watershed development in india,

ACHARYA N.G.RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE , BAPATLA
COURSE TITLE : DRYLAND FARMING AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
COURSE NO : AGRON 512
TOPIC : WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
SUBMITTED BY
SREENIVAS REDDY.K
BAM 17-08
2

3
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. History Of Watershed Development In India
3. Programmes By Government Of India
4. Projects Are Implemented By Organisation
5. In Situ Soil Moisture Conservation Practices
6. Mechanical Measures Of Soil conservation
7. Schemes Implemented Under Watershed Development
8. Research Evidences
9. Drawbacks Of Programme
10.Conclusion

O In India, Net sown area of 136.18 m ha. Out of
which dryland is under 93.13 m ha. Dryland
agriculture accounts 55 million tonnes of food grain
production. In target to meet 240 million tonnes,
production from dryland has to be increased to 144
million tonnes.
O Watershed Management is the only viable option to
harness production requirement in the agricultural
sector especially in the rain fed unirrigated areas of the
Country.
Why we need watershed
?
4

O A watershed is defined as any spatial area from
which runoff from precipitation is collected and
drained through a common point or outlet.
O It is also defined as unit of area, which covers all
the land, which contributes runoff to a common
point. It is synonymous with a drainage basin or
catchment area. The basic unit of development is
a watershed, which is a manageable hydrological
unit.
WHAT IS
WATERSHED?
5

watershed with main and sub drains
7

Objectives of Watershed development
O To control damaging runoff.
O To manage and utilize runoff for useful purposes.
O To enhance groundwater storage.
O Increasing cropping intensity in watershed areas.
O Improving the socio economic status of farmers.
O Last , appropriate use of land resources in watershed
and developing forest and fodder purposes .
10

Mini
(1-10ha.)
Micro
Watershed
(100-1000ha.)
Milli watershed
(1000-10000 ha.)
Sub watershed
(10000-50000 ha.)
Macro watershed
>50000 ha.
Types of watershed
11

O P = Production of food-fodder-fuel-fruit-fibre-fish-milk
- Prevention of floods
O O = Over exploitation of resources to be minimized.
- Operational practicability of all on farm operations and
follow up to different locations in watershed.
O W = Water storage at convenient locations for different purposes
- Wild animal and indigenous plant life conservation
O E = Erosion control
- Ecosystem safety
- Economic stability
- Employment generation
O R = Recharge of ground water
- Reduction of drought hazards
- Recreation
Symbolic form by the expression: POWER.
13

O During the rule of the Mauryan Dynasty (320 BC) the
construction of water harvesting structure (WHS) and
sustainable irrigated agriculture in semi arid regions attained
a high level of perfection.
O The golden age of tank construction in the Deccan Plateau
was during the reign of the Chalukyas (973 to 1336 AD).
O During the early colonial period (early 19th Century).The
British concentrated on building large irrigation works on the
Ganga, Yamuna and Kaveri rivers and largely ignored the
pre-existing water harvesting and management of minor
works in the central region.
History of Watershed Development in India
14

 One of the first major initiatives in Watershed Management in India
was the Bombay Land Improvement Scheme Act, initiated in
1942, just before Independence. Its purpose was to enable contour
bunding by all the cultivators in a watershed.
 Centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Soil Conservation Work in the
catchments of River Valley Projects (RVP) was launched in
1962-63.
 Meanwhile, conservation work was ongoing in the Drought Prone
Areas Programme (DPAP) launched by MoRD in 1972-73.
 In 1977-78, the MoRD started a special programme for hot desert
areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana and cold desert areas of
Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh (which were earlier under
DPAP) called Desert Development Programme (DDP). 15

 During the 1980s, several successful experiences of fully treated
watersheds, such as Sukhomajri in Haryana and Ralegaon Siddhi
in Western Maharashtra, came to be reported.
 Ministry of Agriculture started a scheme of Integrated Watershed
Management in the Catchments of Flood Prone Rivers (FPR)
in 1980- 81.
 The Ministry of Agriculture launched a scheme for propagation
of water harvesting/conservation technology in rainfed areas in 19
identified locations in 1982-83.
 In October 1984, the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
adopted this approach in 22 other locations in rainfed areas.
16

