The document discusses key terms and processes used in effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It defines terms like pH, BOD, COD, DO and explains their significance. It also summarizes different treatment stages in ETPs like preliminary treatment involving screening and grit removal, primary treatment using equalization, coagulation and flocculation, and biological treatment using activated sludge process. The document provides an overview of the various unit operations and treatment mechanisms involved in ETPs.
The document discusses the treatment of industrial wastewater in an effluent treatment plant (ETP). It describes the various treatment units used in an ETP including preliminary (screens, grit chambers), primary (sedimentation tanks), secondary (activated sludge process, trickling filters), and tertiary (filtration, activated carbon) treatments. The goal of an ETP is to remove pollutants from wastewater through physical, chemical, and biological processes before discharge or reuse, in order to prevent environmental pollution and protect public health. Major pollutants removed include suspended solids, oil and grease, and organic materials that consume oxygen.
It is important & most useful presentation about ETP.
Created By: 131 TE-2 batch student
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology (BUFT)
Textile Engineering Department
Course: Bangladesh Studies
This document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) of Delta Knit Composite Ltd. The ETP uses a biological treatment process to treat 120 m3/hr of industrial wastewater. The treatment process includes screening, equalization, pH correction, aeration, sedimentation, sludge thickening, and recycling of sludge. The ETP is able to reduce pollutants in the wastewater and produce treated effluent that can be safely discharged and dried sludge.
Reverse osmosis uses semi-permeable membranes to purify water by separating dissolved solids. It has various applications in water treatment and is used along with demineralization plants. A reverse osmosis system consists of pre-treatment, high-pressure pumps, membrane systems, and post-treatment. It produces permeate water while concentrating impurities in reject water. Demineralization uses ion exchange resins to remove mineral ions, producing very high purity water. Together, reverse osmosis and demineralization can purify water for various industrial and medical uses.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants. It describes effluent as liquid waste flowing from various sources and outlines the key stages of industrial wastewater treatment and sewage treatment. These include pre-treatment, screening, grit removal, primary treatment using sedimentation, secondary treatment using biological processes, and sometimes tertiary treatment for advanced cleaning. Sludge produced is also treated and disposed of safely.
The document discusses the treatment of industrial wastewater in an effluent treatment plant (ETP). It describes the various treatment units used in an ETP including preliminary (screens, grit chambers), primary (sedimentation tanks), secondary (activated sludge process, trickling filters), and tertiary (filtration, activated carbon) treatments. The goal of an ETP is to remove pollutants from wastewater through physical, chemical, and biological processes before discharge or reuse, in order to prevent environmental pollution and protect public health. Major pollutants removed include suspended solids, oil and grease, and organic materials that consume oxygen.
It is important & most useful presentation about ETP.
Created By: 131 TE-2 batch student
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology (BUFT)
Textile Engineering Department
Course: Bangladesh Studies
This document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) of Delta Knit Composite Ltd. The ETP uses a biological treatment process to treat 120 m3/hr of industrial wastewater. The treatment process includes screening, equalization, pH correction, aeration, sedimentation, sludge thickening, and recycling of sludge. The ETP is able to reduce pollutants in the wastewater and produce treated effluent that can be safely discharged and dried sludge.
Reverse osmosis uses semi-permeable membranes to purify water by separating dissolved solids. It has various applications in water treatment and is used along with demineralization plants. A reverse osmosis system consists of pre-treatment, high-pressure pumps, membrane systems, and post-treatment. It produces permeate water while concentrating impurities in reject water. Demineralization uses ion exchange resins to remove mineral ions, producing very high purity water. Together, reverse osmosis and demineralization can purify water for various industrial and medical uses.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants. It describes effluent as liquid waste flowing from various sources and outlines the key stages of industrial wastewater treatment and sewage treatment. These include pre-treatment, screening, grit removal, primary treatment using sedimentation, secondary treatment using biological processes, and sometimes tertiary treatment for advanced cleaning. Sludge produced is also treated and disposed of safely.
Dissolve air flotation technology to treat highly polluted wastewaterIndia Water Portal
Air flotation technology has proved to be an efficient method to treat heavily polluted wastewater from tanneries, slaughterhouses and chemical industries
Hardness in water is caused by multivalent metal ions like calcium and magnesium. The document discusses the different types of hardness and methods for measuring and removing hardness, including lime-soda softening. Key points include that lime is used to remove carbonate hardness by precipitating calcium carbonate while soda ash removes non-carbonate hardness, and recarbonation converts precipitates back to bicarbonates to inhibit scaling. Bar diagrams and saturation indices are also discussed for analyzing water hardness levels and stability.
The document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Rourkela Steel Plant. The ETP treats wastewater from the Gas Cleaning Plant and recycles it for further use. The wastewater contains high levels of suspended solids that are removed through a multi-step process involving flash mixing with coagulants, settling in clarifiers, dewatering using a filter press, and recycling of treated water. The ETP is designed to treat 1140 cubic meters of wastewater per hour to reduce costs and conserve water resources.
The document provides an overview of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technologies. It discusses:
1) ZLD refers to recycling and treating wastewater such that no liquid is discharged, eliminating pollution. It involves concentrating effluent and converting solutes to solid residue.
2) Key ZLD technologies include solvent extraction, membrane bioreactors, ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis, evaporation like falling film evaporators, and agitated thin film dryers.
3) Challenges include a lack of technical guidance, complex wastewater streams, and needing integrated technologies for reduce, recycle, recovery and reuse.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It defines effluent as liquid industrial waste and explains that ETPs treat effluent through various stages before discharging it. The stages include preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using physical and chemical processes, secondary biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, and tertiary treatment for additional removal of substances. Key processes involve pH adjustment, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. The activated sludge process is also summarized, involving aeration, solid-liquid separation, effluent discharge, sludge wasting and return of biomass to the aeration tank.
Installing non-compatible Zero Liquid Discharge System to comply with Prescribed Norms imposed by State Pollution Control Board is simply equal to non-compliance of the same. To get the best possible solution for actual ZLD, Contact Us www.envirochemservices.in
Effluent treatment Plant covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat such waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.
The document describes the key components and processes of an effluent treatment plant (ETP). The ETP treats industrial wastewater in multiple stages including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation, secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge, and tertiary/advanced treatment using techniques like sand filters to further polish the water before discharge or reuse. The ETP aims to clean industrial effluent to reduce freshwater usage and allow safe release of water back into the environment while meeting pollution standards.
