This document discusses source reduction of waste. It defines source reduction as actions that reduce or eliminate waste at the source before it enters the waste stream. This can include reducing packaging, making products more durable and reusable, and changing consumption habits. Source reduction provides both economic benefits through lower waste management costs and environmental benefits by reducing pollution, resource use, and emissions. Government policies like packaging restrictions and taxes can encourage more source reduction. Effective source reduction requires planning to identify reduction goals and strategies.
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
This Presentation deals with Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Solid waste Sample, with Importance of every characteristic in the field of Solid Waste Management
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
This Presentation deals with Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Solid waste Sample, with Importance of every characteristic in the field of Solid Waste Management
Lecture notes on solid waste management as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepares by
Prof S S Jahagirdar
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Construction and Demolition Waste and its management. There are many less known facts stated in C&D Waste Rules, 2016 published by MoEF&CC, Govt. of India and other Authors. Here is a brief description in the slides.
This content covers the necessary theories and related mathematical problems of Solid Waste Management Course which basically is prepared for the undergraduate students of BSc in Civil Engineering program.
Lecture notes on solid waste management as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepares by
Prof S S Jahagirdar
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Construction and Demolition Waste and its management. There are many less known facts stated in C&D Waste Rules, 2016 published by MoEF&CC, Govt. of India and other Authors. Here is a brief description in the slides.
This content covers the necessary theories and related mathematical problems of Solid Waste Management Course which basically is prepared for the undergraduate students of BSc in Civil Engineering program.
United Nation's ambassidor's Presentation on World Environmental DayHammadAwan37
"Join us on World Environmental Day as we embark on a transformative journey towards a sustainable and green future. Our presentation, curated by the esteemed United Nations member, delves into the crucial realms of environmental protection, sustainability, and the promotion of lush greenery for a healthier planet.
This impactful presentation will shed light on the 3Rs method—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—as a cornerstone for responsible consumption and waste management. Discover innovative techniques and strategies to minimize our ecological footprint and foster a circular economy that ensures the longevity of our precious resources.
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Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
To comply with EPR regulations for plastic waste management, producers must register themselves with the appropriate government agency. The registration process typically involves providing detailed information about the types and quantities of plastic products they produce, as well as their plans for managing the associated waste.
A Review of Issues in Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Re...IJMER
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Sustainable Materials Management (SMM), a term chosen by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) for a holistic approach aimed at minimizing environmental impact, conserving resources, and promoting sustainable practices throughout a material's life cycle. It revolves around the efficient use of resources, waste reduction, recycling, and fostering a circular economy.
Visit www.topicsforseminar.com to access our SMM PPT and learn more about this powerful initiative
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
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R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
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More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Waste minimization - Municipal Solid Wastes
1. Prof. M.R.Ezhilkumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
Coimbatore
ezhilkumar@skcet.ac.in
I only feel angry when I see waste.
When I see people throwing away
things we could use. – Mother
Teresa
1
17CE413
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
2.1 – Source Reduction of Waste
2. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 2
Learning Outcomes
☼ Define of Source Reduction
☼ Implications of source reduction
☼ Government participation
☼ Development of source reduction plan
☼ Strategies for source reduction
2.1 – Source Reduction of Waste
3. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 3
Video Session
4. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Whenever a consumer or establishment takes part in an activity that reduces the
amount and/or toxicity of waste which otherwise would have been generated, they are
participating in Source Reduction.
The USEPA considers source reduction the highest priority method for addressing solid
waste issues.
4
Source Reduction
5. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
The USEPA defines source reduction as the design, manufacture, purchase or use of
materials to reduce their quantity or toxicity before they reach the waste stream.
The National Recycling Coalition (NRC) define source reduction as “any action that
avoids the creation of waste by reducing waste at the source, including redesigning of
products or packaging so that less material is used; making voluntary or imposed
behavioral changes in the use of materials; or increasing durability or re-usability of
materials.”
5
Source Reduction
6. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Several terms are often used to mean source reduction.
These include
Waste reduction
Waste prevention
Waste minimization
Pollution prevention
Precycling
6
Source Reduction
7. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
♦ According to the U.S. EPA (1999a), per capita waste generation rates in the United
States have risen from 2.68 lb per person per day in 1960 to 4.44 lb per person per
day in 1997.
♦ While the waste generation rate continues to increase, the recycling rate has
increased to what appears to be a plateau of about 30 percent.
♦ Without some government intervention, it is unlikely that recycling rates will get much
higher given the economic and environmental costs of solid waste management and
the enormous quantities of waste generated in our society.
7
Source Reduction
8. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
♦ In recent years source reduction, also known as waste prevention, has been gaining
more attention in the United States and around the world.
♦ The goal of a source reduction program is to decrease the amount and toxicity of
material that must be managed by preventing its generation in the first place.
♦ Thus, source reduction is distinguished from other forms of solid waste management,
such as recycling and yard waste collection, because it eliminates and/or facilitates
the need to manage waste.
8
Source Reduction
9. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
In general, the primary routes of source reduction are:
♦ Decreasing or eliminating the amount or toxicity of material used in the manufacture
and packaging of products
♦ Redesigning products for increased life span, reusability, and repairability
♦ Changing purchasing decisions to favor those products that have minimized residual
toxicity and waste associated with them
♦ Modifying patterns of consumption and material use in a way that reduces the
amount and toxicity of waste generated
9
Source Reduction
10. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Definitions of Terms Relevant to Source Reduction
10
Source Reduction
11. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
• There are both economic and environmental advantages to source reduction,
primarily the reduction in pollution and cost of solid waste management and
disposal.
• In addition, source reduction activities can result in changes to the
composition of solid waste.
