Harbours provide sheltered areas for loading, unloading, and repair of vessels. They are classified as natural, semi-natural, or artificial. Natural harbours use existing landforms, while artificial harbours require complete human construction. Good harbours have sufficient depth, secure anchorage, and wide entrances. They feature berths, breakwaters, piers, wharves, and jetties to facilitate cargo operations. Planning considers traffic volume, shelter, construction materials, and environmental factors. Harbours serve commercial, fishing, military, and refuge purposes depending on their layout and facilities.

1. HARBOUR:
› SHELTERED AREA
› FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING OF CARGO
› VESSELS ARE ALSO BUILT, REPAIR, AND
LAUNCH

2. CLASSIFICATION:
1. NATURAL HARBOUR
2. SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR
3. ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR

3. NATURAL HARBOURS:
A harbor, is a place
where ships, boats, and barges can seek
shelter from stormy weather.

5. SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR:
Same as natural but harbour
needs some artificial and man made
construction

6. ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR:
Harbour having no natural
protection but artificial arrangement are
made to protect the harbour from storm
and wind.

8. REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD
HARBOR:
› The depth of a harbor should be sufficient for
every type of visiting ships.
› The bottom of harbor should provide secured
anchorage to hold the ships against high winds.
› To prevent destructive wave action, break water
are provided.
› The entrance of a harbor should be wide
enough to provide the easy passage of ships.

10. DEFECTS IN HARBOR:
› Depth of water is found insufficient for
different ships.
› The size of harbor is found insufficient to
accommodate the increased traffic.
› Obstruction
› These defects can easily be avoided at the
time of planning and designing.

11. SIZE OF A HARBOUR
Size depends upon:
# of ships
 length:275m-300m
 width:30m

12. HARBOUR PLANNING
 It should be carried out after collecting
necessary information of the existing
features at the proposed site.
 Following important facts should be
studied.

13.  A thorough survey of the neighborhood
including the foreshore & depths of
water is necessary
 Nature of a harbor wether sheltered or
not, be studied
 The existance of sea insects & various
animals residing at site.

14.  Natural phenomena’s concerning
planning of a harbour are:
 Storms
 Rainfall
 Range of tides
 Maximum & minimum temperatures
 Direction & intensity of wind etc

15. SITE SELECTION:
 Following factors play a
great role in the choice of site of a
harbour.
 1.Availability of cheap land &
contruction material.
 2.Natural protection from waves & winds
 3.transport & communication facilities
 4.industrial development of the locality

16.  5.Sea bed,sub soil & foundation
conditions
 6.Avaibility of electrical energy
 7.Defence & strategic aspects
 8.trafic potentiality of harbour

17. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
1. HARBOR OF REFUGE
2. COMMERCIAL HARBOR
3. FISHRY HARBOR
4. MILLITARY HARBOR OR NAVEL BASE

18. HARBOR OF REFUGE:
The harbor used for ships in
storms or emergency condition.
good anchorage and safe and easy
access from the sea.
e.g: DOVER IN ENGLAND

20. COMMERCIAL HARBOR:
Facilities for loading and
unloading of cargo are provided.
The may be:
1. Part of bigger complex harbor
2. Independent unit or single
commodity harbor.
3. Terminal as oil terminal, coal
port.

25. FISHRY HARBOR:
Provided for fishing crafts and
trawlers.

26. MILLITARY HARBOR:
This harbor is meant for
accommodating naval crafts and serves
as a supply deport.
The layout of this type of harbor is
greatly influenced by its location.

29. FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
1. Entrance Channels
2. Berthing Basin
3. Break Water
4. Turning Basin
5. Pier Head
6. Wharves
7. Jetties

30. ENTRANCE CHANNEL:
› Depth and width are kept more at entrance
› Width depends upon density of traffic and
no: of entrances

32. BERTHING AND TURNING
BASINS:
› Berthing basins are used for the parking of
ships
› While turning for the turning of ships

33. BREAK WATER:
› The structure constructed to protect harbor
from storm waves
› They are generally stone masonry

35.  PIER HEAD:
› The structure provided at the tip of break
water
› Such as light house

36.  WHARVES:
› The structure constructed parallel to the
shore or break water, having wide plate form
at the top
› Function is to permit berthing of vessel along
side for cargo working

37.  JETTIES:
› Same as wharves
› Used for loading and unloading of cargo
› Made usually from shore towards sea water
to prevent silting and dredging to allow free
flow of tidal currents

39. DOCK:
› A dock is dug out and usually has gates so
that the water level is kept up even though
the tide has gone out.
› A dock is for mooring ships for cargo or
passenger exchange, or sometimes repair.

40. HARBOR:
› A harbour may be natural or partly dug out,
or even made with floating materials. It
doesn't have gates, but may have a narrow
entrance.
› Provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships

41. PORTS:
› A port is a location on a coast or shore
containing one or more harbors where ships
can dock and transfer people or cargo to or
from land.

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