 In 1988 the National Committee on DPAP and DDP was set up
under the Chairmanship of the Member, Planning Commission to
appraise and review the DPAP and DDP.
 The concept of integrated watershed development was first
institutionalised with the launching of the National Watershed
Development Programme of Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) in
1990, covering 99 districts in 16 states.
 Later a separate Department of Wastelands Development in the
Ministry of Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation was
created in 1992 and the National Wastelands Development
Board was transferred to it.
17

O In April 1999, Department of Wastelands Development was renamed
as the Department of Land Resources to act as the nodal agency
for land resource management. Consequently, all land-based
development programmes and the Land Reforms Division were
brought under this department
O In 1994, a Technical Committee under the Chairmanship of Prof.
C.H. Hanumantha Rao was appointed to appraise the impact of the
work done under DPAP/DDP.
O The Committee also called for a substantial augmentation of
resources for watershed development by “pooling resources from
other programmes being implemented by the Ministry of Rural
Development, e.g., Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
18

O The Committee recommended suitable between different
departments at the central and state levels bringing five different
programmes under the MoRD, namely, DPAP, DDP and
Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP), as
also the Innovative- Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (I-JRY) and
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS).
O The watershed projects taken up by MoRD from 1994 to 2001
followed these Common Guidelines of 1994.
19

O In 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture revised its guidelines
for NWDPRA, making them “more participatory,
sustainable and equitable”. These were called
WARASA – JAN SAHABHAGITA Guidelines.
O The Common Guidelines of 1994 were revised by MoRD in
2001 and then again modified and reissued as “Guidelines
for Hariyali ” in April 2003.
20

Water harvesting structures in Mohenjadaro
21

Stone reserviour outside cave
22

Watershed management has been taken up under different
programmes launched by Government of India .
O Water shed development originally managed by National wasteland
development board under Ministry of Environment and forest .It is
now placed under Ministry of Rural Development and Department of
Land Resources.
O At present Ministry of Rural Development and Department of Land
Resources, Government of India funding watershed development
programmes under D.P.A.P., D.D.P., and Integrated Wasteland
Development Plan (I.W.D.P.) etc. This programme is intended to be
taken up in rain-fed and drought-prone areas especially predominated by
SC/ST population and preponderance of wasteland.
O Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPAP)
O Desert Development Programme (DDP)
O Integrated Watershed Development Project (IWDP)
23

O The DPAP was launched in 1973-74 to tackle the special problems by
drought conditions.
Presently , 972 blocks of 195 districts in 16 states are covered under
this programme.
O Other pogramme DPP was launched in 1977-78 to mitigate the
desertification . Presently 235 blocks of 40 districts in 7 states under this
programme .
O IWDP has implemented since 1989-90. It consists of 247 IWDP in 25
states .
O The projects under DPAP and DDP are sanctioned for 500 ha. The
IWDP projects cover an area of 5000-6000 ha. The cost norms for all the
three schemes have been revised to Rs.6000 per ha.
O Under DPAP and DDP, it is shared between the Centre and the States in
ratio of 75:25. In case of IWDP, the cost not sharing between the
Centre and state 100% funded by central government.
24

Details of projects sanctioned and funds released from 1995-
96 to 2007-2008
Name of
Scheme
No. of project
sanctioned
Area covered (in
lakh ha.)
Total funds
released by
Centre (Rs.in
crores)
DPAP 27439 130.20 2837.81
DDP 15746 78.73 2103.23
IWDP 1877 107.0 2797.56
Grand
Total
45062 322.93 7738.60
Source: National Portal Content Management Team 25

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2009-10-No.ofProjects
2009-10-AreaCovered(m.ha)
2009-10-Centralfundsreleased(Rs.In…
-No.ofProjects
-AreaCovered(m.ha)
-Centralfundsreleased(Rs.Incrore)
Total-No.ofProjects
Total-AreaCovered(M.HA)
Total-Centralfundsreleased(Rs.In…
PROJECTS AND FUNDS RELEASED UNDER
IWMP 2009-10 TO 2015-16
Andhra Pradesh
SOURCE: data.govt.in, Government of India 26

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
PROJECTS , AREA AND FUNDS UNDER IWMP
PROJECT
Andhra Pradesh
SOURCE: data.govt.in , Government of India 28