The document discusses industrial waste neutralization. It defines neutralization as treating industrial waste so it is neither too acidic nor too alkaline for safe discharge. Some reasons for neutralizing waste include making it compatible with municipal sewage systems and preventing corrosion. Common neutralization methods include mixing acidic and alkaline wastes, passing acid waste through limestone beds, and adding alkaline substances like lime, caustic soda, or sulfuric acid to acidic or alkaline waste depending on the pH. Proper sizing of neutralization tanks and retention times are also discussed.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
This document provides an overview of a turnkey solution for water and wastewater treatment. It discusses various treatment processes including bioaugmentation, screens, primary clarification, biological processes, and sedimentation tanks. It then focuses on the activated sludge process for secondary treatment, describing the basic process, design considerations like organic loading and aeration requirements, and different aeration methods like diffused, spray, turbine, and surface aeration.
The document discusses common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), which treat wastewater from multiple industrial plants before disposal or reuse. CETPs allow for economies of scale in wastewater treatment. They address issues like lack of space and provide more consistent treatment than individual plants. However, operating a CETP that receives varied wastewater can be challenging. The document outlines several factors that influence CETP planning and operation, as well as different wastewater treatment technologies, advantages of CETPs, challenges, categories of industries served, effluent treatment steps, conveyance methods, disposal methods, and treated effluent quality standards.
This document discusses sludge treatment processes. It describes the goals of sludge treatment as volume reduction, elimination of pathogens, stabilization of organic substances, and recycling of substances. The types of sludge are described as primary, secondary, and tertiary sludge. Key treatment processes discussed include thickening, stabilization through aerobic or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and drying. Thickening can be done through gravity or flotation. Stabilization reduces mass through aerobic or anaerobic digestion which produces biogas. Dewatering further reduces water content and drying beds are described.
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
This document provides information on reverse osmosis, including its principles, typical arrangements, operating parameters, applications, and troubleshooting. It discusses the basics of RO including interfaces, pore size distribution, and applied pressure. Pretreatment requirements are outlined to prevent fouling and scaling. Common membrane types and manufacturers are listed. Methods for interpreting changes in operating parameters that may indicate issues like fouling or scaling are described. Finally potential RO chemicals from antiscalants to biocides to cleaners are presented.
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It provides information on the types and characteristics of anaerobic reactors including UASB and EGSB reactors. It also describes the formation of anaerobic granular sludge, which allows high biomass retention and efficient COD removal. Additionally, it compares the kinetics, environmental factors, and advantages of anaerobic versus aerobic wastewater treatment processes.
This document provides information about wastewater engineering as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses why wastewater engineering is important when pollution loads exceed the environment's carrying capacity. Nature has limits on its ability to self-purify, so wastewater treatment systems must be engineered to treat pollutants within smaller areas and timeframes. The document then covers characteristics of wastewater, parameters for analysis including biochemical oxygen demand, and methods for determining measures like total and volatile solids.
The document discusses key concepts in water and wastewater engineering. It defines water and wastewater, compares their characteristics, and outlines the importance of wastewater treatment. It also defines common terms used in wastewater treatment and describes the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics used to analyze wastewater quality.
Dissolve air flotation technology to treat highly polluted wastewaterIndia Water Portal
Air flotation technology has proved to be an efficient method to treat heavily polluted wastewater from tanneries, slaughterhouses and chemical industries
Hardness in water is caused by multivalent metal ions like calcium and magnesium. The document discusses the different types of hardness and methods for measuring and removing hardness, including lime-soda softening. Key points include that lime is used to remove carbonate hardness by precipitating calcium carbonate while soda ash removes non-carbonate hardness, and recarbonation converts precipitates back to bicarbonates to inhibit scaling. Bar diagrams and saturation indices are also discussed for analyzing water hardness levels and stability.
The document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Rourkela Steel Plant. The ETP treats wastewater from the Gas Cleaning Plant and recycles it for further use. The wastewater contains high levels of suspended solids that are removed through a multi-step process involving flash mixing with coagulants, settling in clarifiers, dewatering using a filter press, and recycling of treated water. The ETP is designed to treat 1140 cubic meters of wastewater per hour to reduce costs and conserve water resources.
The document provides an overview of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technologies. It discusses:
1) ZLD refers to recycling and treating wastewater such that no liquid is discharged, eliminating pollution. It involves concentrating effluent and converting solutes to solid residue.
2) Key ZLD technologies include solvent extraction, membrane bioreactors, ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis, evaporation like falling film evaporators, and agitated thin film dryers.
3) Challenges include a lack of technical guidance, complex wastewater streams, and needing integrated technologies for reduce, recycle, recovery and reuse.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It defines effluent as liquid industrial waste and explains that ETPs treat effluent through various stages before discharging it. The stages include preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using physical and chemical processes, secondary biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, and tertiary treatment for additional removal of substances. Key processes involve pH adjustment, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. The activated sludge process is also summarized, involving aeration, solid-liquid separation, effluent discharge, sludge wasting and return of biomass to the aeration tank.
Installing non-compatible Zero Liquid Discharge System to comply with Prescribed Norms imposed by State Pollution Control Board is simply equal to non-compliance of the same. To get the best possible solution for actual ZLD, Contact Us www.envirochemservices.in
Effluent treatment Plant covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat such waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.
The document describes the key components and processes of an effluent treatment plant (ETP). The ETP treats industrial wastewater in multiple stages including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation, secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge, and tertiary/advanced treatment using techniques like sand filters to further polish the water before discharge or reuse. The ETP aims to clean industrial effluent to reduce freshwater usage and allow safe release of water back into the environment while meeting pollution standards.
The document discusses industrial waste neutralization. It defines neutralization as treating industrial waste so it is neither too acidic nor too alkaline for safe discharge. Some reasons for neutralizing waste include making it compatible with municipal sewage systems and preventing corrosion. Common neutralization methods include mixing acidic and alkaline wastes, passing acid waste through limestone beds, and adding alkaline substances like lime, caustic soda, or sulfuric acid to acidic or alkaline waste depending on the pH. Proper sizing of neutralization tanks and retention times are also discussed.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
This document provides an overview of a turnkey solution for water and wastewater treatment. It discusses various treatment processes including bioaugmentation, screens, primary clarification, biological processes, and sedimentation tanks. It then focuses on the activated sludge process for secondary treatment, describing the basic process, design considerations like organic loading and aeration requirements, and different aeration methods like diffused, spray, turbine, and surface aeration.
