This document appears to be a biology project on drug addiction by Foram A. Desai of B.S. Patel Primary School. It includes an acknowledgements section, table of contents, and sections on the aims of the project, introduction to drug addiction, classification of drugs, how addiction begins, effects of drug and alcohol combinations, case studies of addiction, treatment recommendations, stages of addiction, and conclusions. The project provides information on different drugs, their effects, how addiction develops and is treated. It examines issues like drug abuse and the need for prevention through education and policy changes.

1. FORAM A. DESAI
B.S. PATEL PRIMARY
SCHOOL
12TH SCIENCE
2019-20
BIOLOGY PROJECT

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project.
However it would not be possible without
the kind support and help of many
individuals. I would like to express my
special thanks of gratitude to our biology
madam, Mrs. Hina Patel and our principle
Mrs. Roshni Gajera who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic: Drug addiction which
also helped me in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many things.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends for their co-operation
and encouragement which helped me in
the completion of this project.

3. S.NO CONTENT PAGE
NO.
1. Aim/Objective 4
2. Introduction to Drug addiction 5
3. Classification of drugs 6
4. Combination of drugs and
alcohol 7
5. How does drug addiction begin? 8
6. Social Disease- Smoking,
drinking and drugs 9
7. Health and smoking 11
8. Alcohol 13
9. Tobacco 16
10. Case study on Drug addiction 20
11. Conclusion 31
12. Bibliography 32
13. End of the project 33
INDEX

4. AIM OF THE PROJECT
#To study about the drugs,
their classification, addictive
nature and prevention from
addiction!!
4

5. INTRODUCTIONOF "DRUGADDICTION"
Drug Addiction word is make by two words :
(I) Drug
(II) Addiction.
What is meant by Drug:
Any substance, other than food, used in the
prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of
a disease is called a drug. A drug may also be
defined as a chemical which, when taken in
some way after the body function. Drug is also
known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs
applied to any stimulating or depressing
substance that can be habituating or addictive.
Meaning of Addiction:
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and
physiological dependence on a substance or
practice. Which is beyond voluntary control. A
person who is habituated to a substance or a
practice, especially a harmful one, is called an
addict.
5

6. Classificationof Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on
which people become dependent. These
are classifies into four major groups :
sedatives and tranquillizers, opiate
narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens.
Types of drugs Examples Effects
1. Sedatives and
Tranquillizers
Barbiturates,
Benzodiazepines
Depress CNS
activity, gives a
feeling of
calmness and
drowsiness.
2. Opiate
Narcotics
Opium,
Morphine,
Codeine and
Heroin
Suppress brain
activity relaxed
pain
3. Stimulants Amphetamines,
Caffeine,
Cocaine
Make a person
more wakeful
and alert.
4. Hallucinogens LSQ, Mescalin,
Ganja, Charas,
etc
Alter thoughts
and feelings.
6

7. Combinations of Drugs and Alcohol
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to
have immediate ‘kid’ or ‘charge’.
Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol
may produce dangerous effects, including
death.. A mixture of cocaine and heroin
called speed ball, gives spontaneous kick
of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of
heroin.
7
Combination Effect
1. Alcohol +
Barbiturates
Markedly increase
the depressant effect.
2. Alcohol +
Antihistamines
Marked drowsiness
3. Alcohol + Valium Increases sedative
effect
4. Alcohol +
Marijuana
Decreases
coordination
5. Alcohol + Aspirin Increases chances of
damage to gastric
mucosa

8. How drug addiction Begins ?
There are many factors that lead people to drug
addiction.
1. Curiosity : Frequent references to drugs by
public media create curiosity for having a
personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure : Frequent appreciation of
drug experience by friends allures others to start
the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression : Some people
start taking drugs to get relief from frustration and
depression.
4. Desire for More Work : Students sometimes
take drugs to keep awake the whole night to
prepare for examination. It is not desirable as it
may cause mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World : A wrong notion
that the drugs open up a new world tempts some
youngsters to start taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain : A prolonged use of pain-
relieving drugs with physician’s advise at times
leads to addiction.
8

