The document discusses water treatment processes used to purify raw water for domestic use. It describes how various impurities like leaves, silt, and microorganisms are removed through screens, sedimentation, coagulation, and filtration. The objectives of water treatment are to treat water from available sources, improve quality by removing unpleasant tastes/odors, and remove harmful matters. Key processes include chemical coagulation and flocculation to remove suspended and colloidal particles, and granular media filtration using slow sand or rapid filters to further remove turbidity and microbes. Slow sand filters are effective at microbial reduction without pretreatment, while rapid filters require coagulation for over 90% removal of enteric microbes.

1. water treatment

2. PROCESSED INVOLVED IN TREATING THE RAW WATER:
IMPURITIES PROCESS USED FOR REMOVAL
Floating matters as leaves, dead
animals etc.
Screening
Suspended impurities as silt, clay Plain sedimentation
Fine suspended matters Sedimentation with coagulation
Microorganisms and colloidal
matters
filtration
Dissolved gases, tastes and odours Aeration and chemical treatment
Pathogenic bacteria Disinfection or chlorination

3. REQUIREMENTS OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE:
Water for domestic use should be:
• Colourless, clear, free form suspended solids.
• Free form odour, and taste good.
• Soft in nature.
• Free form disease producing bacteria or organisms.
• Free from objectionable dissolved gases, must contain a sufficient
quantity of dissolved oxygen.
• Free from objectionable minerals (iron, manganese, lead, arsenic and
other poisonous metals).
• Free form harmful salts.

4. WATER TREATMENT
• Water can be collected from various sources like rain, surface runoff,
river, lake, pond and ground water. It is not possible to find absolute
pure water in nature.
The primary objective of the water treatment and water purification is to,
• Treat the water collected from available source.
• Improving the quality of water
• Removing unpleasant taste and odour
• Removing of harmful matters (like bacteria etc.) from water.

5. IMPURITIES IN WATER ARE CLASSIFIED INTO:
Physical impurities
Chemical impurities
Biological impurities

6. Suspended impurities are macro or microscopic (varies according to its
origin or source) and normally remain in suspension, making the water
turbid.
Dissolved impurities are not visible, but cause bad taste, hardness and
alkalinity.
Colloidal impurities are electrically charged particles, usually very small
in size that remain in constant motion and do not settle.

7. TYPE CONSTITUENTS EFFECT
Suspended impurities Silts, bacteria, algae, protozoa Disease, odour, colour, turbidity
Dissolved impurities Salts Alkalinity, hardness
Metals and compounds Like (iron oxide)
Taste, red colour, corrosiveness.
Gases, vegetable dyes
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulphide
Corrosiveness to metals, acidity,
odour,

8. Typical Surface Water Treatment Plant

9. Chemical Coagulation-Flocculation
Removes suspended particulate and colloidal substances from water,
including microorganisms.
Coagulation: colloidal destabilization
• Typically, add alum (aluminum sulfate) or ferric chloride or sulfate to
the water with rapid mixing and controlled pH conditions.
• Insoluble aluminum or ferric hydroxide and aluminum.
• These complexes entrap and adsorb suspended particulate and colloidal
material.

10. COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION, CONTINUED
Flocculation:
• Slow mixing (flocculation) that provides for for a period of time to
promote the aggregation and growth of the insoluble particles (flocs).
• The particles collide, stick together abd grow larger
• The resulting large floc particles are subsequently removed by gravity
sedimentation (or direct filtration)
• Smaller floc particles are too small to settle and are removed by
filtration

11. GRANULAR MEDIA FILTRATION
• Used to remove suspended particles (turbidity) incl. microbes.
• Historically, two types of granular media filters:
• Slow sand filters: uniform bed of sand;
• low flow rate <0.1 GPM/ft2
• Biological process: 1-2 cm “slime” layer (schmutzdecke)
• Rapid sand filters: 1, 2 or 3 layers of sand/other media >1 GPM/ft2

12. SLOW SAND FILTERS
• Less widely used for large US municipal water supplies
• Effective; widely used in Europe; small water supplies; developing
countries
• Filter through a 3- to 5-foot deep bed of unstratified sand
• flow rate ~0.05 gallons per minute per square foot.
• Biological growth develops in the upper surface of the sand is primarily
responsible for particle and microbe removal.
• Effective without pretreatment of the water by coagulation-flocculation
• Periodically clean by removing, cleaning and replacing the upper few
inches of biologically active sand

13. Microbial Reductions by Slow Sand Filtration
• Effective in removing enteric microbes from water.
• Virus removals >99% in lab models of slow sand filters.
• Up to 4 log10; no infectious viruses recovered from filter effluents
• Field studies:
• naturally occurring enteric viruses removals
• 97 to >99.8 percent; average 98% overall;
• Comparable removals of E. coli bacteria.
• Virus removals=99-99.9%;
• high bacteria removals (UK study)
• Parasite removals: Giardia lamblia cysts effectively removed
• Expected removals  99%

14. Microbe Reductions by Rapid Granular Media Filters
• Ineffective to remove enteric microbes unless preceded by chemical
coagulation-flocculation.
• Preceded chemical coagulation-flocculation & sedimentation
• Enteric microbe removals of 90->99 % achieved.
• Field (pilot) studies: rapid sand filtration preceded by iron
coagulation-flocculation: virus removal <50% (poor control?).

15. • Giardia lamblia: removals not always high; related to turbidity removal;
>99% removals reported when optimized.
• Removal not high unless turbidity is reduced to 0.2 NTU.
• Lowest removals shortly after filter backwashing
• Microbes primarily removed in filter by entrapped floc particles.
• Overall, can achieve 90% microbial removals from water when preceded
by chemical coagulation-flocculation.

16. Thank you