Water treatment plants use various processes to purify water for human consumption and other uses. The key processes include screening to remove large solids, sedimentation to remove suspended particles, coagulation and flocculation to help sedimentation, filtration, disinfection to kill bacteria and other microbes, and sometimes aeration and softening. Together, these treatment steps aim to produce water that is safe to drink, aesthetically pleasing, and at a reasonable cost for consumers.
PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER
1. Natural Methods
2. Artificial Methods
- PURIFICATION ON SMALL SCALE
- Purification of Water on Large Scale
• WATER TREATMENT PLANT STAGES
1. SCREENING
2. AERATION
3. PH CORRECTION
4. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
5. SEDIMENTATION
6. PRE-CHLORINATION AND DECHLORINATION
7. FILTRATION
8. DISINFECTION
9. PH ADJUSTMENT
• Complete Cycle of Water Treatment
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
The most common treatment process for surface water supplies—conventional treatment—consists of disinfection, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, aeration, chlorination, softening (removal of hardness of water)
New Technologies for Water Purification, Ion Exchange(India) LimitedIndia Water Portal
Presentation at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER
1. Natural Methods
2. Artificial Methods
- PURIFICATION ON SMALL SCALE
- Purification of Water on Large Scale
• WATER TREATMENT PLANT STAGES
1. SCREENING
2. AERATION
3. PH CORRECTION
4. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
5. SEDIMENTATION
6. PRE-CHLORINATION AND DECHLORINATION
7. FILTRATION
8. DISINFECTION
9. PH ADJUSTMENT
• Complete Cycle of Water Treatment
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
The most common treatment process for surface water supplies—conventional treatment—consists of disinfection, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, aeration, chlorination, softening (removal of hardness of water)
New Technologies for Water Purification, Ion Exchange(India) LimitedIndia Water Portal
Presentation at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
Effluent Treatment Plant, Reverse Osmosis System, Sewage Treatment Plant, Water Softening Plant, Swimming Pool Filter
We Netsol Water Solutions Private Limited are one of the leading and reliable manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of best quality Water Treatment Solutions. The offered range has been availed to the customers at the most comprehensive and market leading price range. We have manufactured this range from the usage of best quality raw material procured from reliable vending sources. In our extensive range we are availing products such as RO Plant, Effluent Treatment Plant, Air Pollution Control System, Water Treatment Plant WTP Manufacturer, Swimming Pool Filter, Swimming Pool Builder and much more.
Our expert professionals have fabricated this range in complete compliance with the industrial standards. We have also installed and made use of highly advanced technicalities and machines for the making of these machines and components. Offering complete purification of water, the systems are available for various processes be it industrial or domestic. At our infrastructure we have installed the best of facilities. We assure complete quality from our side as we put up our products to stringent quality testing.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
Introduction: Wastewater flow and its characteristics, Wastewater collection systems, Estimation and variation of wastewater flows. Problems of industrial wastewaters, sampling protocol, equalization, neutralization, proportioning processes, volume and strength reduction. Preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment processes. Theory
and design of screens, grit chambers, sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation
Effluent Treatment Plant, Reverse Osmosis System, Sewage Treatment Plant, Water Softening Plant, Swimming Pool Filter
We Netsol Water Solutions Private Limited are one of the leading and reliable manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of best quality Water Treatment Solutions. The offered range has been availed to the customers at the most comprehensive and market leading price range. We have manufactured this range from the usage of best quality raw material procured from reliable vending sources. In our extensive range we are availing products such as RO Plant, Effluent Treatment Plant, Air Pollution Control System, Water Treatment Plant WTP Manufacturer, Swimming Pool Filter, Swimming Pool Builder and much more.
