BY PRODUCT AND WASTE UTILIZATION

1. A
PRESENTATION OF
SUBJECT – WASTE & BY–PRODUCT UTILIZATION
B.Tech (Agril. Engg.)
Presentation By
Aarushi Chandrakar
Student ID - 20203293
Course Code – EPE 5427
BHARTIYA COLLEGE OFAGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, DURG,C.G.
AFFILATED TO- INDIRA GANDHI KRISHIVISHWAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR,C.G.

2. TOPICS
 Microbiology of waste, other ingredients like insecticide, pesticides
and fungicides residues.
 Tertiary treatments: Advanced waste water treatment process-sand,
coal and activated carbon filters, phosphorous, sulphur, nitrogen and
heavy metals removal.

3. TOPIC 1

4. MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTE
 The microbiology of waste involves the study of microorganisms that
inhabitate, decompose, or interact with various types of waste
materials.
 Microorganism plays crucial roles in the degradation and
transformation of waste, influencing its decomposition, odour
production, and potential environmental impact.
 Bacteriological analysis of water is done primarily to determine the
fitness of water.

5. MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTE
 It is very important to check the presence of coliforms in waste water
as they are closely associated with the pathogenic organisms and are
present in large number in polluted waters.
 Bacteriological analysis involves the following tests :-
i. Standard Plate Count Test.
ii. E-Coli Test.

6. BACTERIOLOGICALANALYSIS
 SPC Test- The Standard Plate Count Test provides an estimate of
the total number of bacteria in a sample, which will grow and develop
in a particulate medium at a temperature of 37ºC for a period of 24
hours under lab conditions.
 E-Coli Test - E-Coli Test or Escherichia Coli Test includes 3
tests:-
a. The presumptive test.
b. The confirmed test.
c. The completed test.

7. WATER BORNE DISEASES
 When water contains harmful and disease producing matter, it may
lead to many disease on being consumed by healthy persons.
 The water borne diseases is caused by following factors :-
i. Presence of micro organisms.
ii. Presence of parasitic ova.
iii. Presence inorganic matter.
iv. Presence of organic matter.

8. INSECTICIDES, PESTICIDES AN
FUNGICIDES RESIDUES
 Additives are used in the food processing industry to facilitate plant
operations and provide sanitations.
 Chemicals are used to preserve food, control moisture, control
texture, enhance flavours, decrease cooking or preparation and
enhance nutritional values.
 The vast majority of these chemicals remain in the product and are not
found in the waste streams in significant concentrations.

9. INSECTICIDES, PESTICIDES AN
FUNGICIDES RESIDUES
 Some chemicals that are of important for wastewater treatment and
disposal are commonly used at food processing plants to facilitate
operations. They are as follows:-
a. Insecticides.
b. Pesticides.
c. Fungicides.
c. Herbicides.
d. Surfactants.
e. Sanitizers.
f. Ligands.

10. RESIDUES OF CHEMICALS
 The insecticides residues are as follows-
* Pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Cyfluthrin, Esfenvalerate)
* Carbamates (Aldicarb, Carbaryl, Carbofuran) f
* Organochlorine (Methoxychlor, Endosulfan, Lindane) f
* Organophosphates (Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Malathion)
 The herbicides residues are as follows-
* Benzoic acid
* Phenoxy acid
* Paraquat
* Triazines
* Substitutes ureas

11. TOPIC 2

12. TERTIARY TREATMENTS
 Tertiary treatment pertains to the unit operations and chemical unit
processes which are used to further remove BOD, nutrients,
pathogens, parasites and sometimes toxic substances.
 These includes both physical and chemical processes.
 The physical processes include filtration using sand, coal or activated
carbon filters, UV oxidation, etc.
 The chemical processes include chlorination, ozonisation UV ray
method, etc.

13. ADVANCED WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PROCESS
 Filtration- Filtration is defined as the process of allowing waste
water to pass through a thick layer of sand or other filtering media.
 The phenomena of filtration is quite complex, but generally four
functions are performed:-
* Mechanical Straining.
* Sedimentation and Adsorption.
* Biological Metabolism.
* Electrolyte Action.