The document discusses common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), which treat wastewater from multiple industrial plants before disposal or reuse. CETPs allow for economies of scale in wastewater treatment. They address issues like lack of space and provide more consistent treatment than individual plants. However, operating a CETP that receives varied wastewater can be challenging. The document outlines several factors that influence CETP planning and operation, as well as different wastewater treatment technologies, advantages of CETPs, challenges, categories of industries served, effluent treatment steps, conveyance methods, disposal methods, and treated effluent quality standards.
This document discusses sludge treatment processes. It describes the goals of sludge treatment as volume reduction, elimination of pathogens, stabilization of organic substances, and recycling of substances. The types of sludge are described as primary, secondary, and tertiary sludge. Key treatment processes discussed include thickening, stabilization through aerobic or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and drying. Thickening can be done through gravity or flotation. Stabilization reduces mass through aerobic or anaerobic digestion which produces biogas. Dewatering further reduces water content and drying beds are described.
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
This document provides information on reverse osmosis, including its principles, typical arrangements, operating parameters, applications, and troubleshooting. It discusses the basics of RO including interfaces, pore size distribution, and applied pressure. Pretreatment requirements are outlined to prevent fouling and scaling. Common membrane types and manufacturers are listed. Methods for interpreting changes in operating parameters that may indicate issues like fouling or scaling are described. Finally potential RO chemicals from antiscalants to biocides to cleaners are presented.
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It provides information on the types and characteristics of anaerobic reactors including UASB and EGSB reactors. It also describes the formation of anaerobic granular sludge, which allows high biomass retention and efficient COD removal. Additionally, it compares the kinetics, environmental factors, and advantages of anaerobic versus aerobic wastewater treatment processes.
This document provides information about wastewater engineering as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses why wastewater engineering is important when pollution loads exceed the environment's carrying capacity. Nature has limits on its ability to self-purify, so wastewater treatment systems must be engineered to treat pollutants within smaller areas and timeframes. The document then covers characteristics of wastewater, parameters for analysis including biochemical oxygen demand, and methods for determining measures like total and volatile solids.
The document discusses key concepts in water and wastewater engineering. It defines water and wastewater, compares their characteristics, and outlines the importance of wastewater treatment. It also defines common terms used in wastewater treatment and describes the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics used to analyze wastewater quality.
This document outlines the topics and assessment schedule for a course on advanced sanitary engineering. The key topics covered include the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of wastewater, fundamentals of biological wastewater treatment, suspended growth treatment systems, and attached growth biological treatment systems. Student performance will be evaluated based on quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final exam.
02 Characterization and Primary Treatment of Sewageakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
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Sampling and analysis of treatment processes are performed in the laboratory to check if organic matter is removed as designed and the discharge standard is met. The laboratory tests various parameters to understand if the effluent treatment plant is functioning properly and to determine if corrective measures are needed. Parameters include COD, BOD, TSS, pH, and other measures of water quality. Various devices are used to test these parameters, including BOD incubators, pH meters, dissolved oxygen meters, and ORP meters, to monitor the effluent treatment process.
Chemical characteristics of sewage and their testing Naina Gupta
This document discusses the chemical characteristics and testing of sewage. It describes various tests that are carried out to determine characteristics like total solids, suspended solids, pH, chloride content, nitrogen content, fats/greases/oils, sulphides/sulphates, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). These tests help indicate the stage of sewage decomposition, strength, and type of treatment required to make it safe. The document provides details on each test, including the chemical forms being measured and testing methods. It explains the importance of these tests for evaluating sewage treatment efficiency and regulatory compliance.
This document discusses the design and processes involved in sludge treatment for wastewater. It begins by defining sludge and its sources. The goals of sludge treatment are then outlined as volume reduction, pathogen elimination, organic stabilization, and recycling of substances. Various sludge treatment processes are then described in detail, including thickening, stabilization through aerobic/anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and drying. The document also discusses activated sludge processes and trickling filter processes for wastewater treatment.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the oxygen-consuming capacity of inorganic and organic matter in water. COD determines the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic compounds and inorganic matter in water. There are two main methods to measure COD - the open reflux method and closed reflux method. The open reflux method involves refluxing the sample and dichromate solution for 2 hours, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine COD concentration in mg/L. A high COD means more oxidizable organic material is present in water, which can reduce dissolved oxygen and harm aquatic life. COD is useful for assessing waste strength and effects on receiving environments
Effluent Treatment Plant
What is ETP
Need fo ETP
Design of ETP
Design of ETP
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
PH adjustment
An ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) treats industrial wastewater to allow for reuse or safe disposal. It involves preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment levels using physical, chemical, and biological processes. A textile factory ETP was presented as a case study. It screens and equalizes wastewater before pH adjustment, coagulation/flocculation, aeration for BOD/COD reduction, clarification, and sludge thickening. Part of the sludge is returned to the aeration tank to utilize bacteria while the treated effluent and remaining sludge are discharged. The ETP aims to meet permissible standards for wastewater disposal into inland surface waters.
Chemical characteristics of sewage and their testing Ankit Gola
The document discusses the chemical characteristics of sewage and their testing. It describes various tests that are carried out to determine characteristics like total solids, suspended solids, pH, chloride content, nitrogen content, fats/greases/oils, sulphides/sulphates, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). These tests help indicate the stage of sewage decomposition, its strength, and the type of treatment required to make it safe.
Industrial waste water purification procedurepasindulaksara1
The effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is a method that is used to treat the emanation coming out from many areas of the plant. It includes biological, physical, and chemical processes. It aims to releasing safe water into the environment to prevent it from getting cop0ntaminated. These plants are have been very useful in the process of providing clean water to the environment and have conserved water in a number of ways.
This document discusses waste water characterization and treatment needs in India. It provides the following key points:
- Only about 26% of the 22,900 MLD of wastewater generated in India is treated before discharge, with the rest being released untreated.
- The main goals of wastewater treatment are to prevent groundwater, soil and marine pollution, and protect public health. Proper treatment also allows for wastewater reuse.
- Wastewater contains pathogens, hazardous materials, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that can cause eutrophication if released untreated into the environment.
