The document discusses various methods for water purification at both small and large scales. At a small scale, methods include boiling, filtration through muslin cloth, and chemical treatment with substances like bleaching powder or chlorine tablets. Large scale methods include slow sand filtration and rapid sand filtration. Purified water and distilled water are produced through additional filtration and boiling processes, respectively, and are used for various applications where high purity is required like in pharmaceutical, medical, and laboratory settings.
We are manufacturer & supplier of wide range of water treatment plant in India. Get information on water treatment plants and contact verified water treatment plants manufacturers. Visit Now.
Water Reuse: Technologies for Industrial and Municipal Applicationsnjcnews777
World Water Stress
Water Use by Industry Sector
Water Demand 2010 to 2060
Case for Reclamation (reuse)
Water Reuse Process (Food Industry)
Water Reuse Process (Oil & Gas)
Water Reuse Process (Municipal)
Water Reuse Process (Agricultural)
Critical worldwide concern
Previously developing nation’s issues
Now Global Crisis
Quantity and Quality Issues
From Surplus to Limited
Kerala state is having abundant water source and people are really proud of it and lavishly wastes water.But due to the uprising scarcity of good potable drinking water we should think about conserving water before polluting the sources.This presentation is a description about the water scenario in India briefly and describes about the major water pollution and the main regions that are being affected severely.
Determination of hardness and alkalinity of waste waterAakash Deep
This power point presentation illustrates the principles and methods of estimation of hardness and alkalinity of waste water.
I have included the principle, titration method, formulas and some sample problems based on them.
New Technologies for Water Purification, Ion Exchange(India) LimitedIndia Water Portal
Presentation at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha Riv...ijtsrd
We wants to present an extensive work on physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Mula-Mutha river at Pune (Maharashtra). Water samples under investigations were collected from Khadkwasla dam to Sangam Bridge during pre monsoon (April “ May2016) monsoon (July “ August2016) and post monsoon (October “ November2016) seasons. The observed values of different physico-chemical parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness, etc. of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization (WHO). The Mula-Mutha River water in Pune had deteriorated in quality. Its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg/l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. Municipal Corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population. More water means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. As a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the Mula-Mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away Punes excreta. All the physico - chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except some of the parameters like DO, BOD,COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium and hardness. S.D.Jadhav | M.S. Jadhav"Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha River, Pune (Maharashtra)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2509.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/2509/analysis-of-water-quality-using-physico-chemical-parameters-of-mula-mutha-river-pune-maharashtra/sdjadhav
What is an urban Lake? How do I engage with my local lake? How do we work together to protect and rejuvenate our urban lake? Using Bangalore's example, and building on the work by many urban lake groups, citizens and Biome Environmental Trust, here is an introduction to urban lakes and how we as citizens can engage with our common pool urban natural resources. For more information, contact water@biome-solutions.com.
We are manufacturer & supplier of wide range of water treatment plant in India. Get information on water treatment plants and contact verified water treatment plants manufacturers. Visit Now.
Water Reuse: Technologies for Industrial and Municipal Applicationsnjcnews777
World Water Stress
Water Use by Industry Sector
Water Demand 2010 to 2060
Case for Reclamation (reuse)
Water Reuse Process (Food Industry)
Water Reuse Process (Oil & Gas)
Water Reuse Process (Municipal)
Water Reuse Process (Agricultural)
Critical worldwide concern
Previously developing nation’s issues
Now Global Crisis
Quantity and Quality Issues
From Surplus to Limited
Kerala state is having abundant water source and people are really proud of it and lavishly wastes water.But due to the uprising scarcity of good potable drinking water we should think about conserving water before polluting the sources.This presentation is a description about the water scenario in India briefly and describes about the major water pollution and the main regions that are being affected severely.
Determination of hardness and alkalinity of waste waterAakash Deep
This power point presentation illustrates the principles and methods of estimation of hardness and alkalinity of waste water.
