I have created this presentation on the topic of Water as in today's scenario, the pollution of water and improper water management is becoming one of the biggest problems of our country. So, with the introduction, all the causes, factors, and problems, I have also mentioned some solutions.
Need for Integrated and Holistic Development of Water Resources in Drought Prone Region
BY
DR. VADAGBALKAR S.K.
Head, Geology Department,
Dayanand Institutions, Solapur- 413002
Maharashtra State, INDIA
Need for Integrated and Holistic Development of Water Resources in Drought Prone Region
BY
DR. VADAGBALKAR S.K.
Head, Geology Department,
Dayanand Institutions, Solapur- 413002
Maharashtra State, INDIA
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
The most important challenges the world faces today is Water Resources management. Humans in meeting their demand for water, extract vast quantities from rivers, lakes, wetlands, and underground aquifers to supply the requirements of cities, farms, and industries by disturbing the environment and eco balance. Freshwater is a finite, vulnerable and essential resource. As water is an economic good, its development and management should be based on a participatory and sustainable approach, involving all relevant stakeholders. Accordingly peoples must involve themselves and play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water in conjunction with the surrounding environment.
The present water crisis has many components of an
environmental, economic and social origin; over uses of water,
pollution, changes in availability, and water mismanagement are
some of the current problems. To cope with these problems and
enhance strategies for long term management, the following
programmes and approaches are presented: (a) A watershed
approach, integrating research, monitoring, database and
management; (b) An improved water governance system based
on participation of stakeholders and the public and private
sectors; (c) Strategic studies considering water and the economy,
water and metropolitan region, water and energy; (d) A
framework for international cooperation on shared watersheds;
(e) An economic evaluation of water resources services (surface
and underground lakes, rivers and reservoirs); (f) A capacity
building program for managers, with an integrated, predictive
and hydrographic basin approach.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR SBIT ...IAEME Publication
As the scarcity of water is rapidly increasing everyday particularly during the summer
season, the demand for water also substantially increases. Previously around thirty to forty years
back, the major part of the earth is unpaved and the amount of infrastructure built on the earth
were also very low, hence during the monsoon season the rainwater easily percolates into the
earth through the soil and the ground water level increases. But now the scenario is completely
different, most of the areas have been paved and the chance of percolation of water is completely
reduced. Hence to replenish the ground water table and also to re-utilize the rainwater for
domestic and agricultural purposes, the rainwater harvesting method is adopted. The rainwater
harvesting is simple collection or storing of water through scientific techniques where the rain
falls. The rainwater harvesting not only helps in meeting the daily water usage but also helps in
increasing the groundwater levels quality and quantity.
Here in our project, we are going to adopt the roof-top rainwater harvesting method and
implement it in college itself, without allowing the water to be wasted through the gutters. In this
project main focus is to design the collection procedure, store the rainwater from rooftop of the
main block building of Swarna Bharathi Institute of science & Technology, Khammam.
As water can neither be created nor destroyed, more than 80% of quantity of water used for
domestic purposes appear as wastewater. Increasing water demand due to growing population
coupled with human related activities against the constant water resources solicits attention of the
water managers to think of wastewater as a source of water across the world. Wastewater deserves
recognition as a source of irrigation water in different countries around the world. India becomes
water stress with the per capita available water dropping down below 2000 cubic metre per head per
year. Uneven distribution of water resources from north to south makes water crisis severe in the
states like Tamil Nadu. Available water is shared by different sectors and stiff competition between
sector viz: drinking and irrigation prevails. In India, the total wastewater generation from the urban
towns has been assessed as 38474 MLD. It indicates its potential for reuse in water management.
Wastewater reuse has been in practice at selected locations around the world including India.
Guidelines, clearly explaining the health associated factors, have been developed and prescribed by
the EPA, US and WHO. Sewage treatment plants are installed to treat the sewage by the government
and effluent may be used for indirect and direct reuse purposes. The forecast of the wastewater
generation from Madurai City Corporation indicates the quantity of 162.8 MLD at 2014 and is likely
to be 338.7 MLD in the year 2044. The irrigation potential of wastewater reuse is assessed as 3000
ha with crops like groundnut, maize, millet etc during 2014 and about 6000 ha during 2044. Scope
for utilizing the existing minor irrigation tanks/ponds may be used for storage. Such tanks may also
be useful in polishing the water quality as a result of natural purification. Scope for groundwater
recharge through soil-aquifer treatment is also more.
