/final survey for impact
evaluation (South Sudan, Sudan,
Somalia)
• Sampling; design; training; data
collection, entry, cleaning & analysis
Validated and integrated
with qualitative data
• Focus group, rapid assessment,
other tools
Qualitative data

23. Dataset
Mixed methods approach

24. RIMA-II: the descriptive measure
Photo: FAO

25. Descriptive measure
It provides information on household resilience capacity.
RIMA-II employs latent variable models to estimate the
Resilience Capacity Index (RCI) and the Resilience Structure
Matrix (RSM).
It is a valuable policy analysis tool to inform funding and policy
decisions, as it allow to target and rank households from most
to less resilient.

26. Descriptivemeasure
Access to basic
services (ABS)
Assets (AST) Adaptive
Capacity (AC)
Social Safety
Nets (SSN)
Household resilience
Resilience
pillars

27. Descriptivemeasure
Resilience pillars Definition
Adaptive Capacity
Adaptive Capacity is the ability of a household to adapt to a
new situation and develop new strategies of livelihood
Social Safety Nets
The Social Safety Nets pillar measures the ability of
households to access timely and reliable assistance
provided by international agencies, charities, and NGOs, as
well as help from relatives and friends.
Assets
Assets comprise both productive and non-productive
assets. Examples of indicators include land, livestock and
durables. Other tangible assets such as house, vehicle, and
household amenities reflect living standards and wealth of
a household.
Access to Basic
Services
Access to Basic Services shows the ability of a household to
meet basic needs, and access and effective use of basic
services; e.g., access to schools, health facilities;
infrastructures and markets.

28. Descriptivemeasure
1) Factor analysis: from observed variables to pillars
2) Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes: from pillars
to RCI
Two-step procedure for RCI estimation:

29. RIMA-II: the causal measure
Photo: European Commission DG ECHO / Flircr

30. Causal measure
RIMA-II estimates the main determinants of food recovery and it
moves the resilience analysis in the long term perspective.
The causal measure can be adopted as a predictor tool for
interventions that build and strengthen resilience to food insecurity.
It provides new depth and breadth to resilience analysis and permits
decision makers and other stakeholders to better understand the
dynamics of positive trends in resilience and thus develop strategies
that will yield positive results.

31. Causalmeasure
Food security trajectory

32. RIMA-II
Estimation of RCI + RSM + food security recovery determinants:

33. Stepping up policy influence
Photo: FAO

34. Steppinguppolicyinfluence
• Resilience marker
pilot in West Bank and Gaza Strip
• Integration/harmonization with other tools
e.g. USAID-TANGO, UNICEF, WFP, IFAD
• Global resilience index
e.g. future development for global comparison
• C-RIMA
pilot in Somalia
• Broadening RIMA analytical capacities
e.g. gender (FAO); shocks (IFPRI; Cornell and
TUFTS University)

35. Steppinguppolicyinfluence
• Strict collaboration with:
1) Regional initiatives (CILSS/IGAD)
2) National Bureau of Statistics and other
significative ministries
3) FAO country regional and sub-regional offices
4) Universities for enhancing local capacity
building
• Re-thinking resilience analyses and
communications tools under a
policy-oriented perspective

36. THANK YOU!
Contact me…
… and sign up
to our newsletter!
Marco.Derrico@fao.org
FAO-RIMA@fao.org
www.fao.org/resilience/
background/tools/rima

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