Our expert professionals have fabricated this range in complete compliance with the industrial standards. We have also installed and made use of highly advanced technicalities and machines for the making of these machines and components. Offering complete purification of water, the systems are available for various processes be it industrial or domestic. At our infrastructure we have installed the best of facilities. We assure complete quality from our side as we put up our products to stringent quality testing.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
Introduction: Wastewater flow and its characteristics, Wastewater collection systems, Estimation and variation of wastewater flows. Problems of industrial wastewaters, sampling protocol, equalization, neutralization, proportioning processes, volume and strength reduction. Preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment processes. Theory
and design of screens, grit chambers, sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation
Water :the universal need. As we all know water is most essential component to mankind yet its quality is in hazardous state and quantity is declining. This slide contains crucial information about water purification systems like what happens to water before we get it I'm our home?!
A brief summary of Water System in pharmaceuticals including its production and distribution with regulatory and qualification requirements. This presentation gives a basic layout to non-engineering people a basic understanding of Water System in Pharmaceutical.
This powerpoint covers all important topics regarding WATER.
Purification ,storage, chlorination and many more ....
For any queries contact @Deepacasm
E-mail :- Delphicneupane@gmail.com
Water system , IMPORTANCE OF WATER & Water Treatment ICHAPPS
Water system, IMPORTANCE OF WATER.Water is widely used as a raw material, ingredient and solvent in the processing formulation and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, Active pharmaceutical ingredients and in intermediates.Water is widely used as a raw material, ingredient and solvent in the processing formulation and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, Active pharmaceutical ingredients and in intermediates.
unit- 1 Quality and Quantity Standards for Drinking Water.pptxMood Naik
Waterborne diseases – protected water supply – Population forecasts, design period –
types of water demand – factors affecting – fluctuations – fire demand – water quality and testing –
drinking water standards
Water / Cement ratio – Abram’s Law – Gel/space ratio – Gain of strength of co...Mood Naik
ELASTICITY, CREEP & SHRINKAGE – Modulus of elasticity – Dynamic modulus of elasticity –
Posisson’s ratio – Creep of concrete – Factors influencing creep – Relation between creep & time –
Nature of creep – Effects of creep – Shrinkage – types of shrinkage.
Hydraulic Turbines – II: Governing of turbines – Surge tanks – Unit and speci...Mood Naik
Hydraulic Turbines – II: Governing of turbines – Surge tanks – Unit and specific turbines – Unit speed
– Unit quantity – Unit power – Specific speed – Performance characteristics – Geometric similarity –
Cavitation. Selection of turbines
Leveling- Types of levels and levelling staves, temporary adjustments, methods of levelling, booking and Determination of levels, Effect of Curvature of Earth and Refraction
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. OUTLINE
Introduction
Objectives of water treatment
Conventional water treatment plant layout
Various Methods of purificationof water
Screening
Plain Sedimentation
Sedimentation aided with coagulation
Filtration
Disinfection
Aeration
Softening
3. Introduction
water suitable or
W
ater treatment is the process of
making acceptableforan end-use.
It removes existing water contaminants and so reduces their
concentrationthatthewaterbecomesfitforitsdesired application.
The amount & type of treatment process (Treatment Train )
dependsuponquality of rawwaterandvarious standards required
aftertreatment.
4. Objectives of water
treatment
The objectivesofwatertreatmentareto produce:
Waterthatissafeforhuman consumption
Waterthatisappealingaestheticallytothe consumer
Wateratareasonable cost
11. Plain
Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the removal of suspended particles
by gravitational settling.
Types of Sedimentation Tanks
1) Fill And Draw Type
2) Continuous Flowtype
12. Shape of sedimentation
tank
1. Rectangular
tank with
horizontal flow.
2. Circular tank
with radial or
spiral flow.
3. Hopper bottom
tank with
vertical flow.
13. SEDIMENTATION
13
Water flows to a tank called a
sedimentationbasin
Gravity causes the flocs to settle to the
bottom
It would take a very long time for all
particles to settle out and that would
mean we would need a very large
sedimentationbasin.
14. Sedimentation aided with
coagulation
Sedimentation added with comprises of three step
Addition of measured quantity of chemicals called
coagulants to water and their through mixing ( rapid
mixing ).