Integrated Water Resources Management in MalaysiaIwl Pcu
Presentation by Datuk Ir. Keizrul bin Abdullah, Chair GWP South East Asia Steering Committee, 7 December 2004 at International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF WATER RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
The most important challenges the world faces today is Water Resources management. Humans in meeting their demand for water, extract vast quantities from rivers, lakes, wetlands, and underground aquifers to supply the requirements of cities, farms, and industries by disturbing the environment and eco balance. Freshwater is a finite, vulnerable and essential resource. As water is an economic good, its development and management should be based on a participatory and sustainable approach, involving all relevant stakeholders. Accordingly peoples must involve themselves and play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water in conjunction with the surrounding environment.
The present water crisis has many components of an
environmental, economic and social origin; over uses of water,
pollution, changes in availability, and water mismanagement are
some of the current problems. To cope with these problems and
enhance strategies for long term management, the following
programmes and approaches are presented: (a) A watershed
approach, integrating research, monitoring, database and
management; (b) An improved water governance system based
on participation of stakeholders and the public and private
sectors; (c) Strategic studies considering water and the economy,
water and metropolitan region, water and energy; (d) A
framework for international cooperation on shared watersheds;
(e) An economic evaluation of water resources services (surface
and underground lakes, rivers and reservoirs); (f) A capacity
building program for managers, with an integrated, predictive
and hydrographic basin approach.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR SBIT ...IAEME Publication
As the scarcity of water is rapidly increasing everyday particularly during the summer
season, the demand for water also substantially increases. Previously around thirty to forty years
back, the major part of the earth is unpaved and the amount of infrastructure built on the earth
were also very low, hence during the monsoon season the rainwater easily percolates into the
earth through the soil and the ground water level increases. But now the scenario is completely
different, most of the areas have been paved and the chance of percolation of water is completely
reduced. Hence to replenish the ground water table and also to re-utilize the rainwater for
domestic and agricultural purposes, the rainwater harvesting method is adopted. The rainwater
harvesting is simple collection or storing of water through scientific techniques where the rain
falls. The rainwater harvesting not only helps in meeting the daily water usage but also helps in
increasing the groundwater levels quality and quantity.
Here in our project, we are going to adopt the roof-top rainwater harvesting method and
implement it in college itself, without allowing the water to be wasted through the gutters. In this
project main focus is to design the collection procedure, store the rainwater from rooftop of the
main block building of Swarna Bharathi Institute of science & Technology, Khammam.
As water can neither be created nor destroyed, more than 80% of quantity of water used for
domestic purposes appear as wastewater. Increasing water demand due to growing population
coupled with human related activities against the constant water resources solicits attention of the
water managers to think of wastewater as a source of water across the world. Wastewater deserves
recognition as a source of irrigation water in different countries around the world. India becomes
water stress with the per capita available water dropping down below 2000 cubic metre per head per
year. Uneven distribution of water resources from north to south makes water crisis severe in the
states like Tamil Nadu. Available water is shared by different sectors and stiff competition between
sector viz: drinking and irrigation prevails. In India, the total wastewater generation from the urban
towns has been assessed as 38474 MLD. It indicates its potential for reuse in water management.
Wastewater reuse has been in practice at selected locations around the world including India.
Guidelines, clearly explaining the health associated factors, have been developed and prescribed by
the EPA, US and WHO. Sewage treatment plants are installed to treat the sewage by the government
and effluent may be used for indirect and direct reuse purposes. The forecast of the wastewater
generation from Madurai City Corporation indicates the quantity of 162.8 MLD at 2014 and is likely
to be 338.7 MLD in the year 2044. The irrigation potential of wastewater reuse is assessed as 3000
ha with crops like groundnut, maize, millet etc during 2014 and about 6000 ha during 2044. Scope
for utilizing the existing minor irrigation tanks/ponds may be used for storage. Such tanks may also
be useful in polishing the water quality as a result of natural purification. Scope for groundwater
recharge through soil-aquifer treatment is also more.
Integrated Water Resources Management in MalaysiaIwl Pcu
Presentation by Datuk Ir. Keizrul bin Abdullah, Chair GWP South East Asia Steering Committee, 7 December 2004 at International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF WATER RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
This presentation has the complete information about the water resources based on the points from environmental science in engineering.The points are made so easy it is very easy to understand.
DROP BY DROP ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CLASS III-CBSEBIOLOGY TEACHER
Water: water is renewable resource. Three- fourth of surface is covered with water but only a small proportion of it accounts for freshwater fit for use.
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2. Index
1. Introduction to Water Resources
2. Domains of Water Resources
3. Urban Water Resources and its Management
4. Factors affecting and causes
5. Solutions for Sustainable Water Resources
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography
8. Acknowledgement
4. Water Resources
The term ‘water resources’ refers to any of the entire range
of natural waters that occur on the Earth, regardless of
their state(vapour, liquid or solid) and that are of
potential use to living beings.