I have included the principle, titration method, formulas and some sample problems based on them.
New Technologies for Water Purification, Ion Exchange(India) LimitedIndia Water Portal
Presentation at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha Riv...ijtsrd
We wants to present an extensive work on physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Mula-Mutha river at Pune (Maharashtra). Water samples under investigations were collected from Khadkwasla dam to Sangam Bridge during pre monsoon (April “ May2016) monsoon (July “ August2016) and post monsoon (October “ November2016) seasons. The observed values of different physico-chemical parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness, etc. of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization (WHO). The Mula-Mutha River water in Pune had deteriorated in quality. Its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg/l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. Municipal Corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population. More water means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. As a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the Mula-Mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away Punes excreta. All the physico - chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except some of the parameters like DO, BOD,COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium and hardness. S.D.Jadhav | M.S. Jadhav"Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha River, Pune (Maharashtra)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2509.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/2509/analysis-of-water-quality-using-physico-chemical-parameters-of-mula-mutha-river-pune-maharashtra/sdjadhav
What is an urban Lake? How do I engage with my local lake? How do we work together to protect and rejuvenate our urban lake? Using Bangalore's example, and building on the work by many urban lake groups, citizens and Biome Environmental Trust, here is an introduction to urban lakes and how we as citizens can engage with our common pool urban natural resources. For more information, contact water@biome-solutions.com.
It is the process of improving the quality of water to make it appropriate for use. The water after treatment can be used for for drinking , industrial water supply, river flow maintenance, etc.Water treatment removes the contaminant and undesired component or reducing the concentration so that the water becomes fit to use.
Process:
Chemical
Physical
Physio-chemical
Bio-chemical
Water :the universal need. As we all know water is most essential component to mankind yet its quality is in hazardous state and quantity is declining. This slide contains crucial information about water purification systems like what happens to water before we get it I'm our home?!
Recycling of water water into drinking waterAshutosh Singh
How to convert waste water into drinking water. There are some technology are given and the time line of projects.
If any one wants it's synopsis report contact me on 9628656548 whatsapp
A presentation on Potential Technology for Water Treatment by Romeo Afrin Upama, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong. The presentation is on the available and potential water treatment technologies.
All living things require clean, uncontaminated water as the most crucial compound for life on Earth
Ideally, drinking water should be clear, colorless, and well aerated, with no unpalatable taste or odor, and it should contain no suspended matter, harmful chemical substances, or pathogenic microorganisms.
Wastewater discharge from industries, agricultural pollution, municipal wastewater, and poor environmental sanitation are the main sources of water contamination
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. WATER PURIFICATION
• Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
biological contaminants and suspended solids from contaminated
water. The goal of this process is to produce water fit for a specific
purpose. Most water is disinfected for human consumption but water
purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes,
including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological,
chemical and industrial applications.
• The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of
particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria,
algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and particulate
material derived from the surfaces that water may have made
contact with after falling as rain.
3. METHODS OF WATER
PURIFICATION
• There are two types of water purification methods
namely:
1) Small scale water purification method
2) Large scale water purification method
4. SMALL SCALE WATER
PURIFICATION METHOD
• At small scale or domestic level water can be purified by
the following methods:
1) Boiling
2) Filtration through muslin cloth
3) Chemical treatment
5. BOILING
• Boiling is the oldest and satisfactory method of purification
of water on small scale. Boiling for 5 to 10 minutes kills
bacteria, spores, cysts and ova of intestinal parasites. It also
removes hardness of water and soft water is produced.
• Boiling is an excellent method of purification of water
provided. Boiling is done in a neat and clean vessel and
after boiling it is stored in clean covered container.
Preferably water should be boiled in the same container in
which it is to be stored.
6. FILTRATION THROUGH MUSLIN
CLOTH
• Muslin cloth acts as a coarse filter which can remove the
suspended materials. So water filtered through muslin is not
fit for drinking purposes though it can be used for other
household purposes like bathing, washing the clothes etc.