- Wastewater is characterized based on its physical, chemical and biological properties like temperature, odor,
This document discusses wastewater generation and treatment. It describes the main pollutants in wastewater like organic carbon, nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, and microorganisms. The roles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in wastewater are explained. The characteristics of wastewater that are important for designing treatment plants are outlined, including COD, BOD, solids, pH, temperature, alkalinity and others. The document also discusses wastewater treatment steps like preliminary treatment to remove grit, primary treatment to remove settleable solids, and secondary treatment for biological removal of organic matter.
Details ppt on Effluent Treatment Plant or ETP for M Pharm.
In this Presentation we discuss about defination , design , need , Mechanism and many more important things related to ETP.
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Chapter one and two, Intoduction and Wastewater characteristics.PPt.pptxManamnoBeza1
The document provides information on the content of a presentation about wastewater treatment. It discusses the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of wastewater. It describes various wastewater contaminants and how they are measured, including through tests like BOD, COD, and total solids. It also outlines common wastewater treatment standards and provides flow sheets of typical wastewater treatment systems and their unit operations and processes.
Industrial Effluent Treatment by Modern Techniques.pptEr. Rahul Jarariya
Effluent Treatment Plant or ETP is one type of waste water treatment method which is particularly designed to purify industrial wastewater for its reuse and its aim is to release safe water to the environment from the harmful effect caused by the effluent. Helping achieve a greener society.
Routine analysis of wastewaters quality parametersArvind Kumar
This document discusses parameters for analyzing waste water quality. It describes the objectives of waste water analysis which include monitoring treatment plant efficiency. Physical analyses examine characteristics like color and odor, while chemical analyses determine substance amounts. Key parameters discussed include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrogen, and solids. BOD testing measures oxygen consumed by bacteria breaking down organic matter over time. COD testing uses chemical oxidization to similarly assess ability to consume oxygen. Their ratio provides information on a waste water's biodegradability.
This document provides an overview of water pollution and water quality parameters. It defines water pollution and describes various water sources. It then discusses key water quality parameters including physical parameters like turbidity, taste and odor, temperature; chemical parameters like pH, hardness, metals, BOD and COD; and biological parameters like pathogens. The document also covers water quality monitoring and control policies in Malaysia. It concludes with discussing effects of pollutants on the environment and humans and principles of water treatment.
The document discusses sizing of warp yarns, which involves applying a coating to protect the yarns from abrasion during weaving. It focuses on the chemistry and properties of various sizing agents, particularly starches. Starches, which are complex carbohydrates, have been widely used for sizing due to their low cost and ability to form protective films on yarns. However, their films are difficult to remove completely after weaving. The document therefore also examines methods for desizing fabrics, including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative processes to break down starch residues.
This document provides information about BSL Ltd., a textile company that manufactures fashion fabrics and wool yarn. It discusses the company's departments including quality control, processing, dyeing, and finishing. It describes the various machines and processes used in quality testing, fabric processing, dyeing, weight reduction, drying, and finishing. Key areas covered include quality control procedures for incoming materials, fabric testing at different stages, shade development, and parameters for dyeing and finishing processes.
The document discusses the CIE L*a*b* color space, which provides a way to numerically specify and communicate colors. It originated from Hunter's Lab color space model from the 1940s and was updated by CIE in 1976 as CIELAB. L* represents lightness on a black to white scale, while a* and b* represent the color's position between red/green and yellow/blue. Positive a* values indicate more red and positive b* values indicate more yellow. The document uses examples to illustrate how L*a*b* values correspond to specific colors.
The New York Times investigated the 1984 Bhopal gas leak in India that killed thousands. Through over 100 interviews and a review of documents, the Times found numerous irregularities and violations of safety procedures at the Union Carbide plant that likely contributed to the disaster: employees ignored initial leaks, critical safety systems were down for maintenance or inoperable, staff and training were cut back, and there were no effective public warnings. While Union Carbide emphasized safety, the investigation revealed the Bhopal plant was ultimately responsible for its own safety lapses that appeared to cause the deadly gas leak.
Recycling of textiles has historically been a domestic craft in India but now includes small-scale industries that process imported second-hand clothing into products like yarn, doormats, blankets, and industrial wipers. Extending the lifetime of clothing by just three months through care, repair, and reuse could reduce the environmental impacts of the clothing industry by 5-10% according to UK research organization WRAP. Recycling textiles involves sorting materials for reuse or downcycling into industrial products or landfilling soiled materials.
The document contains a table with information about sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of different concentrations measured by Baume scale grades and percentages by weight. It lists the Baume grade, percentage by weight, specific gravity, grams of NaOH in 1 kg of solution, and grams of NaOH in 1 liter of solution for concentrations ranging from 1.4% to 25%.
Smart textiles are materials and structures that can sense and react to environmental stimuli. There are four main types: passive smart materials that only sense stimuli, active smart materials that can both sense and respond, very smart materials that can sense, respond, and adapt, and materials with artificial intelligence. Smart textiles find applications in sports, healthcare, military, fashion and more. New developments include light-emitting, scent-emitting, shape-shifting, and health-monitoring textiles. Smart textiles have the potential to revolutionize clothing and other fabrics.
Photochromic dyes change color when exposed to UV light and can be used to monitor how long children spend in the sun to prevent sunburn. They react reversibly—returning to their original color when no longer exposed to UV light. Some key types of photochromic dyes used for this purpose include spiropyrans, spironaphtoxazines, and chromenes.
This document outlines various laboratory safety guidelines and procedures. It discusses the benefits of safety, as well as general safety practices regarding glassware, chemicals, electricity, heating, personal protective equipment, fire safety, first aid, chemical storage, and waste disposal. Specific hazards are identified, such as incompatible chemicals. The document emphasizes that following safety regulations and having proper training are essential for preventing accidents in the laboratory.
This document outlines the key considerations for laboratory management including the objective, types of laboratories, layout, regulations, and standards. It discusses providing controlled conditions for scientific experiments, technical measurements, research, and sample analysis while conforming to good laboratory practices and safety criteria. Major considerations include design, infrastructure, equipment, quality processes, energy needs, and conforming to regulations, practices, and procedures to ensure safety, security, and reliable results.
GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) is a quality system for non-clinical health and environmental safety studies. It aims to ensure quality, uniformity, consistency, reproducibility, traceability, reliability and integrity of test data. Key aspects of GLP include standardized procedures for conducting studies, recording and reporting data, and archiving records and materials. GLP was established after fraud was discovered in toxicology lab data submitted to regulators. Adherence to GLP helps ensure the reliability and integrity of non-clinical safety studies.