14. FILTRATION
 For filtration, filters may be classified as:-
* Coal filters.
* Sand filters.
* Activated Carbon filters.

15. COAL FILTERS
 In coal filters, coal actually makes the water clearer by acting like a
sponge that traps particles.
 The particles are way too small to be filtered out. They are too small
to settle out in the sedimentation basins.
 The coal brings those particles with it as it settles at the bottom of the
filter under a layer of sand.
 Then the filtered water is pumped out.

16. SAND FILTERS
 Sand filters are of 2 types. They are:-
i. Slow sand filters.
ii. Rapid sand filters.
 Slow sand filter- It consists of a water tank, 2.5-3.5m in depth,
having a sand bed 0.6-0.9m thick, supported on a bed of gravel 0.3-
0.45m thick laid in 5-6 layer. The maximum spacing of lateral of 2m.
Rapid sand filter- It consists of a water 3-3.5m deep of masonry or
concrete floor having coarse sand 0.6-0.75m thick, laid on the top with
a layer of grated gravel 0.45m thick supporting below. The laterals are
fixed 15-30cm apart.

17. ACTIVATED CARBON FILTERS
 Activated Carbon filters is based on liquid to solid adsorption process
which remove a solute from water via a selective solid resin.
 Activated carbon is thought to remove a solute from solvent in 3
steps:-
* Transfer across a liquid boundary.
* Sorption to the outer surface.
* Migration into deep pores.

18. DISINFECTION OF WATER
 It is necessary to disinfect or kill the bacteria. The methods employed
to disinfect water depends upon the disinfecting materials used for
the purpose.
 The general requirement is:-
i. It should be harmless and unobjectionable to the consumer.
ii. It should retain a residual disinfecting effect for a long time.

19. DISINFECTION OF WATER
 Principle methods used for disinfection are:-
i. Chlorination.
ii. Ozonization.
iii. Excess lime method.
iv. Ultraviolet ray method.
v. Iodine and bromine method.
 Chlorination- It is the application of small quantity of chlorine or
chlorine compounds in water. The applied dose is generally less than
1mg/l so as to produce less residual chlorine trace quantity, i.e., 0.05 –
0.20mg/l.

20. DISINFECTION OF WATER
 Ozonization- It is a highly oxidizing agent containing 3 atoms of
oxygen (O₃) which changes to O₂ and releases nascent oxygen (O).
The ozone dose is 2-3mg/l to give a trace to 0.1mg/l residual after 10
minutes contact. It is regraded as a natural means of disinfecting water
having bacterial spores.
 Excess lime method- It involves application of sufficient lime for
the combined objectives of softening and disinfecting of water.
Coliform reduction may be as high as 99%. Dose given is between 10-
20mg/l. It frequently becomes necessary to remove excess lime after
the process through recarbonation.

21. DISINFECTION OF WATER
 Ultraviolet rays method- It is an effective method of
disinfecting clear water which kills all type of bacteria, cysts and
spores. Water is passed over a UV lamp as the effective penetration of
rays in water is only for a depth of 30cm or so.
Iodine and Bromine method- Their use is restricted to small
water supplies such as army camos and swimming pools. Water which
is muddy or coloured needs to be filtered before disinfection. They are
cheaply available in the forms of pellets. Dosage is about 8-10mg/l,
for heavily polluted water.

22. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
 Total effluent phosphorus comprises soluble and particulate
phosphorus. Particulate phosphorus can be removed from waste water
through following methods:-
i. Chemical Precipitation.
ii. Reacts with alkalinity.
iii. Iron precipitation.
iv. Alum (Aluminium sulphate) precipitation.
v. calcium (lime) addition at high pH (>10).

23. NITROGEN REMOVAL
 Nitrogen removal is done in 2 stages. They are:-
i. Nitrification (Conversion to Nitrate).
NH₄⁻ + 2O₂ -----------> NO₂ + 2H⁻ + H₂O
ii. Denitrification (Conversion to N₂ gas).
NO₂ + CH₂OH + H₂CO₃ --------> C₂H₂O₂N + N₂ + H₂O + HCO₂