chemistry investigatory project on to determine the rate evaporation of diffe...Vishal Sharma
this file contains investigatory projects on chemistry topic to determine the rate of evaporation of different liquids like:- water, aldehyde, ketone, ethanol. of you like follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
chemistry investigatory project on to determine the rate evaporation of diffe...Vishal Sharma
this file contains investigatory projects on chemistry topic to determine the rate of evaporation of different liquids like:- water, aldehyde, ketone, ethanol. of you like follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
Rectifier class 12th physics investigatory projectndaashishk7781
Investigatory project of physics class 12 for helping kendriya vidyalaya students
Project on rectifier whoever taking this project also requires a modal of rectifier
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
CBSE Investigatory Project For Class 11 Of Chemistry Subject.
Topic- To Study The Forming Capacity Of The Various Samples Of Soap.
.
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This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
Rectifier class 12th physics investigatory projectndaashishk7781
Investigatory project of physics class 12 for helping kendriya vidyalaya students
Project on rectifier whoever taking this project also requires a modal of rectifier
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
CBSE Investigatory Project For Class 11 Of Chemistry Subject.
Topic- To Study The Forming Capacity Of The Various Samples Of Soap.
.
Disclaimer- The Direct Downloading Of The File and Printing Without any Changes Is Violation Of the Copyright Issues Published On This File. Kindly Use It For Informative Purposes Only.
Thank You
You Can Also Download Complete File Via link-
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xiJ4OeGgvMzd7kUjSxM2SZuTv2eBPUTS/view?usp=sharing
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Chemistry project Class 12th ( Rate of evaporation of different liquids )
1.
2. To Determine the Rate of Evaporation
of different liquids and then
Compare it with respect to different
factors and density.
VIDHI KISHOR
12TH F
Dr. PRATHIBHA SINGH
3. 1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Theory Involved
4. Uses of solutions
5. Experiment
a. Materials required
b. Procedure
c. Observation table
d. Conclusions
f. Result
6. Bi bliography
4. Guided By :-
Class :- XII – F
Year :- 2016- 2017
Roll No :- ________________
School :- Mount Carmel School
Certified to be the bona fide work done by-
Miss __________________ of class XII-F in the
Chemistry Lab during the year 2016-2017.
Date :-________
Submitted for Central Board of Secondary
Education.
Examination held in Chemistry lab at Mount
Carmel School.
EXAMINER
Date :-_________
5. I wish to express my deep
gratitude and sincere thanks to my
chemistry teacher, Dr Pratibha Singh,
Mount Carmel School for her
encouragement and for all the facilities
that she provided for the completion of
this project work. I take this opportunity
to express my deep sense of gratitude for
her invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement , immense motivation ,
which has sustained my efforts at all the
stages of this project work. I am also
thankful to Mrs. Jiji (Lab Assistant )
without whom all this would never have
been possible .
6. A liquid’s surface area and temperature affect its rate of
evaporation. Evaporation rate also depends upon the
type of liquids, since liquids are made up of different
molecules and differ in the amount of abstraction that
exists between the molecules.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION
Temperature:
It is also affected by temperature. As the temperature of air is
increased, its capacity to hold moisture also increases.
Any increase in air temperature raises the temperature of
liquid at the evaporation source which means that more
energy is available to the liquid molecules for escaping from
liquid to a gaseous state. Hence evaporation is directly
proportional to the temperature of evaporating surface.
Warmer the evaporating surface, higher the rate of
evaporation.
Air-pressure:
Evaporation is also affected by the atmospheric pressure
exerted on the evaporating surface. Lower pressure on open
surface of the liquid results in the higher rate of evaporation.
7. Relative humidity:
The rate of evaporation is closely related with the relative
humidity of air. Since the moisture holding capacity of air at a
given temperature is limited, drier air evaporates more liquid
than moist air. In other words, higher the vapour pressure,
lower the rate of evaporation. It is a common experience that
evaporation is greater in summer and at mid-day than in
winter and at night.
Because molecules or atoms evaporates from a liquid’s
surface area allows more molecules or atoms to leave the
liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly. For example-
same amount of water will evaporate faster if spilled on a
table than it is left in the cup. Higher temperature also
increases the rate of evaporation. At higher temperature
molecules or atoms have a higher average speed. And
more particles are able to break free on liquid’s surface.
8. Most liquids are made up of mutual attraction among
different molecules help explain why some liquids
evaporates faster than others. Attractions between
molecules arise because molecules typically have
regions that carry a slight positive charge. These
regions of electric charges are created because some
tons in a molecule are often more electronegative than
the hydrogen atoms. Intermolecular attractions affect
the rate of evaporation of a liquid because strong
intermolecular attraction hold the molecules in a liquid
more tightly. As a result ,liquids with strong
intermolecular attractions evaporate more slowly than
those with strong intermolecular forces this is the
reason why gasoline evaporates faster than water. The
stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in
the liquid state the more energy that must be input in
order to evaporate them.