About 97% of Earth’s water supply is in the oceans which is
basically of no use to humans. Out of the left 3% of water
supply, 2.3% is locked in the polar ice caps. Out of the
0.7% of freshwater, 0.66% is groundwater and thus, only
o.33% of water is available to us as freshwater in lakes,
streams, rivers, etc.
5. Talking about India -
1. India is a land of rich natural resources, water being one of the most vital
of all.
...
2. India being essentially an agricultural country, we need water for
agriculture as well as industry.
...
3. Water is stored in reservoirs behind dams to supply water to villages and
cities for their uses. It is also used for irrigation, hydroelectricity and
navigation.
...
4. Demand for water is increasing rapidly with the increase in population,
whereas the supply of water remains the same.
...
5. India has only 4% of the world’s water resources. Even this limited supply
can be depleted or made unusable by extensive utilization, pollution and
poor management of water.
...
6. 6. We receive plenty of water in the short rainy season and the remaining part
, of the year remains dry. Under such conditions the balance between the demand
, and the supply has to be balanced.
...
7. The main sources or the domains of water are as follows :
(i) Surface water
(ii) Ground water
(iii) Lagoons and backwater
8. Surface Water Resources in India
Rainfall is the main source of freshwater in India. From
precipitation alone(including snowfall), India receives 4000
cubic kms of water.
Much of it is lost through through evaporation and plant
transpiration.
Surface water is available on the surface of the Earth in
the form of rivers, lakes, ponds and canals. However, rivers
comprise the most important source of surface water. India
is blessed with a large number of major medium and small
rivers.
9. As many as 13 Indian rivers are classified as major rivers
whose total catchment area wis 252.8 millions hectares.
Of the major rivers, the Ganga, Brahmaputra-meghna system is
the biggest with a catchment area that is more than 43% of
the catchment area of all the major rivers of India.
Most of the himalayan rivers are large and originate in the
snow covered high areas of the Himalayan Ranges. As such
they carry sufficient water throughout the year and are
known as perennial rivers.
In contrast, the rivers of the peninsular India are
seasonal. They carry no or very little water in the dry
Summer Season.
10. Groundwater Resources in India
The part of rainwater that seeps through the cracks and
crevices into the ground is called groundwater.
Groundwater represents one of the most important source of
water in India and accounts for over 400 cubic kms of the
annual utilizable resource in the country.The distribution
of groundwater is very uneven in India.
In some areas, groundwater exists in deep aquifers while in
others the water is stored near the surface. Groundwater
varies greatly with the changes in topography, subsurface
geology and the prevailing climate in the region.
11. The location of the aquifer also affects its recharge rate
and is susceptibility to pollution and overuse.
In general, the mountains and the hilly regions in the north
and the west India do not allow adequate infiltration and as
a consequence groundwater is mostly limited in plains and
other low lying areas.
Coastal regions are usually rich in groundwater owing to the
largely alluvial terrain.
The alluvial track of the gangetic plain has the best
potential for groundwater extraction in the country.
Groundwater quality is generally excellent in most areas and
presents a relatively safe source of drinking water for
Indians in rural and urban areas.
12. Lagoons and Backwaters of India
India has a very long coastline stretching over more than
6000 kms.
This coast is very indented in some states like, Kerala,
Odisha, were a large number of lagoons have been formed.
These lagoons and lakes serve as surface water resources.
Although the quality of water is generally brackish in
nature, these are used for fishing and irrigating paddy
crops and coconut.
13. India is basically an agricultural country where nearly
two-thirds of its population depends on agricultural
production.
In order to increase the agricultural production, we have to
improve our irrigation resources.
Since our agriculture is totally dependent on our Monsoon
system, the distribution of water throughout the country is
highly uneven.
15. About 30% of people in India live in cities that are expected
to double in population by 2050. With a growing economy and
changing lifestyles the pressure on already strained water
resources is increasing. The government has shown an interest
in Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) as a new framework
and approach for the nation.
Urban water refers to all water that occurs in the urban
environment and includes consideration of natural surface
water and groundwater, water provided for potable use, sewage
and other 'waste' waters, stormwater, flood services,
recycling of water (third pipe, stormwater harvesting, sewer
mining, managed aquifer recharge, etc.), techniques to improve
water use efficiency and reduce demands, water sensitive urban
design techniques, living streams, environmental water and
16. protection of natural wetlands, waterways and estuaries in
urban landscapes.