The document outlines the key concepts in developing a VIMOSA including having a clear vision, mission, objectives, and strategy. It also describes doing a SWOT analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Various activities are listed like testing, calibration, measurements, training, and monitoring. Calibration details include following manufacturer guidelines, checking for displacement, deviation, overloading, and software/hardware changes. Validation ensures selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, range, and limits of detection and quantitation using standard reference materials.
This document provides an introduction to chromatography, including its invention in 1906 and definition as a method for separating and identifying chemical compounds. It discusses the basic principles of chromatography, which involves the differential movement of mixture components through a stationary and mobile phase. Various types of chromatography are classified and described, including gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography, and ion exchange. The key components of a gas chromatograph are also outlined, such as the carrier gas, sample injection system, column, and detectors. [/SUMMARY]
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy involves using IR radiation to analyze chemical bonds and molecular structures. The IR spectrum provides information on the types of chemical bonds and functional groups present in a compound. Most commonly, IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of IR radiation by a sample, though emission and reflection can also be used. The technique is widely applied to analyze organic materials, as well as some inorganic and organometallic compounds.
This document discusses different types of goods and market failures related to public goods and common resources. It defines excludable and rival goods, and categorizes the four types of goods: private goods, public goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. Public goods are neither excludable nor rival, leading to free-riding problems that prevent private provision. Common resources are rival but not excludable, resulting in overuse without regulation. The document also discusses government solutions like cost-benefit analysis and congestion pricing.
This document discusses public goods and their efficient provision. It defines public goods as nonrival and nonexcludable, meaning consumption by one person does not reduce availability to others and it is difficult to prevent others from consuming them. This leads to a free rider problem where people have an incentive to let others pay for public goods while still enjoying the benefits. While private markets fail to efficiently provide public goods due to this issue, government intervention through taxation can potentially solve the free rider problem and lead to more efficient outcomes. The document also discusses the debate around privatizing certain goods and services traditionally provided publicly.
This document discusses different types of economic goods and the role of public goods and common resources. It defines public goods as non-excludable and non-rival, which leads to market failure due to free-riding. As a solution, public authorities supply public goods through taxation. Common resources are rival but non-excludable, resulting in overexploitation in the "tragedy of the commons" without regulation or property rights enforced by the public administration. The document concludes that differentiating goods by excludability and rivalry is key to understanding the appropriate role of markets and government.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. 2
1) Effluent in Different
processes
2) Basic terms used in waste water
treatment
3) Definition / Impact on
Environment
4) How to Reduce it
Contents
4. Effluent in Processing Unit
4
Desizing
Sizes (starch),
enzymes, waxes
Scouring
NaOH, surfactants,
soaps, fats, waxes
water softeners
FinishingDyeing
Colour, metals, salts,
surfactants, sulphide,
acidity/alkalinity,
formaldehyde , water
softeners
Printing
Urea, solvents,
colour, metals
Bleaching/Mercerisation
H2O2, AOX, organic stabiliser,
NaOH & high pH
Resins, waxes, chlorinated
solvents, spent
solvents, softeners
Let us know the terms used in effluent treatment
5. BASIC TERMS IN ETP
5
pH
• Measure of acidity or alkalinity
MLSS
• Mixed Liquor Suspended solids
MLVSS
• Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids
6. BASIC TERMS IN ETP
6
DO
• Dissolved Oxygen in water
COD
• Oxygen required to oxidise organic material by
chemical means in waste water
BOD
• Oxygen required to oxidise organic material by
biological means in waste water
7. BASIC TERMS IN ETP
7
Treatability study
• It is a study or test that tells us how the
wastewater might be treated.
Retention Time
• It is a measure at an average length
of time holding the wastewater in a tank.
Grab sample
• It is a sampling method in which a
single sample is taken at a specific time
8. BASIC TERMS IN ETP
8
Composite Sample
• It is a collection of several individual
samples taken at regular intervals over a period
of time, usually 24 hours. & combined testing is
done
Bio Mass
• It is a colony of living Bacteria, which digest
many organic and inorganic substances. An
essential part of the ecosystem including within
human beings
9. BASIC TERMS IN ETP
9
Activated Sludge
• Sludge that has undergone flocculation forming a
bacterial culture typically carried out in tanks.
Can be extended with aeration.
Clarifier
• A section of ETP equipment used to "clarify" the
wastewater, It is a holding tank that allows
settling. Used when solids have a specific gravity
greater than 1.00
10. BASIC TERMS IN ETP
10
Anaerobic Digester
• The breaking down of organic material and other
waste biologically by microorganisms in absence
of Oxygen. Results in by-products such as
methane gas, carbon dioxide, sludge solids and
water
Grit Chamber
• Usually in ETP, a chamber or tank in which
primary influent is slowed down so heavy
typically inorganic solids can drop out, such as
metals and plastics.
11. BASIC TERMS IN ETP
11
Flocculation
• The process whereby a chemical or other
substance is added to wastewater to trap or
attract the particulate suspended solids into
clusters -woolly looking mass
Sludge
• The solid waste material which settles out in the
wastewater treatment process, sometimes
biosolids. Can be dewatered and reused or
disposed.
12. pH
12
In chemistry, pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of
an aqueous solution.
The pH is equal to − log10 C, where c is the hydrogen ion
concentration in moles/ltr.
Solutions with pH less than 7 are acidic whereas above 7
are alkaline. pH of 7 is termed as neutral.
13. Impact of pH value
13
Affects the aquatic life if the pH is not in 6-9 range.
The bacteria involved in biological treatment will
not perform effectively outside 6-9 pH range.
When pH is not neutral it increases the
consumption of chemicals for coagulation and
flocculation.
14. How To Control pH value
14
Maintain pH as desired by dosing acid/alkali
Use Dilute Sulphuric Acid if the pH is alkaline
Use Lime if the pH is acidic.
15. TDS - Total Dissolved Solids
15
In textiles,
generally common
salt increases TDS
of water and
harmful to aquatic
life.
It also affects the
fertility of soil.
Fertile
land
Non
Fertile
land
16. Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)
16
Mixed liquor is a combination of raw or unsettled
wastewater or pre-settled wastewater and activated
sludge within an aeration tank.
Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the
concentration of suspended solids, in an aeration
tank during the activated sludge process, which
occurs during the treatment of waste water. ...
