1) The student constructed a transformer and investigated the relationship between input/output voltage and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils. Voltmeters and ammeters were used to measure voltages and currents. 2) Key findings were that output voltage is directly proportional to the ratio of secondary to primary turns, and current transforms inversely with voltage. 3) Losses occur between input and output due to heating, eddy currents, and other factors, reducing the transformer's efficiency below 100%.

1. MUNDIA AHMED NAGAR, BAREILLY: 243001
Submitted to: submitted by:
Saurabh sir atharv Gupta
xii- a (2022-23)
roll no. - 5

3. Δ CERTIFICATE
Δ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Δ INTRODUCTION
Δ THEORY
Δ APPRATUS REQUIRED
Δ PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
Δ OBSERVATION
Δ CONCLUSION
Δ PRECAUTION
Δ BIBLIOGRAPHY

4. This is to certify that Atharv , a student of class XII- A
B.B.L. PUBLIC SCHOOL has successfully completed the
project titled Transformer during the academic year 2022-23
towards partial fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by CBSE.
………………………. ……………………...
(Teacher signature) (External Examiner
Signature)
CERTIFICATE

5. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mr. Saurabh Gupta as well as our principal Mrs.
Alpana Joshi who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic transformer which also help
me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so
many new things.
I’m really thankful to them,
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the
limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also
increase my knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

7. The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice
versa.
A transformer based on the principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the
neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device
which is used for changing the AC voltages. A transformer
is most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. As such Transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size maybe so small that it weight only
a few 10s of gram whereas in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight 100 of tons.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece
of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

8. To investigate the relation between the ratio of-
1.Input and output voltage.
2.Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
of a self made transformer.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2 ,
an alternating current starts falling in it . The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary . In a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each one of the secondary is equal to the induced in
each one of the primary . Thus if Ep &Es be the instantaneous value of the
e.m.f.s induced in the primary and secondary and Np & Ns are the number of
turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dΦ/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff
the coil at the instant, we have
Ep = -Np dΦ/dt (1)
And Es = -Ns dΦ/dt (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1 , we get
Es/Ep = - Ns/Np (3)
THEORY

9. As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. Induced in the primary coil P1,
So the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E - Ep) in
the instantaneous values of the applied in back e.m.f. further if Rp is the
resistance o, P1P2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by
Ip = E – Ep/Rp
E - Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of primary is small,Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es/Ep = Es/E = output e.m.f. / input e.m.f. = Ns / Np = K
Where ke is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

10. Es < E so K <1, hence Ns<Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power or
Ep Ip = Es Is or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

11. Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As , K > 1 , so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. Current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher .
Hence , whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio .
Similarly it can be shown , that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio .
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps downs the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current .
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as a ratio of output power to the input
power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1 .

12. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one .
Efficiency , η = output power x 100%
Input power
= Input power – losses x 100%
Input power
= 1 - losses x100%
Input power
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to Joule heating of conducting
wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of Eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimised by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetisation
and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. Humming noise of a transformer.

13. IRON ROD
COPPER WIRE
VOLTMETER
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14. AMMETER
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:

15. 1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin copper wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns( say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1 , P2 to A.C. main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C. voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S1& S2.
5. Now connect S1 and S2 to A.C. main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made Transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations-
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for production of X- rays in neon
advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
6. Transformers are used in transmission of A.C. over long distances.
7. Small Transformers are used in radio sets, telephones, loudspeakers and
electric bells etc.

16. 1. Value of current can be changed due to heating effects.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio(Ns / Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio(Ns / Np) with respect to the input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the reading of current and voltage the A.C. should remain
constant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

17. HELP FROM INTERNET
INFORMATION FROM BOOKS
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18. HELP FROM TEACHERS
1. NCERT textbook class 12,
2. NCERT physics lab manual.
3. INTERNET
4. www.yahoo.com
5. www.scribd.com
6. www.google.com

19. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
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