STEPS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
1. Identification and selection of watershed.
2. Description of watershed.
3. Analysis of problems and identification of
available solutions.
4. Designing the technology components.
5. Preparation of base maps of watershed.
6. Cost-benefit analysis.
7. Monitoring and evaluation.
8. Organizational requirement.
29

S. No. State Nodal Department
1 Andhra Pradesh Department of Rural Development
2 Bihar Dept. of Agriculture
3 Chhattisgarh Dept. of Panchayat Raj & Rural Development
4 Goa Dept. of Agriculture
5 Gujarat Dept. of Rural Development
6 Haryana Dept. of Rural Development
7 Himachal Pradesh Dept. of Rural Development
8 Jammu and Kashmir Dept. of Rural Development
9 Jharkhand Dept. of Rural Development
10 Karnataka Watershed Development Department
11 Kerala Dept. of Local Self Government
12 Madhya Pradesh Dept. of Panchayat & Rural Development
13 Maharashtra Water Conservation & Rural Development Dept.
14 Orissa Dept. of Agriculture
15 Punjab Dept. of Rural Development
16 Rajasthan Dept. of Rural Development & Panchayat Raj
17 Tamil Nadu Dept. of Agriculture
18 Uttar Pradesh Dept. of Land Development & Water Resources
19 Uttarakhand Dept. of Agriculture
20 West Bengal Dept. of Agriculture
21 Arunachal Pradesh Dept. of Rural Development
22 Assam Dept. of Soil Conservation
23 Manipur Dept. of Planning
24 Meghalaya Soil Conservation Dept.
25 Mizoram Dept. of Rural Development
26 Nagaland Dept. of Land Resources
27 Sikkim Forest Dept.
28 Tripura Dept. of Agriculture
State-wise Nodal Department for
Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
31

O Projects are implemented by District Rural Development
Agencies/Zilla Parishads (DRDAs/ZPs) through Project
Implementing Agencies (PIAs). One PIA normally handles
10-12 watershed projects covering an area of about 5000-
6000 hectares.
O The PIA is required to maintain a technical team of 4
experts called Watershed Development Team (WDT) and
individual projects (500 hectares) are planned and executed
by the local people living in the watershed area called the
Watershed Association (WA) through an elected body called
Watershed Committee (WC).
PROJECTS TO BE IMPLEMENTED BY...
32

O The Department of Land Resources has brought out a new
initiative called Hariyali with an objective of empowering
PRIs both financially and administratively in implementation
of Watershed Development Programmes.
O Guidelines for Hariyali from 1 April 2003. The Project
Implementing Agency (PIA) will provide necessary technical
guidance to the Gram Panchayat for preparation of
development plans for the watershed through Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise, undertake community
organisation and training for the village communities,
supervise watershed development activities.
33

O Haryali is a watershed development project by
central government enabling the rural population to
conserve water for:
O Drinking
O Irrigation
O Fisheries
O Afforestation
34

Learning from experiences
O Sukhomajri : First to have IT ecological earnings. In
1979, nation was experincing drought, villagers built small
tanks, use forestland and its grass for use- public, private ,
community shown 19% increase in income.
O Ralegaon siddhi : In 1975, Annahazare who led the
programme by constructing storage ponds and gully plugs
and planting trees around 40000 plants this led to increase
area from 630- 950 ha.
36

Ralegaon siddhi
O Anna hazare was inspired by Mr. Vilasrao Salunkhe in
1972, started experiments in watershed development
and water management in some villages near Saswad in
Pune district.
O Hazare, Visited and I decided to undertake similar work
of watershed development in the village.
O He constructed many water harvesting structures with
people’s participation. So far, 48 nalla bunds, 5 cement
check dams and 16 Gabion structures have been
constructed.
37

O The villagers under Hazare’s guidance, also
undertook fodder development, continuous contour
trenches and loose boulder structures on 500 acres of
land.
O The watershed development work helped in
conserving each drop of rainwater in the village itself
and in recharging the groundwater aquifers.
O This ultimately raised the water table. In the same
village where earlier it was not possible to cultivate
more than 300–350 acres of land for one crop, now
the villagers are harvesting two crops in 1500 acres of
land. Due to availability of water, the agricultural
production has boosted up.
38

