Water Use Efficiency in Plants by Soumique Ahamed, Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture - Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Improving Water Productivity: options at farm level.ICARDA
Presentation by Mr. Atef Swelam (ICARDA),
Technical Session 8: “Water productivity as the cornerstone of water-limited food production.”
Monday 21/10/2019
Cairo, Egypt, October 20-24, 2019. The 2nd Cairo Water Week (CWW)
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Concise Oxford Dictionary defines Resilience as recoiling; springing back; resuming its original shape after bending, stretching, compression etc. With five components of crop production - space, water, energy, light, nutrients- limiting, there are biotic and abiotic stresses on crops to perform at thresh hold inputs yielding optimum output. Droughts and floods, extreme cold and heat waves, forest fires, landslides and mudslips, icestorms, duststorms, hailstorms, thunder clouds associated with lightening and sea level rise are throwing new challenges to farmers and farming. This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops, mushrooms and aromatic plants. The emphasis was so far on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on aquatic and lower plants. The aquatic plants- fresh water, brackish water, marine- were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese, Japanese and S.E. Asian nations. Halophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit and spice values. Eighty thousand plants are reported to be of possible use, about 30,000 plants are found edible in nature and approximately 7,000 plants are cultivated by mankind at one time or another, of which 158 plants are grown by man at some point of time. Among these, 30 crops provide world’s food and only 10 crops supply 75% of the world’s food budget. Out of these only three crops-rice, wheat, maize provide 60% of the world’s food requirement.This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops medicinal plants, mushrooms, plantation crops, pulses, fibre crops, oil seeds and aromatic plants.The emphasis so far was more on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on lower plants like lichens, micro algae, fungi and bryophytes. The aquatic plants-fresh, brackish, marine water were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese and Japanese.The food base of people in South East Asia is partly on cacti (dragon fruit), micro-algae (azola) and several leaf vegetables unlike in India.Halophytes, bryophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient and require lesser fresh water and energy. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit, industrial, energy and spicy value. The projected climate resilient crops are edible chasmophytes, brahmakamal, tropical tuber crops, herbs like broad dhaniya (Burmese coriander) and black caraway, kale, ornamental gingers, speciality mushrooms and leafy vegetables of Mizoram unexploited and underutilized in the main land.
Maximizing Water Productivity of Maize using Alternate Furrow Irrigation at C...Premier Publishers
Nowadays, water availability is a major limiting factor for development of agriculture in arid and semiarid areas. Under conditions of scarce water supply and drought, irrigation practices demand the maximum use of every drop of water to maximize water productivity for irrigated crops. A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of three furrow irrigation techniques and three irrigation levels treatments on maize grain yield and water productivity at Mekhoni Agricultural Research center (MeARC), Raya valley district. Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways as the main plots: conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI). In CFI, irrigation was applied to every furrow at each irrigation event; in AFI irrigation was applied to alternate furrows which were dry in the preceding irrigation cycle, while in FFI, irrigation was applied to fixed furrows throughout the growing season. Each irrigation technique was further divided into three sub-irrigation treatments: two deficit irrigation levels 75% and 50% ETc and a control of 100% ETc as sub-plot were investigated. Results showed that maximum water productivity was obtained under the AFI system without a trade-off in grain yield and considerably save water. Hence, it is recommended as efficient irrigation technique in areas with limited water resources.
Aspects for Agricultural Water Management in Water Stress Conditions: Case St...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The major aim of the study was to propose sustainable agro-water management strategies, particularly for water poor-ecologies. In current work, information was obtained from worldwide previous findings of studies relevant to the water management. In order to maximize water productivity in those environments exposing climate changes following applicable suggestions were presented: changing crop pattern in accordance of available current water resources, increasing utilization areas in favor of modern irrigation systems, if possible converting of water delivery networks to pipe systems, improving share of low water consuming crops in current crop patterns, practicing deficit irrigation program, collecting water charges based on volumetric basis, more uses of rainwater harvesting systems, training of farmers about irrigated agriculture, and if possible transferring some water from neighbor basins to irrigation farms.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Improving Water Productivity: options at farm level.ICARDA
Presentation by Mr. Atef Swelam (ICARDA),
Technical Session 8: “Water productivity as the cornerstone of water-limited food production.”