7. CHEMICAL TREATMENT
• Various types of chemicals are used for purifying water such
as:
A) Bleaching powder (Chlorinated Lime):
➢ Roughly speaking 2.5 gm of a good quality of bleaching
powder could be required to disinfect 1000 liters of water.
Bleaching powder will not directly purify the turbid and
polluted water. Therefore such water should first be treated
with preliminary filtration and then subjected to chlorination.
8. B) Chlorine tablet:
➢ These tablets are good for disinfecting small quantities of
water. They are available in different strengths for
disinfecting various quantities of water. One tablet of 500
mg is sufficient for disinfecting 20 liters of water. These are
available in the market under various trade names e.g.
halazone tablets manufactured by the Boots company.
C) Quick lime (Calcium Oxide):
➢ Some people prefer to use dry slaked lime than ordinary
lime. About 360 mg of slaked lime will disinfect 4.5 liters of
water. It is cheap, easily available and quite effective.
➢ Therefore it is recommended for disinfecting wells and tanks
in cholera outbreak. Disadvantage of quick lime is that
large doses of it are required for disinfection of water i.e. 20
times than that of bleaching powder.
9. DISINFECTION OF WELL
• You can disinfect your well with household chlorine bleach.
Use fresh chlorine bleach to ensure an effective disinfection
of the well. Chlorine can evaporate and lose half of its
strength in 6 months. Don't use scented bleach, to avoid
adding extra chemicals to your water.
• Potassium permanganate is used for disinfecting wells. Its
dose is 0.5 parts per million (0.5 ppm). It is not suitable for
disinfecting large volume of water. Its disadvantages are
that it alters the taste, smell and color of water thus treated.
Moreover this method is not considered dependable
therefore no longer used for disinfecting the water.
10. LARGE SCALE WATER
PURIFICATION METHOD
• Following are the large scale water purification methods:
1) Slow sand filtration
2) Rapid sand filtration
11. SLOW SAND FILTRATION
• Slow sand filtration is a type of centralized or semi-centralized
water purification system. A well-designed and properly
maintained slow sand filter (SSF) effectively removes turbidity
and pathogenic organisms through various biological,
physical and chemical processes in a single treatment step.
Only under the prevalence of a significantly high degree of
turbidity or algae-contamination, pre-treatment measures
(e.g. sedimentation) become necessary.
• Hence, slow sand filtration is a promising filtration method for
small to medium-sized, rural communities with a fairly good
quality of the initial surface water source. As stated by the
WHO, slow sand filtration provides a simple but highly effective
and considerably cheap tool that can contribute to a
sustainable water management system.
12. • Process of slow sand
filtration:
➢ The basic principle of the process is very
simple. Contaminated freshwater flows
through a layer of sand, where it not only gets
physically filtered but biologically treated.
Hereby, both sediments and pathogens are
removed. This process is based on the ability
of organisms to remove pathogens.
Fig: Slow Sand Filtration
13. ILLUSTRATION OF A SLOW SAND FILTER WITH A REGULATING VALVE AND A SUBSEQUENT
RESERVOIR
➢ As the process itself, the basic
structure is very elementary.
Essentially, only the filter chamber, a
type of reservoir and pipes are
required. The filter chamber can
either be constructed as an open or
as a closed box. Depending on
climatic and other factors, the one
or the other is more reasonable (e.g.
cold climate requires a closed box
since low temperatures decrease
the performance of the process).
Fig: Slow Sand Filtration with regulating valve and a subsequent reservoir
14. RAPID SAND FILTRATION
• Rapid sand filtration is a purely physical drinking water
purification method. Rapid sand filters (RSF) provide rapid and
efficient removal of relatively large suspended particles. Two
types of RSF are typically used: rapid gravity and rapid
pressure sand filters. For the provision of safe drinking water,
RSFs require adequate pre-treatment (usually coagulation-
flocculation) and post-treatment (usually disinfection with
chlorine). Both construction and operation is cost-intensive.