The aim of urban water management is to create cities and
towns that are resilient, liveable, productive and
sustainable. They interact with the urban hydrological cycle
in ways that:
● provide water security through efficient use of the
diverse water sources available
● protect and restore the health of waterways and wetlands
● mitigate flood risk and damage
17. ● create public and private places that harvest, clean and
recycle water, resulting in water resource, environmental
and social liveability benefits.
● provide water for productive, sustainable, liveable and
resilient communities.
19. There are many causes for problems in Water Supply in
Urbanised Regions in Developing Countries.
● A high rate of population growth especially in the
regions where people face numerous problems of water
scarcity.
...
● Lack of investments in water supply infrastructure.
...
● Movement of large number of people from countryside and
villages to towns and cities.
...
20. ● Increased competitions between different uses of water
resources.
...
● A very large amount of pollution from factories,
farmlands, industries, etc.
...
● Demands for greater food security and higher living
standards.
...
22. Solutions
There are many solutions to
control the exploitation of
water resources.
I would like to start with
the main topic -
Multi-purpose projects
23. A Start to Multi-Purpose Projects
● To tackle the problem of drought and floods at the same
time, and supply water for agriculture, a policy of
efficient management of water was adopted by the
government of India after independence.
...
● Under this policy emphasis was placed on maximum
exploitation of the existing water potential of the
country, mainly from the various rivers for serving
irrigation as the main purpose along with many others,
hence the nomenclature - ‘Multi-purpose projects’.
24. Developments in Multi-Purpose Projects
A multi purpose project is made by constructing a dam across
perennial rivers. It aims at the effective use of water for
a number of benefits such as flood control, drinking water,
irrigation, navigation through canals, etc.
Some of the major Multi-Purpose projects are:
1) The Bhakra Nangal Project on the river Sutlej and
tributary of river Indus. Its main purpose was to supply
water to Sirhind and Western Yamuna Canal and flood
control in River Sutlej.
...
25. 2) Damodar Valley Corporation on river Damodar. Its main
purpose was to control floods as river Damodar is called
‘river of sorrow’ owing to its devastating floods.
It has four dams, Tilaiya, Konar, Maithon and Panchet hill.
Their main purpose is to prevent floods and supply water for
irrigation.
...
3) Hirakud Dam is one of the largest dams on the river
Mahanadi. Hence it is also called the ‘Mahanadi Valley
Project’. The main objective of this is to regulate the flow
of water during floods.
...
26. Other important multipurpose projects used for irrigation
are:
(i) Rihand project on Rihand River.
(ii) Turgabhadra project on turgabhadra river.
(iii) Chambal project on Chambal river.
(iv) Kosi project on Kosi river.
(v) Nagarjunasagar dam on Krishna river.
(vi) Narmada Valley Project (Sardar Sarovar Project) on the
river Narmada.
27. Other ways to Conserve Water Resources
1. Sustainable water management
Improving water infrastructure must be a priority, as water
conservation and efficiency are key components of
sustainable water management. Solar desalination and smart
irrigation systems are great examples of clean technology
for water efficiency and control. That obviously applies
even more to the agriculture and farming sector - the
largest consumer of water.
28. 2. Reclaimed water
Rainwater harvesting and recycled wastewater also allow to
reduce scarcity and ease pressures on groundwater and other
natural water bodies. Groundwater recharge, that allows
water moving from surface water to groundwater, is a
well-known process to prevent water scarcity.
3. Pollution control & better sewage treatment
Without proper sanitation, the water becomes full of
diseases and unsafe to drink. That is why addressing
pollution, measuring and monitoring water quality is
29. essential. Besides, improving the sewage systems in specific
areas is another way to prevent water scarcity from becoming
any worse.
4. Awareness & Education
Education is critical to solve the water crisis. In fact, in
order to cope with future water scarcity, it is necessary to
radically reform all forms of consumption, from individual
use to the supply chains of large companies.
30. Conclusion
Though our Indian Government is taking large steps to
conserve Water Resources, many parts of India are
still facing crisis of Water Scarcity.
At the finish of my presentation, I would like to
conclude by stating that India is blessed with a large
amount of water resources but we need to use only how
much we need.
31. Bibliography
I read many various books which had ‘Water Resources’
related topics in them.
I even referred to various different websites to get a
better and detailed understanding of the concepts included.
32. Acknowledgment
The successful and the final outcome of this project required lots
of guidance and support from many people and i am extremely
fortunate to have completed my project work.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher, Mr. Devdutt Raval, who gave me a golden opportunity to
undertake this project of making a presentation on the topic of
Water, which I actually enjoyed doing.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me
a lot in finalizing this assignment within the limited time frame.
I would like to thank my elder sister - Aditi for her small
information and big critical comments, which helped me improve
the presentation of the work.