Monday 21/10/2019
Cairo, Egypt, October 20-24, 2019. The 2nd Cairo Water Week (CWW)
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Concise Oxford Dictionary defines Resilience as recoiling; springing back; resuming its original shape after bending, stretching, compression etc. With five components of crop production - space, water, energy, light, nutrients- limiting, there are biotic and abiotic stresses on crops to perform at thresh hold inputs yielding optimum output. Droughts and floods, extreme cold and heat waves, forest fires, landslides and mudslips, icestorms, duststorms, hailstorms, thunder clouds associated with lightening and sea level rise are throwing new challenges to farmers and farming. This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops, mushrooms and aromatic plants. The emphasis was so far on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on aquatic and lower plants. The aquatic plants- fresh water, brackish water, marine- were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese, Japanese and S.E. Asian nations. Halophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit and spice values. Eighty thousand plants are reported to be of possible use, about 30,000 plants are found edible in nature and approximately 7,000 plants are cultivated by mankind at one time or another, of which 158 plants are grown by man at some point of time. Among these, 30 crops provide world’s food and only 10 crops supply 75% of the world’s food budget. Out of these only three crops-rice, wheat, maize provide 60% of the world’s food requirement.This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops medicinal plants, mushrooms, plantation crops, pulses, fibre crops, oil seeds and aromatic plants.The emphasis so far was more on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on lower plants like lichens, micro algae, fungi and bryophytes. The aquatic plants-fresh, brackish, marine water were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese and Japanese.The food base of people in South East Asia is partly on cacti (dragon fruit), micro-algae (azola) and several leaf vegetables unlike in India.Halophytes, bryophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient and require lesser fresh water and energy. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit, industrial, energy and spicy value. The projected climate resilient crops are edible chasmophytes, brahmakamal, tropical tuber crops, herbs like broad dhaniya (Burmese coriander) and black caraway, kale, ornamental gingers, speciality mushrooms and leafy vegetables of Mizoram unexploited and underutilized in the main land.
Maximizing Water Productivity of Maize using Alternate Furrow Irrigation at C...Premier Publishers
Nowadays, water availability is a major limiting factor for development of agriculture in arid and semiarid areas. Under conditions of scarce water supply and drought, irrigation practices demand the maximum use of every drop of water to maximize water productivity for irrigated crops. A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of three furrow irrigation techniques and three irrigation levels treatments on maize grain yield and water productivity at Mekhoni Agricultural Research center (MeARC), Raya valley district. Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways as the main plots: conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI). In CFI, irrigation was applied to every furrow at each irrigation event; in AFI irrigation was applied to alternate furrows which were dry in the preceding irrigation cycle, while in FFI, irrigation was applied to fixed furrows throughout the growing season. Each irrigation technique was further divided into three sub-irrigation treatments: two deficit irrigation levels 75% and 50% ETc and a control of 100% ETc as sub-plot were investigated. Results showed that maximum water productivity was obtained under the AFI system without a trade-off in grain yield and considerably save water. Hence, it is recommended as efficient irrigation technique in areas with limited water resources.
Aspects for Agricultural Water Management in Water Stress Conditions: Case St...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The major aim of the study was to propose sustainable agro-water management strategies, particularly for water poor-ecologies. In current work, information was obtained from worldwide previous findings of studies relevant to the water management. In order to maximize water productivity in those environments exposing climate changes following applicable suggestions were presented: changing crop pattern in accordance of available current water resources, increasing utilization areas in favor of modern irrigation systems, if possible converting of water delivery networks to pipe systems, improving share of low water consuming crops in current crop patterns, practicing deficit irrigation program, collecting water charges based on volumetric basis, more uses of rainwater harvesting systems, training of farmers about irrigated agriculture, and if possible transferring some water from neighbor basins to irrigation farms.
types of irrigation,irrigation scheduling, critical stages in mango, water requirement in mango , water uses of mango,research findings in mango research. mango irrigation stages.
