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Structural Design Considerations 
By Gene Gopenko, P.E.
GOALS: 
•Serviceability 
•Durability 
•Low Permeability 
•Limiting Deflections and Cracks
References 
•ACI 318-89. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete 
•ACI 350R-89. Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures 
•“Strength Design for Reinforced Concrete Hydraulic Structures” by ASCE, ( adapted from COE Manual)
References (cont.) 
•Structural Design of Standard Covered Risers. Technical Release No30 (1965) by SCS. 
•“Rectangular Concrete Tanks” by Portland Cement Association 
•“Moments and Reactions for Rectangular Plates” by US Bureau of Reclamation
ACI 350R-89: 
“ This report presents recommendations for structural design, materials, and construction of concrete tanks, reservoirs, and other structures commonly used in water containment, industrial and domestic water, and wastewater treatment works, where dense, impermeable concrete with high resistance to chemical attack is required.” 
Among Types of Structures: intakes and conduits.
START WITH RIGHT INGREDIENTS!
Concrete Requirements 
•Min. Concrete Strength=4000 psiat 28 days 
•Air Entrainment=5%±1% 
•Maximum Water-cement Ratio=.45 
•Maximum Slump=4 inches 
•Aggregates per ASTM C33, max. aggregate size=1 inch 
•No admixtures containing calcium chloride
Steel Reinforcing 
•New Billet Steel to Confirm to ASTM A615 Grade 60 
•Epoxy Coated Rebars 
Minimum Concrete Cover: 
•Concrete Base=3 inches (4” COE) 
•Concrete Walls=2 inches (3” COE) 
•Stilling Basin=6” (COE)
Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcing 
ACI 318 for Grade 60 Steel: 
As=0.0018bh 
ACI 350R (use chart), but 
As(min.)=0.0024bh
Concrete Joints 
•Construction Joints 
•Expansion Joints 
•Separation Joint
Waterstops
Crack Reduction 
•Joint Spacing 
“Joint is controlled crack. Crack is uncontrolled joint” 
•Reinforcing Distribution-try to reduce bar spacing! 
“Where the structure must be watertight, bar spacing should not exceed 12 inches”.
Minimum Thickness 
ACI 350R: 
“Walls with height greater than 10 feet shall be a minimum of 12 in thick and shall contain reinforcement on both faces.“ 
“A minimum of 8 in is required where 2 in concrete cover is desired”-criteria for top slabs.
Flotation Criteria 
(Structural Design of Covered Risers, SCS TR 30) 
FS=1.5 
•Riser Located in Reservoir- 
Low stage inlets plugged 
•Riser Located in Embankment 
Add buoyant weight of fill over base
Flotation Criteria 
(Flotation Stability Criteria for Concrete Hydraulic 
Structures, US Army COE) 
Loading ConditionsFS 
•Construction1.3 
•Normal Operation1.5 
•Extreme (max. pool)1.1
Design Loads 
•Dead Loads: 
–Weight of Concrete 
–Weight of Equipment 
•Live Loads: 
–Earth and Silt Pressure 
–Water (Hydrostatic Load) 
–Surcharge 
–Cover slab LL=100 psf 
–Wind Load=50 psf, for risers in reservoir only 
–Ice Load (max. 2’ thick, 5 kips/sq. ft)
LOAD DIAGRAM FOR CONCRETE RISER WALLSRsRw 
Ps 
Pw
Hydrostatic Load: 
Pw=γwHw, in lb/ft2 , γw=62.4 lb/ft3, 
Soil Load: 
Ps=(Kr)(γs-γw)Hs, where 
Kr=.5 (soil assumed at rest condition) 
γs=126 lb/ft3 (soil weight available from Soil Report)
Strength Design 
U=R*Load FactorsU=1.4(DL)+1.7(LL), from ACI 318ACI 350: In Hydraulic Structures, when reinforcing in flexure, the required strength 1.3U. Strength Reduction Factor ϕ-Second Safety Provision in ACI. Mr= ϕMn, ϕ=.9 for bending, ϕ=.85 for shear
Analysis for Plates (vsSimple Beam) 
•Finite Elements Computer Model 
•Tables of Moments and Reactions Coefficients 
•Moment Balance using Distribution Factors
Precast vs Cast-in-Place 
Pros and Cons
Lake Elkhorn Spillway Repair, 
Howard County, MD
Dam Statistics 
•Significant Hazard Dam 
•Built in 1974 on tributary to Little Patuxent 
•18 high earthfill dam with 145 ft long ogee spillway 
•Drainage Area 3.6 sq. miles
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
Water retaining structures quick guide
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Water retaining structures quick guide

  • 1. Structural Design Considerations By Gene Gopenko, P.E.