• It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-
operated pumps, regular backwashing or cleaning, and flow
control of the filter outlet. Rapid sand filtration is common in
developed countries for the treatment of large quantities of
water where land is a strongly limiting factor, and where
material, skilled labor, and continuous energy supply are
available.
15. PARTS OF RAPID SAND
FLOW
➢ The section of rapid sand filter consists of
the following:
a) Enclosure tank
b) Filter media
c) Base material
d) Under drainage system
e) Appurtenances
Fig: Rapid Sand Filtration
16. PURIFIED WATER
• Purified water is water that has been mechanically filtered or
processed to remove impurities and make it suitable for use.
Distilled water was, formerly, the most common form of
purified water, but, in recent years, water is more frequently
purified by other processes.
• Combinations of a number of these processes have come into
use to produce ultrapure water of such high purity that its
trace contaminants are measured in parts per billion (ppb) or
parts per trillion (ppt).
17. USES OF PURIFIED WATER
• Purified water is suitable for many applications, including
autoclaves, laboratory testing, laser cutting, and automotive use.
Purification removes contaminants that may interfere with
processes, or leave residues on evaporation.
• Although water is generally considered to be a good electrical
conductor, for example, domestic electrical systems are
considered particularly hazardous to people if they may be in
contact with wet surfaces, pure water is a poor conductor.
• Purified water is used in the pharmaceutical industry. Water of this
grade is widely used as a raw material, ingredient, and solvent in
the processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical
products, active pharmaceutical ingredients and analytical
reagents.
• Purified water is also used in the commercial beverage industry as
the primary ingredient of any given trademarked bottling formula,
in order to maintain critical consistency of taste, clarity, and color.
This guarantees the consumer reliably safe and satisfying drinking.
18. DISTILLED WATER
• Distilled water is water that has been boiled into vapor and
condensed back into liquid in a separate container. Impurities
in the original water that do not boil below or near the boiling
point of water remain in the original container.
• Distilled water is safe to drink. But you'll probably find it flat or
bland. That's because it's stripped of important minerals like
calcium, sodium, and magnesium that give tap water its
familiar flavor. What's left is just hydrogen and oxygen.
19. USES OF DISTILLED WATER
• Drinking Water
• Cooking & Baking
• Crystal Clear Ice
• Baby Formula
• Water for Plants & Seeds
• Washing Hair
• Humidors
• Car Batteries and Car Radiators
• Continuous positive airway passage(CPAP) Machines
• Health Care Use
• Cleaning
• Used in aquariums
20. WATER FOR INJECTION
• Water for injection is water of extra high quality without
significant contamination. A sterile version is used for making
solutions that will be given by injection. Before such use other
substances generally must be added to make the solution
more or less isotonic. It can be given by injection into a vein,
muscle, or under the skin. A non-sterile version may be used in
manufacturing with sterilization occurring later in the
production process.
• If it is given by injection into a vein without making it
approximately isotonic, breakdown of red blood cells may
occur. This can then result in kidney problems. Excessive
amount may also result in fluid overload. Water for injection is
generally made by distillation or reverse osmosis.
21. USES OF WATER FOR INJECTION
• It is used to deliver medications or drugs to patients
intravenously.
• It is used as a cleaning agent because of its extensively
purified nature.
• It is used to dissolve or dilute substances or preparations for
parenteral administration.
• It may also be used as an irrigating solution for small wounds or
during minor surgical procedures.
22. SANITARY WELL
• A sanitary well is one that is properly located, well
constructed, and well protected from possible
locations of contamination so as to ensure supply
of safe water.
• Criteria for sanitary wall are as follows:
➢ Location
➢ Lining
➢ Parapet wall
➢ Platform
➢ Drain
➢ Cover
➢ Handpump
➢ Consumer responsibility
➢ Quality
Fig: Sanitary Well