Transportation

1. WATERWAYS:
A Mode of
Transportation ( inland-
river, canal and ocean-
trade, commerce)

2. • Harbour:
•
• A harbor (under central govt.) maybenaturalor partly dug
out,or evenmadewithfloating materials.It doesn't havegates,
butmayhaveanarrow entrance.
Provides safeanchoring or mooring for ships
Dock :
• A dock isdugout andusuallyhasgatesso thatthewaterlevelis
keptupeventhoughthetidehasgone out.
•
• A dock is formooring ships forcargoor passengerexchange,or
sometimes repair.
• WetDocks-forberthingofvesselstofacilitateloadingandunloadingof
passengersandcargo.Thesearealsocalledharbordocks.
• DryDocks/slipways(marshallingyards)-forrepairofvessels.

3. A port (under state govt.) is alocationon acoast or shore containingone or
more harbors whereships candock andtransferpeopleor cargoto or from land.

4. •FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
1. EntranceChannels
2. Berthing Basin
3. Break Water (to break momentum of water
waves- inner side of this is made as quay for cargo
referred as mole)
4. Turning Basin
5. Wharves
6. Jetties

5. •FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
7. Ballast-wateraddedtoimprovestabilityofshipwhenithasdischargedits
cargo
8. Quayage-ratiooflengthofplateformforberthingtotheareaofbasin
9. Mooringfacilities-Dolphins
10.Guidingfacilities-lighthouse(fixedtypefacility).Buoys(floatingtype
facility)

6. PARTS OF HARBOUR

7. ENTRANCE CHANNEL:
•
•
Depth and width are kept more at entrance
Width depends upon density of trafficand no: of entrances

8. BERTHING AND TURNINGBASINS:
•
•
Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships
While turning for the turning of ships

9. • The structure constructed to protect harbor from storm waves
• They are generally stone masonry

12. • WHARVES:
• The structure constructed parallelto the shore or break water
, having wide plate form
atthe top
• Function is to permit berthing of vessel along side (only one side) for cargo working

14. • JETTIES:
• Same as wharves but perpendicular to shores can berth on both sides
• Used for loading and unloading of cargo
• Made usually from shore towards sea water to prevent silting and dredging to allow free
flow of tidal currents

15. •Based on formation:
1.NATURAL HARBOUR (Bombay and Kandla)
2.SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR (Vishakhapatnam)
3.ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR (Madras)

16. POOLE-EUROPE’S BIGGEST
NATURAL HARBOUR

17. •SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR:
Same as natural but harbour needs some artificialand
man made construction

18. VISHAKAPATNAM PORT

19. •ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR:
Harbour having no natural protection but artificialarrangement
are made to protect the harbour from storm and wind.

20. •FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
1.HARBOR OF REFUGE (during storms/emergency)
2.COMMERCIAL HARBOR (oil/coal)
3.FISHRY HARBOR
4.MILLITARY HARBOR OR NAVEL BASE

22. • REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOR:
• The depth of aharbor should be sufficient for every type of visiting ships.
• The bottom of harbor should provide secured anchorage to hold the ships against high
winds.
• To prevent destructive waveaction, break water are provided.
• The entrance of aharbor should be wide enough to provide the easy passage of ships.

23. Natural phenomena’s concerning planning of aharbour are:
Storms
Rainfall
Range of tides
Maximum &minimum temperatures
Direction &intensity of wind etc

24. •SITE SELECTION:
• Following factors playagreat role in the choice of site
of a harbour.
• 1.Availability of cheapland &contruction material.
• 2.Natural protection from waves & winds
• 3.transport &communication facilities
• 4.industrial development of the locality
• 5.Sea bed,sub soil &foundation conditions
• 6.Avaibility of electrical energy
• 7.Defence &strategic aspects
• 8.traficpotentiality of harbour