1. Harbors provide safe anchoring for ships and are usually natural or partly man-made areas with narrow entrances but no gates. Docks are dug out areas for loading/unloading ships and passengers that have gates to control water levels. 2. Ports contain one or more harbors and are locations on coasts where ships can dock to transfer people or cargo. 3. Key harbor features include entrance channels, berthing basins, breakwaters, wharves, jetties and turning basins. Harbors can be natural, semi-natural requiring some construction, or artificial requiring full construction for protection.

1. WATERWAYS:
A Mode of
Transportation ( inland-
river, canal and ocean-
trade, commerce)

2. • Harbour:
•
• A harbor (under central govt.) maybenaturalor partly dug
out,or evenmadewithfloating materials.It doesn't havegates,
butmayhaveanarrow entrance.
Provides safeanchoring or mooring for ships
Dock :
• A dock isdugout andusuallyhasgatesso thatthewaterlevelis
keptupeventhoughthetidehasgone out.
•
• A dock is formooring ships forcargoor passengerexchange,or
sometimes repair.
• WetDocks-forberthingofvesselstofacilitateloadingandunloadingof
passengersandcargo.Thesearealsocalledharbordocks.
• DryDocks/slipways(marshallingyards)-forrepairofvessels.

3. A port (under state govt.) is alocationon acoast or shore containingone or
more harbors whereships candock andtransferpeopleor cargoto or from land.

4. •FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
1. EntranceChannels
2. Berthing Basin
3. Break Water (to break momentum of water
waves- inner side of this is made as quay for cargo
referred as mole)
4. Turning Basin
5. Wharves
6. Jetties

5. •FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
7. Ballast-wateraddedtoimprovestabilityofshipwhenithasdischargedits
cargo
8. Quayage-ratiooflengthofplateformforberthingtotheareaofbasin
9. Mooringfacilities-Dolphins
10.Guidingfacilities-lighthouse(fixedtypefacility).Buoys(floatingtype
facility)

6. PARTS OF HARBOUR

7. ENTRANCE CHANNEL:
•
•
Depth and width are kept more at entrance
Width depends upon density of trafficand no: of entrances

8. BERTHING AND TURNINGBASINS:
•
•
Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships
While turning for the turning of ships

9. • The structure constructed to protect harbor from storm waves
• They are generally stone masonry

12. • WHARVES:
• The structure constructed parallelto the shore or break water
, having wide plate form
atthe top
• Function is to permit berthing of vessel along side (only one side) for cargo working

14. • JETTIES:
• Same as wharves but perpendicular to shores can berth on both sides
• Used for loading and unloading of cargo
• Made usually from shore towards sea water to prevent silting and dredging to allow free
flow of tidal currents

15. •Based on formation:
1.NATURAL HARBOUR (Bombay and Kandla)
2.SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR (Vishakhapatnam)
3.ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR (Madras)

16. POOLE-EUROPE’S BIGGEST
NATURAL HARBOUR

17. •SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR:
Same as natural but harbour needs some artificialand
man made construction

18. VISHAKAPATNAM PORT

19. •ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR:
Harbour having no natural protection but artificialarrangement
are made to protect the harbour from storm and wind.

20. •FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
1.HARBOR OF REFUGE (during storms/emergency)
2.COMMERCIAL HARBOR (oil/coal)
3.FISHRY HARBOR
4.MILLITARY HARBOR OR NAVEL BASE

22. • REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOR:
• The depth of aharbor should be sufficient for every type of visiting ships.
• The bottom of harbor should provide secured anchorage to hold the ships against high
winds.
• To prevent destructive waveaction, break water are provided.
• The entrance of aharbor should be wide enough to provide the easy passage of ships.

23. Natural phenomena’s concerning planning of aharbour are:
Storms
Rainfall
Range of tides
Maximum &minimum temperatures
Direction &intensity of wind etc

24. •SITE SELECTION:
• Following factors playagreat role in the choice of site
of a harbour.
• 1.Availability of cheapland &contruction material.
• 2.Natural protection from waves & winds
• 3.transport &communication facilities
• 4.industrial development of the locality
• 5.Sea bed,sub soil &foundation conditions
• 6.Avaibility of electrical energy
• 7.Defence &strategic aspects
• 8.traficpotentiality of harbour