17. MLSS - Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
17
• The activity of bio mass
is measured by MLSS &
should be maintained
approximate 30% by
volume.
18. How to maintain MLSS
18
MLSS should be maintained in 30% range.
MLSS > 30% : Reduce and Dispose the sludge.
MLSS < 30% : Grow biomass, feed concentrated active
mass from Secondary Clarifier
Frequency of the test analysis : Once in a Day.
MLSS can depend upon effluent quality, Health of Bio-
mass & Retention time.
Take liquor, filter & dry at 105 °C & find Suspended
solids
19. Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids
(MLVSS)
19
MLVSS is generally defined as the microbiological
suspension in the aeration tank of an activated-
sludge biological wastewater treatment plant.
The biomass solids in a biological waste water
reactor are usually indicated as total suspended
solids (TSS) and volatile (at 550°C for 30 min.)
suspended solids (VSS).
MLSS is used to indicate the concentration of
suspended solids in activated sludge. MLVSS
represents the concentration of biomass in activated
sludge.
20. MLVSS
20
MLVSS should be maintained between 60% to 70%
of MLSS
Frequency of the test analysis : Once in a Day
21. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
21
Definition
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of
the capacity of sample to consume oxygen during
the decomposition of organic matter and the
oxidation of inorganic chemicals.
22. Impact of COD
22
Higher COD values affect land fertility.
Higher COD level will reduce DO levels.
Which affects the aquatic life.
Higher COD gives higher TDS
Sunlight cannot reach the below levels of sea water which
affects the aquatic plants.
23. COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand
23
Organic pollutant
Inorganic pollutant
Reducing chemicals
Definition:- Amount of oxygen needed to oxidize organic
and inorganic materials in a waste water effluent
mg/L
24. How to reduce COD
24
Optimisation of Process.
Recover and reuse of the chemical.
Coagulation and flocculation process.
Biological treatment.
Tertiary treatment.
25. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
25
Definition:
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of
the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume for
decomposition of organic material and oxidation of
inorganic material under aerobic conditions.
26. BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand
26
Organic pollutant
Inorganic pollutant
Microbes
Definition:- Amount of dissolved oxygen needed by
bacteria in ETP to break down organic material
present in the Effluent
If BOD level in effluent is not controlled, the rate of Oxygen
consumption > Oxygen replenishment from the atmosphere, thus
affecting the marine species in the water-body where the
effluent is discharged.
27. How to control BOD
27
Use Biodegradable chemicals in the process
If Non-Biodegradable
Reduce, Recover & Reuse
Focus on Primary Treatment To reduce Load
Advanced Oxidation/H2O2 Oxidation
Biological treatment
28. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
28
It is the amount of oxygen
present in water.
DO is measured in ppm
DO levels can be increased
by surface aerators or
diffusion technique.
Desired DO levels for fish to
remain healthy & alive is >3
ppm
29. Impact of DO on Aquatic Life
29
Desired DO levels for fish to remain healthy & alive is
>3 ppm
When BOD levels are high, dissolved oxygen (DO)
levels decrease because the bacteria are consuming
the oxygen that is available in the water. Since less
dissolved oxygen is available in the water, fish and
other aquatic organisms may not survive.
30. How to maintain DO
30
Maintain BOD level.
Aeration of water.
Maintain the Temperature.
Remove dead bio-mass as Bio-sludge.
31. Treatability Study
31
It is a study or test that tells us how the wastewater might
be treated with some of the following tests:
pH
Colour
Odour
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Suspended Solids
It also gives
The performance of treatment in ETP
Efficiency of dosing
32. Retention time
32
It is a measure at an average length of time holding
the wastewater in a tank.
• Primary Collection tank
• Flash mixing
• Flocculation
• Clarifier
• Aeration tank
33. Grab Sample, Composite Sample
33
It is a sampling method in which a single sample is taken at a
specific time.
It is a collection of several individual samples taken at regular
intervals over a period of time, usually 24 hours. &
combined testing is done
34. Effluent Treatment Plant
34
ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) is a process design
for treating the industrial waste water for its
reuse or safe disposal to the environment.
Influent: Untreated industrial waste water.
Effluent: Treated industrial waste water.
Sludge: Solid part separated from waste water
by ETP.
36. Parameters for
Dyehouse
Untreated
waste water
Treated
waste water
pH 4.0 to 9.5 6 to 9
Colour Dark, offensive
No Colour,
not offensive
Foam Persistent
No foam or
dissipates
Heavy metals 10 to 15 ppm 0.01 to 1.5 ppm
Suspended solids 200 to 300 ppm 30 To 45 ppm
Total Dissolved Solids 3500 to 6000 ppm 2100 ppm
Chemical Oxygen Demand 900 to 1500 ppm 250 ppm
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 300 to 500 ppm 30 ppm
36
Quality requirements of effluent
36
One must follow the discharge norms as per Consent to operate issued by SPCB
41. 41
Preliminary Treatment
Screening-
Removal of large particles.
Screens- opening with uniform size
Screen element- parallel bars,
rods, grating or wire meshes or
perforated plates
Requires periodic cleaning
Set in channel at 600
•Removal of wastewater constituents such as rags, suspended
and floatable yarns, fibres.
•Removes 20-30% solids
Screening Unit
41
42. 42
Preliminary Treatment
Sedimentation
Use of gravity as settlable solids separate out as a watery sludge.
Flotation
Suitable for low-density solids
Facilitates separation of suspended matter from the waste
liquor and isolation of the sludge
The waste flow is pressurized ( 3 – 5 bar) in the presence of air
The pressurized waste flow is passed into the flotation unit
Minute air bubbles are formed; simultaneously sludge flocs and
suspended matter floats which can be skimmed off.
42
43. Grit Chamber
44
Usually in ETP, a chamber or tank in which primary influent
is slowed down so heavy typically inorganic solids can drop
out, such as metals and plastics.
44. Flocculation
45
The process whereby a chemical or other substance is added
to wastewater to trap or attract the particulate suspended
solids into clusters -woolly looking mass
45. 46
Primary Treatment
Removal of part of suspended solids and organic matters from
wastewater treatment.
Equalization-
Application- Temporary storage of effluent to equalize flow rates,
mass loading of BOD and suspended solids
Advantage- shock loadings are eliminated
Device- Equalization tank
46
46. 47
Primary Treatment
Chemical neutralization-
Removal of excess of acidity or alkalinity using suitable
chemical.