Presented by IWMI's Winston Yu at the WASAG Working Group on Agricultural Water Use Workshop, led by IWMI, held in CIHEAM-Bari, Valenzano, Italy, on February 25, 2020.
Comparing the performance of a home-made bottle drip to a commercial drip sys...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A study was conducted in which lettuce (Lactucasativa L.) was grown in a plot at the Faculty of Agriculture at Luyengo Campus of the University of Eswatini to compare three different irrigation methods on the production of marketable heads of lettuce. The performance of lettuce under a commercial drip tape was compared with a home-made bottle drip and a hand watering can as used typically by rural people in the country. The commercial drip had emitters discharging 2 liters per hour and therefore 2 liters per hour was applied with both the home-made bottle drip and the watering can during irrigation. The irrigation frequency was every after two days for all the treatments. The plot sizes were 1.5 m x 4.0 m and there were four replications per treatment. There were eighteen lettuce plants per plot. The lettuce was grown for a period of four weeks and then harvested whole. Yield parameters measured included the plant height (cm), leaf area index (LAI), root length (cm) and the fresh head mass (grams). Significant differences (P < 0.01) between treatments were obtained for fresh lettuce head mass and root length. The commercial drip treatment had largest fresh mass at 226.8 g. It was followed by bottle drip at 184.8 g. The control had the lowest yield at 165.3 g. There were no significant differences between treatments for plant height and leaf area index. It was concluded that the home-made bottle drip irrigation method could be recommended for rural people who cannot afford to buy the commercial drip system for the production of vegetables for household consumption.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
Presentation by Eva Ludi (ODI) at the NBDC Workshop on Baselining Changes in Planning, Implementation and Collective Action, Addis Ababa, Nov 8-11, 2010
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Agriculture by SOUMIQUE A...SOUMIQUE AHAMED
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Agriculture by SOUMIQUE AHAMED 2024.
Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture - Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir.
STAT-522 (Data Analysis Using R) by SOUMIQUE AHAMED.pdfSOUMIQUE AHAMED
STAT-522 (Data Analysis Using R) by SOUMIQUE AHAMED, Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture - Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir.
Stat-502 (Statistical Methods for Applied Sciences) by SOUMIQUE AHAMED.pdfSOUMIQUE AHAMED
Stat-502 (Statistical Methods for Applied Sciences) by SOUMIQUE AHAMED, Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture - Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir.
Agron 501 Agrobiological Principle (Modern Concept of Crop Production) by Sou...SOUMIQUE AHAMED
Agron 501 Agrobiological Principle (Modern Concept of Crop Production) by Soumique Ahamed, Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture - Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir.
This comprehensive program covers essential aspects of performance marketing, growth strategies, and tactics, such as search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, content marketing, social media marketing, and more
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society.pdfssuser3e63fc
Just a game Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?
Water Use Efficiency in Plants by Soumique Ahamed.pdf
1. Presentation on
Water Use Efficiency in Plants
By
SOUMIQUE AHAMED
Division of Agronomy
Facultyof Agriculture - Wadura
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
Wadura, Sopore, Baramulla, Jammu & Kashmir, 193201
Welcometo My Presentation
2. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
2
Water Use Efficiency
❖ Introduction :
✓ Under scarcity conditions, considerable effort has been
devoted over time to introduce policies aiming to increase
water use efficiency based on the assertion that “more can be
achieved with less water through better management”. Better
management usually refers to improvement of irrigation water
efficiency. Irrigation water efficiency depends on the type of
irrigation technology, environmental conditions and on
scheduling of water application.
✓ It is well-known that crop yield increases with water
availability in the root zone, until “Saturation level”, above
which there is little effect.
3. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
3
Water Use Efficiency
❖ Water use efficiency (WUE) is defined as the yield of
marketable crop produced per unit of water used in
Evapotranspiration, or otherwise we can say that How
efficiently water is utilized by the crop in yield is expressed by
water use efficiency.
❖ It may be described as….. WUE =
Where, WUE = Water use efficiency (kg/ha mm of water),
Y = Marketable yield (kg/ha),
ET = Evapotranspiration (mm).
Y
ET
4. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
4
Water Use Efficiency
❖ Concept of Water Use Efficiency (WUE) :
✓ Efficiency is defined as dimension ratio of output over input.
Universal definition of Efficiency is …….
Efficiency =
❑ Water used by the crop is evaluated in terms of water use
efficiency (WUE). It is of three types………
1. Crop water use efficiency (CWUE).
2. Field water use efficiency (FWUE).
3. Physiological water use efficiency (PWUE).
Output from process
Input to process
× 100
5. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
5
Water Use Efficiency
1. Crop water use efficiency (CWUE):
✓ It is the ratio of economic yield of crop to amount of water used
in evapotranspiration and metabolic purpose.
✓ It is also called as Consumptive water use efficiency.
✓ It is calculated as……..
Where, ECu = Crop water use efficiency (kg/ha mm),
Y = Crop economic yield (kg/ha),
ET = Evapotranspiration (mm),
G = Water use for metabolic purpose.
ECu = Y
ET + G
6. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
6
Water Use Efficiency
2. Field water use efficiency (FWUE) :
✓ It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to total amount of water used in
the field (ET + DP).
Field water use efficiency =
FWUE =
Crop yield
Total amount of water used in the field
Y
ET + DP
7. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
7
Water Use Efficiency
3. Physiological water use efficiency (PWUE) :
✓ It is the ratio of dry weight accumulation (DWA) to the water lost
in evapotranspiration (ET).
Physiological water use efficiency =
PWUE =
Dry weight accumulation
Water lost through ET
DWA
ET
8. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
8
Water Use Efficiency
❖ Factors affecting water use efficiency :
1. Nature of the plant : There are considerable difference
between plant species to produce a unit of dry matter per unit
amount of water used resulting in widely varying values of
WUE. There are also difference in WUE between varieties of
the same crop.
2. Climatic conditions : Weather affects both Y and ET.
3. Soil moisture content : Inadequate supply of soil moisture as
well as excess moisture supply to the crop have an adverse
effect on plant growth and productivity and are, therefore,
conducive to low WUE.
P.T.O……….
9. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
9
Water Use Efficiency
4. Fertilizers : Irrigation imposes a greater demand for plant
nutrients. Nutrient availability is highest for most of the crops
when water tension is low. All available evidence indicates that
under adequate irrigation, suitable fertilizations generally
increases yields considerably, with a relatively small increase in
ET and therefore markedly improves WUE.
5. Plant population : Higher yield potential made possible by the
favourable water regime provided by irrigation, the high soil
fertility level resulting from heavy application of fertilizers and
the genetic potential of new varieties and hybrids could be
achieved only with appropriate adjustment of the plant
population.
10. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
10
Water Use Efficiency
❖ Management factors for improving WUE :
➢ Management practices for improving WUE can be broadly
grouped into two ,……
A. Efficient water management practices :
1. Localised irrigation methods.
2. Irrigation scheduling.
3. Deficit irrigation practices.
4. Improving the irrigation efficiency.
5. Conjunctive use of water resources.
6. Irrigation water pricing.
P.T.O……...
11. SOUMIQUE AHAMED, SKUAST-Kashmir.
11
Water Use Efficiency
B. Efficient crop management (Agronomic) practices :
1. Selectionsof crop and croppingsystem.
2. Tillage.
3. Fertilizer use.
4. Weed management.
5. Mulching.
6. Antitranspirants.
7. Amelioration of problemsoil.
8. Interaction with otherinputs.