  • 2. GOALS: •Serviceability •Durability •Low Permeability •Limiting Deflections and Cracks
  • 3. References •ACI 318-89. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete •ACI 350R-89. Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures •“Strength Design for Reinforced Concrete Hydraulic Structures” by ASCE, ( adapted from COE Manual)
  • 4. References (cont.) •Structural Design of Standard Covered Risers. Technical Release No30 (1965) by SCS. •“Rectangular Concrete Tanks” by Portland Cement Association •“Moments and Reactions for Rectangular Plates” by US Bureau of Reclamation
  • 5. ACI 350R-89: “ This report presents recommendations for structural design, materials, and construction of concrete tanks, reservoirs, and other structures commonly used in water containment, industrial and domestic water, and wastewater treatment works, where dense, impermeable concrete with high resistance to chemical attack is required.” Among Types of Structures: intakes and conduits.
  • 6. START WITH RIGHT INGREDIENTS!
  • 7. Concrete Requirements •Min. Concrete Strength=4000 psiat 28 days •Air Entrainment=5%±1% •Maximum Water-cement Ratio=.45 •Maximum Slump=4 inches •Aggregates per ASTM C33, max. aggregate size=1 inch •No admixtures containing calcium chloride
  • 8. Steel Reinforcing •New Billet Steel to Confirm to ASTM A615 Grade 60 •Epoxy Coated Rebars Minimum Concrete Cover: •Concrete Base=3 inches (4” COE) •Concrete Walls=2 inches (3” COE) •Stilling Basin=6” (COE)
  • 9. Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcing ACI 318 for Grade 60 Steel: As=0.0018bh ACI 350R (use chart), but As(min.)=0.0024bh
  • 10. Concrete Joints •Construction Joints •Expansion Joints •Separation Joint
  • 12. Crack Reduction •Joint Spacing “Joint is controlled crack. Crack is uncontrolled joint” •Reinforcing Distribution-try to reduce bar spacing! “Where the structure must be watertight, bar spacing should not exceed 12 inches”.
  • 13. Minimum Thickness ACI 350R: “Walls with height greater than 10 feet shall be a minimum of 12 in thick and shall contain reinforcement on both faces.“ “A minimum of 8 in is required where 2 in concrete cover is desired”-criteria for top slabs.
  • 14. Flotation Criteria (Structural Design of Covered Risers, SCS TR 30) FS=1.5 •Riser Located in Reservoir- Low stage inlets plugged •Riser Located in Embankment Add buoyant weight of fill over base
  • 15. Flotation Criteria (Flotation Stability Criteria for Concrete Hydraulic Structures, US Army COE) Loading ConditionsFS •Construction1.3 •Normal Operation1.5 •Extreme (max. pool)1.1
  • 16. Design Loads •Dead Loads: –Weight of Concrete –Weight of Equipment •Live Loads: –Earth and Silt Pressure –Water (Hydrostatic Load) –Surcharge –Cover slab LL=100 psf –Wind Load=50 psf, for risers in reservoir only –Ice Load (max. 2’ thick, 5 kips/sq. ft)
  • 17. LOAD DIAGRAM FOR CONCRETE RISER WALLSRsRw Ps Pw
  • 18. Hydrostatic Load: Pw=γwHw, in lb/ft2 , γw=62.4 lb/ft3, Soil Load: Ps=(Kr)(γs-γw)Hs, where Kr=.5 (soil assumed at rest condition) γs=126 lb/ft3 (soil weight available from Soil Report)
  • 19. Strength Design U=R*Load FactorsU=1.4(DL)+1.7(LL), from ACI 318ACI 350: In Hydraulic Structures, when reinforcing in flexure, the required strength 1.3U. Strength Reduction Factor ϕ-Second Safety Provision in ACI. Mr= ϕMn, ϕ=.9 for bending, ϕ=.85 for shear
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  • 21. Analysis for Plates (vsSimple Beam) •Finite Elements Computer Model •Tables of Moments and Reactions Coefficients •Moment Balance using Distribution Factors
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  • 27. Precast vs Cast-in-Place Pros and Cons
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  • 33. Lake Elkhorn Spillway Repair, Howard County, MD
  • 34. Dam Statistics •Significant Hazard Dam •Built in 1974 on tributary to Little Patuxent •18 high earthfill dam with 145 ft long ogee spillway •Drainage Area 3.6 sq. miles