39
Contour
trenches in
village
Farm Pond
in village

In situ soil moisture conservation practices
O Ridges and furrows
O Broad bed furrows (BBF)
O Dead furrows
O Compartmental bunding
O Scooping
Mechanical / Engineering measures of soil
conservation
O Contour bunding
O Graded bunding
O Bench terracing
O Gully control 40

RIDGE AND
FURROW SYSTEM
IN COTTON CROP
41

Bullocks used for
preparing Broad Bed
furrow
Implement used for
Broad Bed furrow
BBF PRACTISED IN
GARLIC &ONION
42

CONTOUR TRENCHING IN
MADHYAPRADESH
51

O The government of Andhra pradesh has
constitued water conservation mission to
focus attention on conservation of water
conservation measures under
Neeru- meeru programme
(water and you ) .
It was intiated on 01.05.2000
57

source: Govt. of Andhra pradesh
58
No of districts covered 20
No of watersheds evaluated 5298
Average increase in waterlevel 1.96m
Wells rejuvented 43%
Additional area under cultivation 3,34,755 ha

Model of Rainwater
harvesting in Tamilnadu
59

Rs.50 thousand crore to be spent in next five
years to bring 140 lakh ha. Under irrigation
To bring 28.5 lakh ha under irrigation in
year 2016-17
Rs. 12,517 crores to be incurred on 23
irrigation schemes in 2016-17
Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna
PERDROP MORE CROP 61

O The salient features of WDC-PMKSY are as below:
 Setting up of Dedicated Institutions with multi-disciplinary experts at
State level - State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA), District level -
Watershed Cell cum Data Centre (WCDC), Project level - Project
Implementing Agency (PIA) and Village level - Watershed Committee
(WC).
 Cluster Approach in selection and preparation of projects:
 Average size of project - about 5,000 ha.
 Enhanced Cost Norms from Rs. 6000 per ha. to Rs.12,000/ha. in plains;
Rs.15,000/ ha in difficult/hilly areas
 Uniform Funding pattern of 90:10 between Centre & States.
 Release of central assistance in three installments (20%, 50% & 30%)
instead of five installments.
 Flexibility in the project period i.e. 4 to 7 years 62

SOURCE: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PORTAL 63

Neeranchal Watershed Program
 Neeranchal is a World Bank assisted National Watershed
Management Project.
 Neeranchal is designed to further strengthen and provide
technical assistance to the Watershed Component of
PMKSY, in particular and all components of PMKSY, in general,
to enhance its delivery capacity. The programme is being
implemented in nine participating states - Andhra Pradesh,
Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana.
 For achieving the major objectives of the Watershed Component
of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana (PMKSY) and for
ensuring access to irrigation to every farm (Har Khet Ko Pani)
and efficient use of water (Per Drop More Crop), Neeranchal is
primarily designed.
66

S.
No.
Year
No. of
Districts
No. of
Block
s
No. of
Training
s
No. of
beneficiaries
1 2011-12 3 5 11 167
2 2012-13 6 15 470 9261
3 2013-14 2 4 140 2150
4 2014-15 5 15 300 8500
In year 2011-12, ARPAN and by SLNA for capacity building & training
programmes of WDTs, SHGs, UGs & WCs of IWMP projects in Rajasthan. Apart
from classroom interactive sessions, arranged state and national level exposure
tours for hands on experience of stakeholders. Skill Development Trainings under
IWMP watershed development.
Source: Arpan seva sansthan.org , Govt. of Rajasthan 68

Arpan Seva Sansthan under watershed programmes by
National Rainfed Area Authority, Govt of India, New Delhi &
SLNA.
69

Particulars Cropping Intensity
(%)
Crop Diversification
Index (CDI)
Chinnasoragai
Treated
control
180.00
99.78
0.83
0.70
Emapuram
Treated
control
109.37
100.00
0.74
0.60
Kovilur
Treated
Control
185.00
105.00
0.81
0.70
Thangayur
Treated
Control
124.00
86.64
0.4
0.50
SOURCE: DRYLAND AGRICULTURE AND WATERSHEDMANAGEMENT –
Karthikeyan et al.
EVALUATION OF DPAP PROGRAMMRE IN TAMILNADU
Balaji et al
70

