Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Agriculture by SOUMIQUE AHAMED 2024.
Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture - Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir.
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Agriculture by SOUMIQUE AHAMED 2024.pdf
1. You are
Welcome
Sher-e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
Division of Agronomy
Faculty of Agriculture – Wadura
Course No.: AGRON-550
Credit Hours : 0+1
Course Title : Masters Seminar
Topic
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Agriculture
Speaker
SOUMIQUE AHAMED
Division : Agronomy
Seminar in-charge
Dr. Syed Sheraz Mahdi
Dr. Amjad Masood
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The term “Remote sensing (RS)” first emerged in the 1950s and
refers to “the science and art of obtaining information about an
object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data
acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area,
or phenomenon under investigation” (Lillesand and Kiefer, 1987).
Dr. P. R. Pisharoty, considered as the father of Indian RS.
Fig: Remote Sensing
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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The term ‘Remote sensing’ was introduced by Fischer in
1960s.
The science of remote sensing provides the instruments and
theory to understand how objects or phenomenon can be
detected.
The art of remote sensing is the development and the use of
analysis techniques to generate useful information.
Fig: Remote Sensing Imaging Process
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Remote sensing lies the capability to capture an image of the
Earth’s surface. Consequently, the evolution of remote sensing
is intertwined with the development of photography and the
exploration of corresponding techniques.
The history of remote sensing dates back to early 1800
with the beginning of the practice of photography.
The use of photography to record aerial view from a
balloon dates back to 1858.
The land mark year in the history of remote sensing is
1873 when Sir James Cleck Maxwell developed the
theory of electromagnetic waves.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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The first Meteorological satellite (TIROS-I) was launched
on April, 1960. At this time the term ‘Remote’ was first
coined.
The Use of aeroplanes for aerial photograph during First
World War (1914-1918) On a regular basis for military
survey.
During Second World War (1939-1945) the use of EMS
was extended from visible spectrum to other regions like
IR and microwave regions.
The Decade of 1960s saw a series of rapid development
of Satellite.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Digital image processing was rapidly increases during
1970-1980.
India was started remote sensing programme with the
launch of Bhaskar-I in the year of 1979 and Bhaskar-II in
the year of 1981.
In 1972, LANDSAT-I (Land Satellite), earlier called as, the
Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-I) was
launched.
LANDSAT-I to LANDSAT-V was launched during 1972-
1984 by NASA during Land-Sat mission.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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During The period of 1988-98, India was rapidly
launched the series of Remote sensing satellites i.e., IRS-
IA on 17th March 1988 followed by IRS-IB in August, 1991.
IRS-P2 was launched on October, 1994 by an indigenously
developed Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV).
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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(IRS Series / Cartosat-3)
(Bhaskara-II / EOS-01)
35,786 km
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Active remote sensing involves
utilizing sensors to capture reflected
signals from objects that have been
illuminated by artificially generated
energy sources, like Radar.
Passive remote observation relies on
instruments that capture the
reflected or emitted electromagnetic
radiation from natural sources based
on seasons.
Active Remote
Sensing
Passive Remote
Sensing
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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• Offers contextual tools for mapping,
spatial reasoning, and remote sensing.
It also provides 3D and real-time GIS,
imagery.
• A free, open-source software that can
be used for remote sensing and GIS
data analysis and visualization. It has
modules for processing satellite
images.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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• A free, open-source GIS software that
can be used for 3D visualization.
• An open-source system for automated
geoscientific analyses. It has a website
with resources for learning remote
sensing and terrain analysis.
• IGIS, or India's first indigenous geospatial
platform developed by Scanpoint Geomatics
Ltd. (SGL) and ISRO's Space Applications
Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad, India.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Components of remote sensing
Source of energy
Radiation and
atmosphere
Interaction with
the Target
Recording of
Energy by the
Sensor
Transmission
and Processing
Interpretation
and Analysis.
Application
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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According to Jensen (2000), Remote sensors are
mechanical devices, which collect information,
usually in storable form, about objects or scenes,
while being at some distance from them.
A sensor is an apparatus designed to collect
energy, such as electromagnetic radiation or other
forms, and transform it into a signal that can be
effectively utilized to acquire information regarding
the subject being examined.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Remote sensing
Sensors
Imaging sensors
Non-imaging
sensors
Optical image sensors
Thermal image sensors
Radar image sensors
Spectro-radiometers
Radiometers
Laser Range finders
Used Digital Camera
Used Infrared energy
Electromagnetic
sensors used
Measures wavelength &
Amplitude of light.
For intensity of radiant energy
Called Laser telemeter,
Detect Distance of an
object
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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GIS techniques was invented in 1854.
The earliest recorded instance of the phrase
‘Geographical Information System’ can be attributed to
Roger Tomlinson in 1968 when he published his paper
titled “A Geographical Information System for Regional
Planning.” Roger Tomlinson is acknowledged as the
‘Father of GIS.’