Polyester processing generates acidic effluent
Cotton processing generates alkaline effluent.
pH adjustment –
Alkaline waste water is neutralized with dil. Sulphuric acid
Acidic waste water is neutralized with NaOH and Lime.
Lime is more cheaper than NaOH.
47
47. 48
Coagulation
• A reasonable and economical method of lowering BOD and COD
and of reducing colour.
• The contaminants are in colloidal form having particle size in the
range of 10-7 to 10-9 m.
• The stability of non-gelatinous colloid is primarily due to
electrostatic forces.
• The degree of stability can be determined by measuring zeta
potential.
48
48. 49
Coagulation
Coagulants are used to reduce the zeta potential thereby
facilitate aggregation of particles
Lime, aluminum sulfate, iron(III) chloride are the most popular
coagulants
Aids to coagulant include silica and polyelectrolyte
Concerns:
Coagulation process is time consuming, tests are necessary to
optimize the coagulant concentration
Coagulation process produces large amount of sludge.
Running costs are high
49
49. It uses chemical precipitation to cause separation
The solids in the waste adhere to the coagulant particles and the
resulting bulky gelatinous material, known as floc, can be
removed by direct filtration, sedimentation or flotation.
Coagulation results due to lowering of the zeta potential at the
particle surface to permit closer approach followed by
association of the particles to form larger flocculated
agglomerates.
Lime, either alone or with ferric salts is the most popular
coagulant. It is often able to remove 90% of the colour present.
Flocculation
50
50. 51
Coagulation and Flocculation
Steps-
• Addition of coagulant with flash mixing
•Charge particle come closer to form clump
•Large particles removed by gravity sedimentation
•Device- Flash mixer, Flocculator, Primary Clarifier
51
51. 52
In primary treatment,
Color, colloidal, suspended and settling solids are removed
For getting better results, the reaction time during each process should
be maintained. (This time is known as Retention time)
Reaction of chemicals with effluent - 60 to 90 sec
Flocks generation - 5 to 10 minutes
Retention time in Primary Clarifier : 240 min
During primary treatment,
BOD and COD reduction: 45 to 65 %
Primary Treatment
52
52. Clarifier
53
• A section of ETP to "clarify" the wastewater.
• It is a holding tank, that allows settling & removes
solids from bottom having specific gravity greater
than 1.00 .
• It also removes solids have Specific gravity lesser
than 1.00 from top by scrubber.
• Solids from Top & bottom are transferred to Sludge
tank or recycled back to aeration tank.Conventional Clarifier
Slanting
plate
Clarifier
53. Anaerobic Digester
54
• The breaking down of organic material and other
waste biologically by micro-organisms in absence
of Oxygen.
• Results in by-products such as methane gas,
carbon dioxide, sludge solids and water
55. 56
Secondary Treatment
Removal of biodegradable organic matter and suspended
solids.
Soluble organic matter converted to simple substances by
microorganisms.
Org.C+O2 CO2
Org.H+O2 H2O
Org.N+O2 NO2
-
Org.S+O2 SO2
Org.P+O2 PO4
2-
56
56. 57
Secondary Treatment Important points
Aerobic Treatment-
Oxidative continuous reaction
Reaction depend on,
Microbial population
Oxygen availability
Nutrients
Anaerobic Treatment
Reductive reaction
Absence of oxygen
57
57. 58
Aerated Lagoon
Earthen basin provided with mechanical aerators.
Longer residence time require to achieve same effluent quality.
Microorganisms are more resistant than ASP.
Settling tank and sludge recirculation absent.
Types of Aerated Lagoon
Suspended growth aerated Lagoon- Fully aerobic from top to
bottom
Facultative aerated lagoon- lower part anaerobic, upper part
aerobic
58
59. 60
Attached Growth Processes
Microorganisms attached to inert packing material- biofilm.
Packing material – rock, gravel, plastic and other synthetic
material
Operated as aerobic or anaerobic processes.
Commonly used in Trickling Filter
Rotating Biological Contactor
60
61. Biomass
62
It is a colony of living Bacteria, which digest many organic
and inorganic substances. An essential part of the
ecosystem including within human beings
62. Activated Sludge
63
• Sludge that has undergone flocculation forming a
bacterial culture typically carried out in tanks.
• Can be extended with aeration.
63. 64
Activated Sludge Process
Production of activated mass of microorganisms capable of
stabilizing waste under aerobic condition.
Aerobic condition is achieved by using surface aerators or
diffused aeration system
64
64. Sludge
65
• The solid waste material which settles out in the wastewater
treatment process,
• Sometimes bio-solids can be dewatered and reused or
disposed.
• These solid waste may contain hazardous pollutants & may
be harmful. It must be disposed as per regulatory
guidelines .
65. Sludge Treatment and Disposal
66
Sludge filter press
Sludge separated for discharge
Sludge dewateringSludge drying beds
Sludge disposal area
66
67. 68
Anaerobic Lagoon
Suspended growth anaerobic processes
Treatment of high strength organic wastewaters and high quantity
of solids
Employed in textile wastewater treatment.
Degradation of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria, in two
stages, involves
First Stage- nonmethanogenic bacteria- hydrolyze wastes in
short chain organic compounds, organic acids and ammonia
Second Stage- methanogenic bacteria involves conversion of
intermediate products in to methane and carbon dioxide.
68
69. 70
Wastewater enters from bottom and flow upward.
Microorganisms in sludge layer degrade organic compounds.
Methane and CO2 released
Clarified effluent is extracted from top.
Methane gas collected in gas collection dome
Up flow velocity maintained- 0.6 to 0.9m/s
70
70. 71
Oxidation Techniques
Electro chemical Oxidation
PROCESS
Activated carbon UV peroxide / NaOCl
Various
Techniques used
To be selected
depending upon
effluent
characteristics after
secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
71
71. Adsorption
The adsorption process is used to removes colour and other
soluble organic pollutants from effluent.
The process also removes toxic chemicals such as pesticides,
phenols, cyanides and organic dyes
Dissolved organics are adsorbed on surface as waste water
containing these is made to pass through adsorbent.
Most commonly used adsorbent for treatment is activated
carbon.
72
72. Activated Carbon
It is manufactured from carbonaceous material such as wood,
coal, petroleum products etc.
A char is made by burning the material in the absence of air. The
char is then oxidized at higher temperatures to create a porous
solid mass which has large surface area per unit mass.