9. SocialDisease - Smoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs
frequently or regularly are social diseases.
They adversely affect the health of the addicts
and the society. Young people take to these
habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an
adventure or feeling of freedom, or as a
gesture of defiance against the elders who
themselves indulge in these activities but check
the youngsters. Temporary escape from the life
problems and mental relaxation felt on taking
the drugs in the beginning increase persons
interest in them. Soon they become habitual
and find in difficult to leave. The daily dose to
get the desired effect increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug
addiction is spreading in India also. A large
number of our young men and women have
taken to intoxicants. About 87.6 per cent drug
addicts are between the ages of 14 and 25
years.
9

10. 10

11. Health and smoking!!
Cigarette smoking harms nearly every
organ of the body, causes many diseases,
and reduces the lifespan of the smoker in
general. Quitting smoking lowers your risk
for smoking related diseases and can add
years to your life.
Cigarette smoking causes more than
4,80,000 deaths each year in the United
states. Smoking can make it harder for a
woman to become pregnant. It can also
affect her baby’s health before and after
birth. Smoking increases risks for:
Preterm (early) delivery, Stillbirth (death of
the baby before birth),Low birth weight,
Sudden infant death syndrome, etc.
11

12. Following are the diseases caused
by smoking:
1.Lung Cancer
2.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
3.Heart Disease
4.Stroke
5.Aortic Aneurysm
6.Oropharyngeal Cancer
7.Esophageal Cancer
8.Cataracts
9.Weaker bones
10.Cervical Cancer….and many
more harmful disease
12

13. Alcohol
Sources :
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colored
liquid having a penetrating odour and burning
taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of
fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with
the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal
constituent and the in toxicating principle of
wines.
Modes of Use :
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the
beer, toddy and wine and in relatively high
concentration as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum, gin,
vodka etc.
Addition :
Addition to alcohol is called alcoholism.
Alcoholics are found in all society section of
society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus,
acts as a poison. They drinkers begin with small
doses, but may of them soon start consuming
large doses and become addicts. By the time
they realize that drinking in adversely affecting
them, it is too late to give it up. 13

14. Why People Take to Drinking :
The drinkers offer one or more of the following
reasons for starting drinking.
(i) Social pressure (ii) desire for excitement (iii)
feeling of independence (iv) Liking of taste (v)
desire to escape from such realities of life as
disappointments and failures.
What Happens when Alcohol is consumed:
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and
upper part of small intestine and reaches all the
tissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts at once
and a large amount of heat in produced. Since
heat is not needed in the body, it is taken up by
the blood and carried to the skin for dissipation.
The blood supply of internal organs is greatly
reduced resulting in fall of temperature in them.
Energy released by alcohol is not used in any life
process. Rather the energy derived from food is
used up in ridding the body of excess heat.
14

15. Is Alcohol A Stimulant :
Many people take alcohol for stimulation.
Actually alcohol is a depressant, a
substance which dulls the senses. It
reduces the efficiency of every tissue the
body. Any feeling of lift a person may
claim to feel is a mistaken impression or
an attempt to justify the act in his own
mind.
15

16. Tobacco
Sources :
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red
Indian first started smoking. Now the tobacco
plant has spread the world over. It has large,
quote to lanceloate leaves and terminal clusters
of tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use :
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and
snuffing. Its main stimulating component is
poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine, which causes
addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots
of the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The
leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco
smoke from cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and
hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a roll of
tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in
paper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf.
The quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar
may prove fatal if injected intravenously into a
person.
16

17. Effect of Nicotine :
Nicotine is a low concentration
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve
impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart
beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to
smoking chances the risk of heart
diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting
mothers and
(vi) High concentration of nicotine
paralyses nerve cells.
Other Harmful components of Tobacco
Smoke :
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the
tobacco smoke contains carbon-
monoxide, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and tar.
17