A geographic information system consists of integrated
computer hardware and software that store, manage,
analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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1. Paper mapping analysis (1850).
2. Dark Ages of GIS (Before 1960).
3. Pioneering time of GIS (1960-1975) [Developed by
Roger Tomlinson].
4. Commercialization of GIS software (1975-1990).
5. User proliferation (1990-2010).
6. The Open source explosion (2010 Onwards).
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
28. 28
Components
of GIS
1. Data input
system
4. Data
analysis
system
3. Data Editing
2. Data
storage
system
5. Data Output
/ Result.
6. Personnel
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Data
Non-Spatial Data
(It is the complimentary of special data
including soil properties (soil depth, texture,
drainage and erosion), vegetation types,
climate data, population, socio-economic
data (Occupation data for a village etc).
Spatial data
(Geographically
reference data collected
by space imagery and
presented in the form of
photographs).
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Precision
Agriculture
Precision agriculture GIS software
provides detailed vegetation and
productivity maps, including crop
information, for making reasonable
decisions.
Agriculture
Mapping
Soil and crop analysis can be facilitated by
satellite sensors, allowing the creation of
soil index maps and maps of vegetation
indices.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Crop Health
Monitoring
Manually checking crops across a large
area is the slowest and most labor-
intensive method of monitoring crop
health. Imagery sensors on satellites
provide an advanced method for
monitoring crop temperature, disease, pest
infestation etc.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Insect and
Pest Control
Scouting large fields for pest infestations
is wasteful. Deep learning algorithms and
satellite data can assist in finding
unhealthy spots.
Irrigation
Control
GIS technology helps in identification of
water stress experienced by each crop
and recognize visual patterns that suggest
an oversupply or deficiency of water,
which can be used to regulate irrigation.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Nutrient
Distribution
Crop Yield
Prediction
GIS Helps to predict the Fertilizer doses
whether or not to apply fertilize the soil.
After knowing what nutrients are already
present in a specific field by analyzing the
field’s nutrient status.
Reliable yield estimates to secure food
supplies and predict profits.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Source: Roy et al., 2022.
The resulting
composite
resembles what
would be
observed
naturally by the
human eye.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Source: Roy et al., 2022.
False colour
composites allow
us to visualize
wavelengths that
the human eye
cannot see (i.e.
near-infrared).
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Source: Navalgund et al., 2007.
Fig 7: Chance in Wheat growing area in Western M.P as seen using AWiFS data
AWiFS Jan 16, 2006 AWiFS Jan 19, 2007
The Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS)
operates in three spectral bands in VNIR
and one band in SWIR with 56 metre
spatial resolution and a combined swath of
730 km achieved through two AWiFS
cameras.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Source: Navalgund et al., 2007.
Table 4. Wheat production forecast using remote sensing data
Production (m tonne)
Area (mha)
Date of forecast
Year
64.98
26.09
02-Apr-97
1996-97
67.20
26.28
30-Mar-98
1997-98
72.88
26.60
31-Mar-99
1998-99
70.20
26.88
31-Mar-00
1999-00
68.37
24.29
28-Mar-01
2000-01
73.57
26.42
01-Apr-02
2001-02
70.71
25.25
31-Mar-03
2002-03
73.08
26.39
30-Mar-04
2003-04
72.93
26.43
28-Mar-05
2004-05
70.67
26.30
29-Mar-06
2005-06
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Source: Ahmad Mir et al., 2016.
Agriculture
Horticulture
Dense Forest
Moderately Dense
Sparse Forest
Water Body
Snow Covered
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
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Fig: 6 Land use/land cover categories of North Kashmir Himalayas
Built up
Water bodies
Dense forest
Sparse forest
Snow/Glacier
Waste lands
Plantations
Agriculture land
Grass lands
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
Source: Ahmad Bhat et al., 2019.
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Fig. 7(a) Soil map of North Kashmir Himalayas
Legend
Clayey Loam
Silty Loam
Sandy Loam
Unconsolidated
Rocks
Mountain Soil
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
Source: Ahmad Bhat et al., 2019.
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Fig. 7(b) Percentage area under different soil types in North Kashmir Himalayas
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
Source: Ahmad Bhat et al., 2019.
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Fig. 8 Altitude map of North Kashmir Himalayas
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
Source: Ahmad Bhat et al., 2019.
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In conclusion, the integration of remote sensing
and geographical information systems (GIS) in
agriculture has proven to be a transformative
force, offering a paradigm shift in the way we
manage and optimize agricultural practices. This
dynamic duo provides farmers, researchers, and
policymakers with powerful tools to make
informed decisions, enhance productivity, and
ensure sustainable agricultural development.
SOUMIQUE AHAMED, (Agronomist - ICAR).