Treatments Plant
height (cm)
I II
Straw yield
(t ha-1)
I II
Grain yield
(t ha-1)
I II
T1 84 90 3.14 3.56 1 1.2
T2 95 97 3.48 3.82 1.5 2.1
T3 96 100 4 4.2 1.38 1.46
T4 106 110 4.6 4.9 2.62 2.98
CD (P=0.05) 5.59 3.48 0.31 0.24 0.16 0.19
CV (%) 7.07 4.23 10.08 7.16 12.26 11.96
SOURCE : ORYZA VOL .43 . NO.2, 2006 (116-118)
Evaluation of integrated Rice management technique in
developed watershed Sahoo et.al .
71

O T1 : Farmers management technique in
treated watershed with variety Salia Gaja.
O T2 : Framers management technique in
untreated watershed with variety Vandana .
O T3 : Improved management technique in
treated watershed with variety Salia Gaja.
O T4 : Improved management technique in
untreated watershed with variety Vandana .
72

IMPROVED MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE (IMT)
1. Summer ploughing 3 times by MB plough and leveling.
2. Liming insitu @500kg ha-1 20 days before seeding.
3. Line seeding behind the plough at depth of 4cm.
4. Seed rate@100 kg ha and seed treatment with
choloropyriphos@0.7 a.i 100 kg ha-1 .
5. Application of 40:30:20 kg N: P2O5 : k20
6. Use of irrigation water from watershed .
TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE
(TMT)
1. Ploughing and levelling two to three times.
2. Broadcasting at seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 .
3. Farm yard manure 1 tone as basal and 20 kg N ha-1 .
4. Hand weeding .
73

Area Season Before
tank 2010
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
11 ha kharif Soybean
(11 ha)
Soybea
n (11
ha)
Soybean
(11 ha)
Soybean
(11 ha)
Rabi Wheat
(3 ha )
Wheat
(11 ha)
Potato
(5 ha)
Potato
(5 ha)
Rabi ----- ----- Wheat
(5 ha )
Wheat
(5 ha)
Conversion of wasted land to water storage tank and its utilization
in increasing crop production Ranadhe et al.
Source : Indian J. Dryland agric. Res & Dev. 2015 30(1): 104-107 74

Crop 2005-06 2009-2010 Percent (%)
change
Wheat 54 200.7 272
Pea 27 11 -59
Mustard 20.3 10 -51
Sorghum 24.5 6.2 -75
Groundnut 14 12.5 -11
Sesame 12.6 107.9 756
Blackgram 10.5 8.8 -16
Source : Indian Journal of Agronomy 57 (4) : 310-318 (December
2012 )
Watershed management for sustainable agricultural in
Bundelkhand region Palsaniya et al.
75

IWMP IN BANKA , BIHAR
SOURCE:DEPARMENT OF LANDRESOURCES, MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVOLPMENT
Farm Pond In
Banka (dist),
Bihar
76

Success story of farmer in
watershed area
78

O DPAP-Watershed Intervention:
O At this time, the Voluntary Organization “DHAN Foundation”
entered this village through watershed programme as NGO-PIA.
He used this opportunity to dig a small farm pond in his field.
This activity has changed his life and “transformed from poor man
to a good farmer”.
O He constructed a farm pond with dimensions of 10X5X1.62 m,
which is having a storage capacity of 81,000 ltr of water in the
year of 2000. Again in the month of July 2001 he has deepened the
pond to increase the capacity to 151000 lit and at the same time he
went for revetment to strengthen the pond. The total expenditure
for the work is Rs.4518/-. He contributed Rs.1126/- in the form of
labour to complete this activity
Agriculture:
O Before the pond, he used to cultivate his land once in a year but
now he changed his total agriculture pattern and he is taking three
crops per annum in the same field by using water from the pond
even during the drought season. Now he is cultivating in an extent
of 3 acres of lands (0.5ac his own land and 2.5 ac taken for lease)
79

O Lack of investment in dryland area appears to be a
major constraint in development.
O The flow of funds from government of India- state-
district line department is limited.
O Lack of trained and experienced persons in
implementing watershed.
O Post- Evaluation of watershed programme in the
particular area .
Drawbacks in
Programme
80

conclusion
O Awareness to the public about the depletion of
water resources.
O Primarily, financial assistance by government in
developing watershed project .
O Use of GIS and remote sensing technology for
watershed programme.
83

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