18. Other Effects :
(i) Smoking effects economy :
A smoker not only waste money, but also
runs risk of burns and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality :
Teeth may become stained. Lips may get
discolored and breath becomes foul. A
person with a cigarette hanging from the
mouth look odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others :
Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-
smokers. It may prove even more harmful
to them. A smoker makes the person
nearby persons passive smokers through
inhaling smoke released by him.
18

19. 19

20. Case study
The victim of this case is a young man named
Jack. Though he is 24 years of age, he looks like
a man of 40 years. Firstly, his friends introduced
him to drugs as a means of enjoyment. Gradually
he became addicted. He started with ‘ganja’. He
sometimes changes his drugs to meet his
satisfaction level. He changes drugs one after
another from ‘ganja’, ‘wine’ to ‘phensedyl’. Now
he is fully addicted to ‘phensedyl’ for 4.5 years,
and has to take it four times in a day. Without
having it he can’t do anything. He spends
₹300-500 everyday for drug purposes. For the
excess money, sometimes he takes loan from
friends or steals his own household materials. He
collects drugs from the local spots or a particular
person. On physical examination he was
uncleanness, anxious looking and irritated.
Speech was slowed. Physique was lean and
emaciated. Mild anaemia and jaundice was
present. Nothing abnormality was detected in
heart, lungs and kidneys.
20

21. Introduction
Drug use is one of the nation's most expensive
health problems, costing $109.8 billion in 1995
alone (Harwood, Fountain, and Livermore, 1998).
In addition to the financial costs, drug use also
exacts a human cost with thousands of lives
being damaged and forever changed by drug use
and addiction. Prevention and treatment
research, as well as clinical experience, have
shown that it is often possible to intervene
successfully in addiction. However, such
interventions must be grounded solidly in
research and must also provide long-term
behavioral and sometimes pharmacological
support to ultimately achieve abstinence. As part
of these research-based interventions, the
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is
funding the development of new classes of
medications to treat drug addiction. These
medications include immunotherapies and
sustained-release formulations.
Immunotherapies involve products that are
introduced into the body to stimulate an immune
response either through active immunization
(e.g., vaccines) or passive immunization 21

22. Feelings and reactions of drug: The body
relaxes and the mind feels fresh after
taking drugs. If he cannot take it, peevish
temperament occurs and he doesn’t wish
to work or even talk. He feels anorexia,
fever, headache, itches in his body and
sometimes vomiting also occurs.
Phensedyl: Pharmacologically act as a
antitussive and expectorants.
Composition Each 5 mL contains the
following: Promethazine Hydrochloride-
3.6 mg, Codeine-9.0 mg and Ephedrine
Hydrochloride-7.2 mg3 .
22

23. TREATMENT FOR THE PATIENT:
There are many options that have been
successful in treating the drug addicted
patient including:
1. behavioral counseling
2. medication
3. medical devices and applications used
to treat withdrawal symptoms or deliver
skills training
4. evaluation and treatment for co-
occurring mental health issues such as
depression and anxiety
5. long-term follow-up to prevent relapse
A range of care with a tailored treatment
program and follow-up options can be
crucial to success. Treatment should
include both medical and mental health
services as needed. Follow-up care may
include community- or family-based
recovery support systems.
23

24. Stages of drugs addiction
Drug abuse may exist with or without
dependence and dependence may occur without
abuse. Improper or excessive use of therapeutic
drugs may be termed as abuse even in the
absence of addiction. Addiction is defined as a
chronic disorder characterized by compulsive
use of drugs resulting in physical, psychological
and social harm, and continued use despite
evidence of that harm. Addiction evolves through
the followings stages: Habituation, Dependence,
Tolerance. Drug habituation is a condition
resulting from the repeated consumption of a
drug in which there is a psychological or
emotional dependency on the drug. Physical
dependencies defined as an alteration in neural
systems which are manifested by tolerance and
appearance of withdrawal phenomena when a
chronically administered drug is discontinued or
displaced from its receptor. Withdrawa illness
occurs after abrupt discontinuation of the drug.
Tolerance is an interesting phenomenon
characterized by the need of increasing amount
of a drug to obtain the same therapeutic effect.
So that they may increase his drug dosage 24

