A harbor provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships and may be natural or man-made. It has an entrance but no gates. A dock is dug out and has gates to regulate water levels for mooring ships to exchange cargo or passengers or undergo repairs. A port contains one or more harbors and allows ships to dock and transfer people and goods between land and sea. Harbors have features like entrance channels, berthing basins, breakwaters, piers, wharves and jetties to facilitate ship movement and cargo operations.

2. HARBOUR INTRODUCTION
• Harbour:
• A harbour may be natural or partly dug out, or even made with floating
materials. It doesn't have gates, but may have a narrow entrance.
• Provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships
• Dock :A dock is dug out and usually has gates so that the water level is
kept up even though the tide has gone out.
• A dock is for mooring ships for cargo or passenger exchange, or sometimes
repair.
• A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or
more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or
from land.

3. VISHAKAPATNAM PORT

4. •FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
1. Entrance Channels
2. Berthing Basin
3. Break Water
4. Turning Basin
5. Pier Head
6. Wharves
7. Jetties

5. PARTS OF HARBOUR

6. ENTRANCE CHANNEL:
• Depth and width are kept more at entrance
• Width depends upon density of traffic and no: of entrances

7. BERTHING AND TURNING BASINS:
• Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships
• While turning for the turning of ships

8. • The structure constructed to protect harbor from storm waves
• They are generally stone masonry

10. •Based on formation:
1. NATURAL HARBOUR
2. SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR
3. ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR

11. • A harbor, is a place where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter
from stormy weather.

12. POOLE-EUROPE’S BIGGEST
NATURAL HARBOUR

13. •SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR:
Same as natural but harbour needs some artificial and
man made construction

14. •ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR:
Harbour having no natural protection but artificial arrangement
are made to protect the harbour from storm and wind.

16. • REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOR:
• The depth of a harbor should be sufficient for every type of
visiting ships.
• The bottom of harbor should provide secured anchorage to hold
the ships against high winds.
• To prevent destructive wave action, break water are provided.
• The entrance of a harbor should be wide enough to provide the
easy passage of ships.

18. •DEFECTS IN HARBOR:
• Depth of water is found insufficient for different ships.
• The size of harbor is found insufficient to accommodate the
increased traffic.
• Obstruction
• These defects can easily be avoided at the time of planning and
designing.

19. •SIZE OF A HARBOUR
Size depends upon:
# of ships
 length:275m-300m
 width:30m

20. •HARBOUR PLANNING
 It should be carried out after collecting necessary
information of the existing features at the proposed site.
 Following important facts should be studied.

21. A thorough survey of the neighborhood including the
foreshore & depths of water is necessary
Nature of a harbor wether sheltered or not, be studied
The existance of sea insects & various animals residing at
site.

22. Natural phenomena’s concerning planning of a harbour are:
Storms
Rainfall
Range of tides
Maximum & minimum temperatures
Direction & intensity of wind etc

23. •SITE SELECTION:
• Following factors play a great role in the
choice of site of a harbour.
• 1.Availability of cheap land & contruction material.
• 2.Natural protection from waves & winds
• 3.transport & communication facilities
• 4.industrial development of the locality

24. • 5.Sea bed,sub soil & foundation conditions
• 6.Avaibility of electrical energy
• 7.Defence & strategic aspects
• 8.trafic potentiality of harbour

25. •FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
1. HARBOR OF REFUGE
2. COMMERCIAL HARBOR
3. FISHRY HARBOR
4. MILLITARY HARBOR OR NAVEL BASE

26. •HARBOR OF REFUGE:
The harbor used for ships in storms or emergency
condition.
good anchorage and safe and easy access from the sea.
e.g: DOVER IN ENGLAND

28.  COMMERCIAL HARBOR:
Facilities for loading and unloading of cargo are provided.
The may be:
1. Part of bigger complex harbor
2. Independent unit or single commodity
harbor.
3. Terminal as oil terminal, coal port.

33. •FISHRY HARBOR:
Provided for fishing crafts and trawlers.

34. •MILLITARY HARBOR:
This harbor is meant for accommodating naval crafts and serves
as a supply deport.
The layout of this type of harbor is greatly influenced by its
location.

38. • PIER HEAD:
• The structure provided at the tip of break water
• Such as light house

39. • WHARVES:
• The structure constructed parallel to the shore or break water, having wide plate form
at the top
• Function is to permit berthing of vessel along side for cargo working

40. • JETTIES:
• Same as wharves
• Used for loading and unloading of cargo
• Made usually from shore towards sea water to prevent silting and dredging to allow free
flow of tidal currents

42. •DOCK:
• A dock is dug out and usually has gates so that the water level is kept up even though
the tide has gone out.
• A dock is for mooring ships for cargo or passenger exchange, or sometimes repair.

43. •HARBOR:
• A harbour may be natural or partly dug out, or even made with floating materials. It
doesn't have gates, but may have a narrow entrance.
• Provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships

44. •PORTS:
• A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships
can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land.

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