Formation of precipitate which coagulates and forms a
flow ( flocculation )
Sedimentation
16. AerationUnit
Work : Diffusion of Air
Removes odour and tastes
Oxidizes iron and manganese, increases dissolved oxygen content in
water, removes CO2 and reduces corrosion and removes methane and
other flammablegases.
Types of Aerators
1. Gravity aerators
2. Fountain aerators
3. Diffused aerators
4. Mechanical aerators.
17. Gravity Aerators (Cascades): In gravity aerators,
water is allowed to fall by gravity such that a large area
of water is exposed to atmosphere, sometimes aided by
turbulence.
AerationUnit
18. Injection or Diffused Aerators : It
consists of a tank with perforated
pipes, tubes or diffuser plates, fixed
at the bottom to release fine air
bubbles from compressor unit. Time
of aeration is 10to 30 min and 0.2 to
0.4 litres of air is required for 1litre
of water.
AerationUnit
19. Fountain Aerators : These are also known as spray
aerators with special nozzles to produce a fine spray. Each
nozzle is 2.5 to 4 cm diameter discharging about 18 to 36
l/h. Nozzle spacing should be such that each m3 of water
has aerator area of 0.03 to 0.09 m2 for one hour.
AerationUnit
23. Flocculation
Flocculation is a slow mixing or agitating process in which
the destablished colloidal particles are brought into
intimate contact in order to promote the floc formation .
Rate of flocculation depends upon
Types and amountof turbidity
Types of coagulant
Dosages of coagulant
Mean velocity gradient in basin
24. Clariflocculat
or
Clarifier and flocculator are provided in single unit
called clariflocculator.
The flocculating chamber is provided in the centre
and clarifier component is formed by the peripheral
space.
Velocity of flow of water around 0.3 m/min.
Mechanical scrapper provided to remove sludge.
25.
26. Filtration
The process of passing the water through the beds of
such granular material is known as filteraton
Types of Filtration
Slow sand gravityfilter
Rapid sand gravityfilter
1. Rapid sand gravityfilter
2. Pressure filter
27.
28.
29. Method of disinfection
Physical method
By heat
By U.V. rays
Chemical method
Oxidizing chemicals
Metal ions
Alkalis and acids
Minor method
Boiling of water
Treatment withexcess lime
Treatment withozone
Treatment with iodine and bromine
Treatment with ultra-violet rays
Treatment with potassium permanganate
30. Water softening
Water is said to be hard when it contains relatively large
amounts of bicarbonates, carbonates, sulphates and
chlorides of calcium and magnesium dissolved in it.
Types of Hardness
Temporary hardness
Permanent hardness
31. Types of Hardness
caused by dissolved
Temporary Hardness-
bicarbonates of Ca and Mg.
-AKA‘alkaline orcarbonate hardness’
Permanent Hardness – caused by dissolved
chlorides and sulphates of Ca, Mg, Fe and Aletc.
32. Removalof Hardness
Removal of temporary hardness
1.Boiling
2. By adding lime
Removal of temporary hardness
1.Lime-soda process
2. Zeolite process
3. Demineralization orDe-ionization process
33. Disinfection
The filtered water may
normally contain some
harmful disease producing
bacteria in it.
These bacteria must be
killed in order to make the
watersafe for drinking.
The process of killing these
Disinfection
bacteria is known as
or
Sterilization.
34. Methods of
Disinfection
Boiling: The bacteria present in water can be destroyed by boiling it for a long
time. However it isnot.
Treatment with Excess Lime: Lime is used in water treatment plant for
softening. But if excess lime is added to the water, it can in addition, kill the
bacteria also. Treatment like recarbonation for lime removal should be used
after disinfection.
Treatment with Ozone: Ozone readily breaks down into normal oxygen, and
releases nascent oxygen. The nascent oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent and
removes the organic matter as well as the bacteria from the water.
Chlorination : The germicidal action of chlorine is explained by the recent
theory of Enzymatic hypothesis, according to which the chlorine enters the cell
walls of bacteria and kill the enzymes which are essential for the metabolic
processes of living organisms.