The document discusses two software exceptions - Supervisor Call (SVC) and Pendable Service Call (PendSV). SVC generates system function calls when a user program wants to use hardware. It executes the operating system exception handler to provide requested services. PendSV can pend an exception so the OS can perform an action after important tasks. For example, it is used for context switching between two active tasks triggered by an SVC call or timer interrupt. The OS prepares for switching, pends PendSV, then it performs the switch when PendSV is entered.
Introduction – Multiple tasks and multiple processes – Multirate systems- Preemptive realtime operating systems- Priority based scheduling- Interprocess communication mechanisms – Evaluating operating system performance- power optimization strategies for processes –Example Real time operating systems-POSIX-Windows CE. – Distributed embedded systems – MPSoCs and shared memory multiprocessors. – Design Example – Audio player, Engine control unit – Video accelerator.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
This presentation is a short introduction to issues in Hardware-Software Codesign. It discusses definition of codesign, its significance, design issues in Hardware-software codesign, Abstraction levels, Duality of harware and software
Introduction – Multiple tasks and multiple processes – Multirate systems- Preemptive realtime operating systems- Priority based scheduling- Interprocess communication mechanisms – Evaluating operating system performance- power optimization strategies for processes –Example Real time operating systems-POSIX-Windows CE. – Distributed embedded systems – MPSoCs and shared memory multiprocessors. – Design Example – Audio player, Engine control unit – Video accelerator.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
This presentation is a short introduction to issues in Hardware-Software Codesign. It discusses definition of codesign, its significance, design issues in Hardware-software codesign, Abstraction levels, Duality of harware and software
Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction Set and Programming (Mo...Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction set and Programming (Module 2) for VTU Students
Contents
Assembly basics, Instruction list and description, Thumb and ARM instructions, Special instructions, Useful instructions, CMSIS, Assembly and C language Programming
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT I Core of Embedded SystemsArti Parab Academics
Core of embedded systems: microprocessors and microcontrollers, RISC and CISC controllers, Big endian and Little endian processors, Application specific ICs, Programmable logic devices, COTS, sensors and actuators, communication interface, embedded firmware, other system components.
I2C is a serial protocol for two-wire interface to connect low-speed devices like microcontrollers, EEPROMs, A/D and D/A converters, I/O interfaces and other similar peripherals in embedded systems. It was invented by Philips and now it is used by almost all major IC manufacturers. Each I2C slave device needs an address – they must still be obtained from NXP (formerly Philips semiconductors).
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
This Presentation describes the ARM CORTEX M3 core processor with the details of the core peripherals. Soon a CORTEX base controller(STM32F100RBT6) ppt will be uploaded. For more information mail me at:gaurav.iitkg@gmail.com.
Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction Set and Programming (Mo...Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction set and Programming (Module 2) for VTU Students
Contents
Assembly basics, Instruction list and description, Thumb and ARM instructions, Special instructions, Useful instructions, CMSIS, Assembly and C language Programming
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT I Core of Embedded SystemsArti Parab Academics
Core of embedded systems: microprocessors and microcontrollers, RISC and CISC controllers, Big endian and Little endian processors, Application specific ICs, Programmable logic devices, COTS, sensors and actuators, communication interface, embedded firmware, other system components.
I2C is a serial protocol for two-wire interface to connect low-speed devices like microcontrollers, EEPROMs, A/D and D/A converters, I/O interfaces and other similar peripherals in embedded systems. It was invented by Philips and now it is used by almost all major IC manufacturers. Each I2C slave device needs an address – they must still be obtained from NXP (formerly Philips semiconductors).
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
This Presentation describes the ARM CORTEX M3 core processor with the details of the core peripherals. Soon a CORTEX base controller(STM32F100RBT6) ppt will be uploaded. For more information mail me at:gaurav.iitkg@gmail.com.
Topology Service Injection using Dragonflow & KuryrEshed Gal-Or
Container-based Dynamic Service Chain using Distributed SDN Pipeline Injection (Openstack, Dragonflow, Kuryr).
With NFV becoming a reality, OpenStack Cloud deployments grow in number and size, giving birth to issues of scale, performance and service flexibility.
Micro operations
Fetch, Indirect, Interrupt, Execute, Instruction Cycle
Control Unit
Hardwired Control Unit
Microprogrammed Control Unit
Wilkie's Microprogrammed Control Unit
The second part of Linux Internals covers system calls, process subsystem and inter process communication mechanisms. Understanding these services provided by Linux are essential for embedded systems engineer.
CICS error and exception handling-recovery and restart-session 6Srinimf-Slides
CICS is the power of mainframe. It has all the capabilities to handle online transactions. The ppt covers highly useful CICS concepts to refresh your CICS knowledge quickly.
XPDDS18: Real Time in XEN on ARM - Andrii Anisov, EPAM Systems Inc.The Linux Foundation
Currently, several initiatives promote XEN hypervisor into the automotive area as a base of complex virtualized systems. To support those initiatives and plunge into the automotive world XEN should fit at least two requirements: it should be appropriately certified and to be able to host a security domain. Leaving behind certification topic, here we focus on security domain hosting capability of XEN. Particularly on keeping RT guarantees for the specific domain.