13. An important industrial use of acetone involves its reaction
with phenol for the manufacture of Bishenol A. Bishenol A
is an important component of many polymers such as
Polycarbonates, polyurethanes and epoxy resins. Acetone is
also used extensively for the safe transporting and storing
of acetylene. Vessels containing a porous material are first
filled with acetone followed by acetylene, which dissolve
into acetone.One litres of acetone can dissolve around 250
liters of acetylene. Acetone is often the primary
component in nail polish remover. Acetonitrile,an organic
solvent ,is used as well ,Acetone is also used as a superglue
remover. It can be used for thinning and cleaning fiberglass
resins and epoxies . It is a strong solvent for most plastics
and synthetic fibers. Acetone can also dissolve many
plastics, including those used in consumer targeted
Nalgene bottles. Acetone is also used as a drying Nalgene
bottles. Acetone is also used as a drying agent, due to the
readiness with which it binds to water, and its volatility.
Acetone can also be used on hair. It can be used a rinse
before shampooing to remove build up, Oil and hard
water minerals.
14. From biological standpoint, water has
many distinct properties that are critical
for the proliferation of life that set it
apart from other substances. It carries
out this role by allowing organic
compounds to react in ways that
ultimately allow replication. All known
forms of life depend on water.
Water is vital both as a solvent in many
ways and respiration. Photosynthetic
cells use the sun’s energy to split off
water’s hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen
is then combined with CO2 in the
process. Water is also central to acid
base neutrality and enzyme function.
15. It is flammable liquid with a fruity smell.
Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in ripe fruit,
coffee and fresh bread and is produced by
plants as a part of their normal metabolism. It is
popularity known as the chemical that causes
hangovers.
In the chemical industry, acetaldehyde is used
as an intermediate in the production of acetic
acid, certain esters and a number of other
chemicals.
In the liver, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
converts ethanol into acetaldehyde, which is
then further converted into acetic acid by
alcohol dehydrogenase .The last step of alcohol
fermentation in bacteria ,plants and yeast
involve the conversion of pyruvate into
acetaldehyde by enzyme pyruvate
decarboxylase, followed by the conversion of
acetaldehyde into ethanol. The latter reaction is
again catalyzed by an alcohol
dehyrogenase,now operating the opposite
direction.
16. The largest single use of ethanol is an a motor fuel
and fuel additive. Ethanol may also be utilized as a
rocket fuel and is currently used in lightweight rocket
powered racing aircraft. Ethanol combustion in an
internal combustion engine yields many of the
products of incomplete combustion produces by
gasoline and significantly larger amounts of
formaldehyde and related species such as
acetaldehyde.
Ethanol fuels flue-less, real flame fireplaces. Ethanol
is kept in a burner containing a wick such as glass
wool, a safety shield to reduce the chances of
accidents and an extinguisher such as a plate or
shutter to cut off oxygen . It provides almost the
same visual benefits of a real flame log or coal fire
without the need to vent the fumes via a flue as
ethanol produces very little hazardous carbon
monoxide and a little or no noticeable scent . It does
emit carbon dioxide and requires oxygen.
Therefore,external ventilation of the room containing
the fire is needed to ensure safe operation .Ethanol is
an important industrial ingredient and has
widespread use as a base chemical for other organic
compounds . These include ethyl halides, ethyl esters
and butadiene.
17.
18. PROCEDURE
i. Take three beakers of equal volume and lable
them as A,B ,C D .Pour 10ml of each liquid in
these beaker.
ii. Find their respective masses using
(density=mass/volume).
iii. Keep the beakers at similar conditions for
30mins after recording their masses.
iv. After half an hour note the masses of these
beakers and calculate the loss in mass of
them.
Put 10ml of different liquids in beakers of
different surface areas.
Heat the beakers to different temperatures
and note their volumes.
19. OBSERVATION
Density of water =1 g/cc
Density of acetone =0.791 g/cc
Density of acetaldehyde =0.78 g/cc
Density of ethanol =0.789 g/cc
Now as we have taken 10ml of all substances , therefore
their respective masses will be:
Mass of 10ml water =10gm
Mass of 10ml acetone =7.9gm
Mass of 10ml acetaldehyde =7.8gm
Mass of 10ml ethanol =7.79 gm
After keeping the beakers at room temperature for half
an hour we find the remaining masses to be:
Mass of remaining water = 9.9 gm
Mass of remaining acetone =7.5gm
Mass of remaining acetaldehyde =7.4gm
Mass of remaining ethanol =7.6 gm
20. OBSERVATION TABLE
Different
surface
area
Acetone
(ml)
Ethanol
(ml)
Water
(ml)
Acetaldehyde
(ml)
Beaker 9.5 9.7 9.9 9.5
Watch
Glass
9.0 9.3 9.7 9.3
Conical
Flask
9.3 9.6 9.9 9.5
Liquids (ml) Temperatures (in Degree Celsius )
25⁰ 27⁰ 29⁰ 31⁰
Acetone 9.5 9.3 9.0 8.8
Water 9.9 9.8 9.6 9.3
Acetaldehyde 9.5 9.3 9.2 9.0
Ethanol 9.7 9.4 9.2 8.9
Variation of volume liquids evaporate in different
surface area.
Variation of rate of evaporation of liquids at
different temperatures.
21. CONCLUSION
From the observation we conclude that loss in
mass is directly proportional to the rate of
evaporation i.e. higher is the loss in mass higher
is the rate of evaporation.
From the observation it is clearly seen that,
rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the
surface area i.e. more the surface area more is
the rate of evaporation.
The rate of evaporation also depends upon the
temperature , more is the energy of the
molecules ,more is the rate of evaporation.
More is the density, less will be the rate of
evaporation.
22. This experiment clearly establishes the
relation between the rate of
evaporation of different liquids and
the factors on which it depends .