The pores need to be large enough for soluble organics
compounds to diffuse in order to reach the abundant surface
area.
Colour removal is effective for non-ionic and cationic dyes
73
73. Limitations of Activated Carbon
Very expensive
For reuse, solvent treatment is necessary which puts heavy
economical burden
Alternate Adsorption Techniques
Clays
Ion-exchange resins
74
75. Chlorination
Use of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for decolorizing waste.
Sodium hypochlorite is a powerful oxidizing agent and will
readily break down most dye molecules to smaller fragments.
If a dye is somewhat resistant to biological degradation, then
pre-treatment with hypochlorite can improve the total
mineralization
Disadvantages:
Disperse dyes are not discolored
Production of hazardous chlorinated organic compounds (AOX)
76
76. Hydrogen peroxide
By itself can be used for de-colorization
Can generate lower COD
Longer reaction times
Works effectively with activator
77
77. Fenton’s Reagent
Hydrogen peroxide, alone, is insufficiently powerful to
decolorize dye waste at a normal temperature and pH.
In acid solution, however, with iron(II) as a catalyst, the
peroxide forms the vigorous hydroxyl radicals and may be used
to decolorize dye wastes.
Fenton’s Reagent Reaction
78
79. Advantages of Fenton’s Reagent
Capable of treating both soluble dyes, such as reactive dyes, and
insoluble dyes, such as vat and disperse dyes
The vigorous oxidation also reduces the COD of the effluent.
Neutralisation of the effluents after treatment causes
precipitation of the iron oxide and hydroxide, which removes any
remaining insoluble dye from the effluent by absorption and/or
flocculation.
Other reagents that can be used are manganese dioxide, ferrous
sulphate, ferric sulphate, ferric chloride or cupric nitrate
80
80. Electrochemical Oxidation
The process involves the use of a sacrificial iron electrode, the
anode dissolving to form ferrous hydroxide.
The typical electrochemical cell consists of two electronically
conducting materials put into an electrolyte solution. When iron
electrodes are used as both the cathode and anode, and
electricity is applied, the following reaction takes place:
At the anode (oxidation):
Fe Fe2+ + 2e–
At the cathode (reduction)
2H2O + 2e– H2 + 2OH–
Suitable for acid dyes and the maximum colour removal takes place
in acidic conditions.
81
84. Principle -
The process of reverse osmosis is based on the ability of certain specific
polymeric membranes, usually cellulose acetate or nylon to pass pure water at
fairly high rates and to reject salts.
Waste water stream is passed at high pressures through the
membrane.
The applied pressures has to be high enough to overcome the osmotic pressure
of the stream, and to provide a pressure driving force for water to flow from the
reject compartment through the membrane into the clear water compartment.
85
85. Working of Reverse Osmosis System
The feed water is pumped through a pre-treatment section
which removes suspended solids and if necessary, ions such as
iron and magnesium which may foul the system.
The feed water is then pressurised and sent through the
reverse osmosis modules.
Clear water permeates through the membrane under the
pressure driving force, emerging at atmospheric pressure.
The pressure of reject stream is reduced by a power recovery,
which helps drive the high pressure pump and then is
discharged.
86
86. Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis can be used as end-of-pipe treatment and
recycling system for effluent.
After primary, secondary and/or tertiary treatment, further
purification by removal of organics and dissolved salts is possible
by use of reverse osmosis.
RO membranes are susceptible to fouling due to organics,
colloids and microorganism.
scale causing constituents like hardness, carbonate. Silica, heavy
metals, oil etc has to be removed from the feed.
As the membranes are sensitive to oxidizing agents like chlorine
or ozone, they should also be absent.
87
87. Tertiary Treatment
88
Process Examples of removal
Microfiltration Bacteria, pigments , oils etc.
Ultrafiltration Colloids, virus, protein etc.
Nano-filtration Dyes, pesticides, divalent ions etc.
Reverse Osmosis Salts and ions
Nano-filtration
Reverse Osmosis
Microfiltration
Ultrafiltration
88. ETP Management
89
• How to monitor compliance,
• Sampling
• Testing requirements & frequency
• In-house monitoring daily checkpoints
• Formats for maintaining data.
89. Daily Monitoring of ETP
90
• The pH at flocculation tank should
be maintained between 8.5 to 9.5
as maximum flocculation takes
place at pH 9
• The optimum biological activity of
the microorganisms for the
treatment process is in the pH
range from 6.0 to 8.0.
pH of aeration and
flocculation tank
pH-meter
90. Daily Monitoring of ETP
91
Test helps to
decide the recipe
of coagulating
agents in primary
settling tank
Gives an
indication of how
settling occurs in
the clarifier
Settleability test
Test
Collect 1 liter
effluent from
Equalization tank
Dose required Alum,
lime, FeSO4 & PAC
Check Flocculation
time & volume of
sludge
Confirm the
required daily
dosage
Checkpoints
o Quantity of
clear water
o Settling time
o Volume of
sludge
91. Testing Frequency for plant operator
92
pH
Colour
Temperature
Once in Shift
TDS
BOD
COD
Once in a Day
Heavy metals
Toxic
substances
Random
check
Based on the parameters mentioned in the
‘Consent to Operate’
the testing requirements will vary from industry
to industry
Reporting system
Daily volume of effluent generated & discharged
Daily Power consumption in ETP
Daily chemical consumption
Daily test reports of effluent discharged
Daily volume of recycling of effluent
Weekly once “treatability study”
Record of random testing reports for heavy metals
& other parameters
92. Sampling & Testing
How do we know the characteristics of the waste
water?
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sampling and further
testing
93. Sampling Methods
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Water samples collected at
equal time intervals.
All the collected samples are
then mixed.
The representative sample is
known as composite sample.
Water samples collected at a
specific location, where
sample composition remains
constant over long period.
Grab Sampling Composite sampling
94. Systematic way of sampling
Parameters
Volume
Required
(ml)
Preserving
Method
Type of
Container
Temperature 100
On site
Plastic or
Glass
pH 25
Colour 500
Cool to 4 0C
TSS 50
Metals
100 per
metal pH <2 with
nitric acid
Mercury 500
BOD 1000 Chill to near freezing
Glass
COD 50
pH 2 with sulphuric
acid, maintain at 4 0C
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98. Sustainable Development
Take care of mother
earth with social
responsibility and
environmental
protection.
This is our contribution to
a better future for us
and for coming
generations
It simply means: Give back what you take!
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