This talk is a presentation of the investigation on a XEN hypervisor applicability to building a multi-OS system with real-time guarantees being kept for one of the hosted OSes.
During this presentation following topics would be outlined:
- experimental setup
- experimental use-cases and their motivation
- received results and discovered issues
- solutions and mitigation measures for discovered issues
Upgrading Your System: A Telco User PerspectivOPNFV
The presentation gives an overview about upgrade scenarios in an openstack/OPNFV based telco environment. The upgrade scenarios cover all layers of upgrade, i.e. hardware, base software on compute and control nodes, OpenStack services, SDN components, applications, both stateful and stateless. It shows OpenStack's role in such upgrade scenarios and the need of automation when doing such upgrades in a telco network.
It has four 32-bit Timer blocks
Each Timer block can be used as a ‘Timer’ (like for e.g. triggering an interrupt every ‘t’ microseconds) or as a ‘Counter’ and can be also used to demodulate PWM signals given as input.
Each Timer module has its own Timer Counter(TC) and Prescale Register(PR) associated with it.
When a Timer is Reset and Enabled, the TC is set to 0 and incremented by 1 every ‘PR+1’ clock cycles
It has four 32-bit Timer blocks
Each Timer block can be used as a ‘Timer’ (like for e.g. triggering an interrupt every ‘t’ microseconds) or as a ‘Counter’ and can be also used to demodulate PWM signals given as input.
Each Timer module has its own Timer Counter(TC) and Prescale Register(PR) associated with it.
When a Timer is Reset and Enabled, the TC is set to 0 and incremented by 1 every ‘PR+1’ clock cycles
Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors.
CCTV comprises of camera, wires, monitoring screen, recorder.
It may employ point to point, point to multipoint or wireless links.
A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice.
It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat.
The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat.
An environmental control system that cooling and dehumidification will require a means of removing heat from the conditioned spaces.
A refrigeration system extracts heat from a substance at a temperature lower than the ambient and transfers the extracted heat to the atmosphere at a temperature higher than the ambient
W . R . Evans – 1948
Analysis of Control Systems
To achieve desired system performances
Open Loop Transfer Function
K = 0 The roots are given by open loop poles
K= ∞ The roots are given by open loop zeros
The path taken 0 to ∞ is called ROOT LOCUS or ROOT LOCI
Batch Operating Systems
Time Sharing Operating Systems
Distributed Operating Systems
Network Operating Systems
Real Time Operating Systems
Hard real time
Soft real time
Tasks:
It consists of a sequentially executable program and a state
Task status, Task Structure and Task Control Block
Tasks States:
Idle
Ready
Running
Blocked
Instruction sets picc done by Priyanga KRPriyangaKR1
Complete set: 35 instructions.
MC Architecture: RISC microcontroller.
Instruction Types:
1. Data Processing Operations:
– Copy data between registers.
– Manipulate data in a single register.
2. Arithmetic and Logic operations:
3. Bit Operation:
4. Program Sequence Control Operations:
– Unconditional Jump.
– Conditional Jump.
– Call.
– Control.
RAM,
flash memory,
Timers/Counters,
EEPROM,
I/O Ports,
USART,
CCP (Capture/Compare/PWM module),
Comparator,
ADC (analog to digital converter),
LCD and
ICSP (in circuit serial programming)
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. Supervisor Call and Pendable service call
● Two exceptions targeted at software and operating systems
2. Supervisor Call
● Generates system function calls.
● When a user program wants to use certain hardware, it generates the
SVC exception using SVC instructions
● The software exception handler in the operating system is executed
and provides the service the user application requested
● SVC can also make software more portable because the user
application does not need to know the programming details of the
hardware
3. Instructions in SVC
● SVC exception is generated using the SVC instruction.
Ex:
SVC #0x3 ; Call SVC function 3
SVC 0x3 ; Call SVC function 3
5. Pendable Service Call
● PendSV can be pended and is useful for an OS to pend an exception
so that an action can be performed after other important tasks are
completed.
● PendSV is generated by writing 1 to the PENDSVSET bit in the NVIC
Interrupt Control State register.
● A typical use of PendSV is context switching
6. Example
A system might have two active tasks, and context switching can be
triggered by the following:
• Calling an SVC function
• The system timer (SYSTICK)
10. Context switching example with PendSV
1. Task A calls SVC for task switching (for example, waiting for some work
to complete).
2. The OS receives the request, prepares for context switching, and
pends the PendSV exception.
3. When the CPU exits SVC, it enters PendSV immediately and does the
context switch.
4. When PendSV finishes and returns to the thread level, it executes Task
B.
11. Contd...
5. An interrupt occurs and the interrupt handler is entered.
6. While running the interrupt handler routine, a SYSTICK exception (for
OS tick) takes place.
7. The OS carries out the essential operation, then pends the PendSV
exception and gets ready for the context switch.
8. When the SYSTICK exception exits, it returns to the interrupt service
routine.
12. Contd...
9. When the interrupt service routine completes, the PendSV starts and
does the actual context switch operations.
10. When PendSV is complete, the program returns to the thread level;
this time it returns to Task A and continues the processing.
