The document discusses various methods for purifying drinking water used in households, including reverse osmosis, boiling and distillation, chemical disinfection, filtration, UV light treatment, and biofilters. It provides details on how each method works, such as boiling water to kill bacteria, distillation to remove impurities, and chemical disinfectants like chlorine. The document recommends biofilters as an affordable and efficient purification option that uses layers of gravel, sand, and activated charcoal to remove debris, particles and bacteria from water.

1. CHEMISTRY HOLIDAY
PROJECT
CLASS 11

2. WATER PURIFICATION METHODS USED
IN VARIOUS HOUSEHOLDS
 HOUSEHOLD 1 :- REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO)
 HOUSEHOLD 2 :- BOILING AND DISTILLATION
 HOUSEHOLD 3 :- CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
 HOUSEHOLD 4 :- FILTRATION
 HOUSEHOLD 5 :- UV-LIGHT TREATMENT
 HOUSEHOLD 6 :- BOILING AND DISTILLATION
 HOUSEHOLD 7 :- REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO)
 HOUSEHOLD 8 :- FILTRATION
 HOUSEHOLD 9 :- CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
 HOUSEHOLD 10 :- REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO)
REVERSE OSMOSIS

3. BOILING AND DISTILLATION
BOILING-
 This is a straightforward and effective method of water disinfection
for drinking purposes. It is most prevalent in developing countries,
though sometimes in cases of water contamination in a particular
area it is also used in developed countries. You can also use it as a
safety method when you go to a place where the water quality is
not known.
 The process involves heating water in a container to its boiling
point. The boiling point of water is usually at 100 degrees Celsius/
212 degrees Fahrenheit, depending on the air pressure.
 Boiling water does not remove any foul taste or smell that may be
contained in the water. It also does not remove metals, herbicides
or sediment. However, it is the surest way of killing bacteria and all
other disease-causing microorganisms that may be contained in
water. Water-borne disease-causing organisms are not heat
resistant, and therefore, they die.

4. BOILING AND DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION-
 The vapours obtained after boiling are directed to another
container where they condense to form pure distilled water.
This way, most of the impurities that were contained in the
water are removed. These include sediment, salts, minerals
and chemicals.
 DISTILLED WATER SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR DRINKING
PURPOSES.
BOILING
DISTILLATION

5. CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF WATER
 The most common chemical disinfectants are chlorine and iodine, which are
halogens. Chlorine is the commonly used one.
 Chlorine in its effervescent form is very dangerous and therefore it’s utilized
in the liquid state. It is usually in a compound with other chemicals but when
in water, it is released.
 It is an effective disinfectant and kills the micro-organisms contained in
water. However, it leaves a foul smell and taste in water. These can be
removed by a carbon filter after the treatment.
CARBON
FILTER

6. FILTRATION
 Filtration is a crucial water purification method at homes. Some
people use personal safe water, which may contain sediment as
well as metals. It can also contain bacteria as well as excessive
minerals, depending on the area. Others who use municipal
water may have water that has the foul taste and smell of
chlorine. This is where water filters come in handy.
 Their many different types of water filters, depending on the
water available in your local area. If the water in your area
contains a lot of sediment and no micro- organisms, then you
can go for a simple sediment filter. If the water contains
chlorine, you can buy a carbon filter.
SEDIMENT FILTER

7. REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS
 Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large
majority of contaminants from water by pushing the water under
pressure through a semi-permeable membrane.
 Certain types of water filters offer the best services and quality in
water filtration. They combine many filters for efficiency and
effectiveness so as to guarantee you highly purified drinking and
cooking water. These systems are called reverse osmosis water
filtration systems.
 The 5 Micron Polypropylene Sediment Filter
 Carbon water Filter
 1-micron propylene filter
 Osmotic Membrane
 Carbon Post filter


8. UV-LIGHT TREATMENT
 In this method, a UV lamp is used to produce UV light. Contaminated water is
then exposed to this light for treatment. A dominant type of UV called UV-C
or ‘germicidal UV’ is used in this process. It is an efficient and trusted method
of water purification. It destroys 99.99% of disease-causing microorganisms.
These include E. coli, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium.
 When UV- Crays are exposed to the micro- organisms contained in the
water, the DNA of the micro –organisms absorbs the rays. After absorption,
these rays alter the DNA of the pathogens is such a way that they can no
longer produce, and they permanently die. This process of altering their DNA
is called inactivation. The threat of water-borne diseases is eliminated, and
water made safe for drinking purposes.

9. EFFECTIVE PURIFICATION OF WATER FOR
DRINKING PURPOSES
 In my opinion, a water filter should be affordable, easy to
obtain/make and efficient.
 While researching methods based on these parameters, bio-filters
seemed the best option.
 A bio-filter uses a multi-stage approach to removing impurities and
pathogens from the water, so that the water that remains is
drinkable. A big advantage is that you can make it yourself.
 This is my design for a bio-filter :-
 Layers:
1. Gravel
2. Sand
3. Activated charcoal

10.  The first layer, gravel, is there to remove large pieces of debris from
the water. This would include things like small sticks, leaves and bugs.
 The water then moves on to the sand layer, which removes smaller
particulate matter that managed to pass through the gravel.
 Finally, the water passes through a layer of activated charcoal to
remove bacteria and some chemicals.
 It is the activated charcoal that is the secret to a bio-filter’s success.
Activated charcoal or activated carbon (the same thing) is “activated”
by blowing air through it. That air causes thousands of pores to open
up on the surface of the charcoal, making convenient places for
absorption of chemicals via bonding and capture of bacteria.
EFFECTIVE PURIFICATION OF WATER FOR
DRINKING PURPOSES

11. CONCLUSION
 Water purification and disinfection is crucial. It ensures that
you and your family are in good health, free from the
dangers posed by consumption of contaminated water. It is,
therefore, crucial to choose a method of water purification
for your home, depending on the quality of water available
in your local area.
 However, some methods in current use are not environment-
friendly. They lead to wastage of resources like water and
electricity.
 Thus, methods like bio-filters should be popularised among
the masses.

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Purifieradvisors.com
 Offthegridnews.com
 Ces.iisc.ernet.in

13. THANK YOU