25. Recommendations
Several fieldwork studies found that many
people, especially the youths are eager to get rid
of drugs. But unfortunately they can hardly find
any way out. The departments of narcotics
control, police, BDR etc. either do not work
or/and even some how are related to business.
According to the discussion with the concerned
people such as drug abusers, guardians,
teachers, policemen, it is clear that behavior
modification of the abusers is not enough to
check the spread of drug taking and drug
trafficking. The concerned people gave the
following suggestions in order to control of drug
addiction: • Concerned administration should be
reshuffled. Culprits, those who are hidden in the
police, BDR and narcotics control department,
must be punished. At the same time, rewards
may be declared for good performance. •
Leaders of social institutions like schools,
colleges, clubs etc. should come forward to build
resistance against drugs. • The NGOs can play a
great role, especially in the awareness and
rehabilitation processes. • Rapid diagnosis and
treatment. • Mass education. • Stop drug selling25

26. Discussion
Drug abuse is a major medical problem with
extensive legal, social and even political
problems. A person made tolerant to a large
dose of one narcotic is also cross-tolerant
to many of the effects of another narcotic.
Indiscriminate use of any of these drugs
becomes dangerous and produces a
gradual mental, physical and moral
deterioration of the individual and
sometimes also sexual perversions or
crime. To obtain the money for the drug the
addict often turns to prostitution or crime.
The majority of drug victims are neurotic
individuals who are mentally unbalanced. A
normal person has no tendency to become
a drug addict and is most unlikely to
become one, even when all the facilities are
available. Hereditary factors, abnormal
mental conditions, frustrations in life,
anxiety, chronic tensions, physical inability
to do a job, curiosity, etc are some of the26

27. Addicts fall in two groups: (I) Those who
are originally used the drug for some
disease and thus have acquired the habit
and (II) those who use the drug for its
narcotic effect alone. The first groups are
more easily cured than the second. The
inability to discontinue the use of drug
may be due to either to a desire for
satisfaction or an anxiety to avoid the
discomfort of withdrawal symptoms or
both.
27

28. Precautions
When a disease breaks out like en
epidemic in all segments of the society, it
indicates a social change. It is not only the
youth, drug addiction has also grabbed
the social leaders. Even the teachers and
physicians who are supposed to guide the
society are more or less getting addicted.
Law enforcing agencies and other
concerned authorities are in most cases
either refraining from their job or
associated with the drug business.
Undoubtedly it is an awesome situation.
Every disease has a cure. We must come
out of this monopolistic deadly game. A
more intensive research, action program,
and social movement are needed1 . It is
also needed to strengthen family and
social values and religious ethics in order
to maintain a stable and drug-free society.28

29. When a disease breaks out like en
epidemic in all segments of the society, it
indicates a social change. It is not only the
youth, drug addiction has also grabbed
the social leaders. Even the teachers and
physicians who are supposed to guide the
society are more or less getting addicted.
Law enforcing agencies and other
concerned authorities are in most cases
either refraining from their job or
associated with the drug business.
Undoubtedly it is an awesome situation.
Every disease has a cure. We must come
out of this monopolistic deadly game. A
more intensive research, action program,
and social movement are needed1 . It is
also needed to strengthen family and
social values and religious ethics in order
to maintain a stable and drug-free society.
29

30. 30

31. Conclusion:
Drug addiction and its increase
usage causes a lot of diseases and
disability in the world. Recent
advances in neuroscience may help
to improve policies to reduce the
harm of tobacco, alcohol and other
psychoactive drugs impose on the
society…!!!
31

32. Bibliography!!
1. NCERT Class 12 Lab Manual
2. https://en.wikipedia.org
3. https://www.goggle.co.in
4. https://www.slideshare.com
5.Reference articles from various
blogs
32

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