11
Effects of Source Reduction
12. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Economics
1. In a study of solid waste management in New York City (Clarke et al., 1999) it
was found that $300 million was spent for waste collection per year, $50
million for disposal, and slightly less for recycling, while only $1 to 2 million
was invested in waste prevention programs.
2. However, a 9 percent reduction in the solid waste stream would save an
estimated $90 million in collection and disposal costs annually.
12
Effects of Source Reduction
13. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Economics
3. Choosing to refurbish, reuse, and repair an item can represent a substantial
savings over disposal.
4. Choosing products for reusability also has long-term cost benefits; for
example, when a restaurant or cafeteria switches to reusable utensils and
dishware, there is no longer a need to reorder disposable products
continually.
5. Regular maintenance and repair increases the lifetime that an item is in
service and reduces the need to dispose of and replace that item.
13
Effects of Source Reduction
14. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Economics
Other environmental benefits include,
Reduced pollution from trucks and disposal
Less resource depletion from excess packaging not generated
Economic development of New York reuse and repair industries
Reduced need for landfill capacity
14
Effects of Source Reduction
15. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Environmental
1. Many environmental benefits are associated with waste and toxicity
reduction, primarily the reduced need for natural resources, less energy and
pollution from avoided processing/reprocessing of materials, and a reduction
in the amount of material sent to landfills and waste combustion facilities.
2. Greenhouse gases, such as NOx, CO2, and CH4, are released when energy
is expended to mine raw materials, transport and process those materials,
manufacture products, transport those products, and finally collect and
dispose of the residual waste after the product’s useful life has ended.
15
Effects of Source Reduction
16. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Environmental
3. Activities such as deposit and refund systems for beverage containers have
been shown to reduce litter and increase the recovery rate for these materials
to more than 80 percent in most places.
4. Because of the complexities associated with predicting a product or materials
impact on the environment, a measurement known as life-cycle assessment
(LCA) can be used (U.S. EPA, 1993).
16
Effects of Source Reduction
17. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Environmental
5. The process of LCA is used to assess a product or material’s overall
environmental footprint on the earth by considering the effects of the following
processes:
● Choice of and extraction of raw materials
● Transport and processing of those materials
● Manufacture of products from those materials
● Use of those products
● Fate at end of life
17
Effects of Source Reduction
18. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Waste Composition
1. As consumption habits change, the quantity and composition of solid waste
generated will also change.
2. Processes such as switching to a packaging material that is lighter or more
efficient, or choosing to use packaging that can be accommodated by the
existing recycling infrastructure, will also affect the characteristics of waste
generated.
18
Effects of Source Reduction
19. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Waste Composition
3. The recycling and reuse of plastics will reduce the amount of plastics in a
waste stream and, for example, change the energy value of that waste
stream.
4. Food waste composting and food waste grinders will reduce the amount of
food waste sent to disposal.
5. Substantial reduction in the generation of solid wastes will reduce the amount
of material that requires management, creating more capacity in the waste
management system.
19
Effects of Source Reduction
20. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
• A variety of programs and policies can be used to encourage or require
participation in waste reduction.
• Central, state, and local governments have the ability to implement measures
that will reduce the amount of waste generated, including:
20
Involvement of Government
1. Restrictions on packaging and products
2. Establishing procurement guidelines
3. Bans on the disposal of certain materials
and products
4. Legislation requiring manufacturers to meet
certain packaging and product guidelines
5. Taxes proportional to material use and
waste fraction of a product
6. Outreach and education programs
7. Information clearinghouses
8. Requiring waste audits and the
development of source reduction plans
21. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
• Planning is central to developing effective source reduction programs.
• Before source reduction planners start developing specific source reduction
initiatives for their communities, it is extremely important that they know what they
are trying to reduce, how much reduction they want to achieve, and how they will
measure their results.
• Municipal solid waste plans need to include an explicitly stated source reduction
policy, clearly defined goals, and meaningful measurement strategies.
• Without these measures, it is not possible to evaluate the effectiveness of such
programs.
21
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
22. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
• Implementing a source reduction program also involves developing an
infrastructure to support it.
• Specifically, an effective program requires independent leadership, authority,
appropriate staffing, and an adequate budget.
1. Source Reduction Policy
2. Setting Source Reduction Goals and Establishing Measurement
Methodologies
22
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
23. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1. Source Reduction Policy
• Legislation and regulation governing source reduction programs are increasing.
• Source reduction legislation often focuses on establishing the following:
• Specific goals
• Government procurement and purchasing requirements
• Packaging requirements and guidelines
• Labeling requirements and guidelines
• Business planning and reporting requirements
• Yard material bans
• Specific chemical and packaging bans
23
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
24. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1. Source Reduction Policy
• Education, including promotion, technical assistance, planning and reporting, and
economic incentives are key elements of such legislation.
• To achieve a comprehensive policy approach, decision makers can focus on four
strategies:
• “command and control” regulations
• economic incentives and disincentives
• education and technical assistance
• government financial support for source reduction practices (i.e., supplying bins for home composting of
yard trimmings).
• Yard material bans and Specific chemical and packaging bans
24
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
25. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2. Setting Source Reduction Goals and Establishing Measurement
Methodologies
• The next steps in source reduction planning are setting goals and establishing
measurement methodologies.
• Goals and measurement systems are important for effective source reduction
programs because they help communities establish program priorities, track and
evaluate progress, and recognize accomplishments and target areas for further
efforts.
25
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
26. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2. Setting Source Reduction Goals and Establishing Measurement
Methodologies
• To set goals most effectively and establish measurement methodologies,
communities need to take the following four steps.
1. Establish an overall source reduction goal that is separate from the recycling goal with
specification of:
● The baseline year
● Target year
● Type of reduction to be measured (from the current total waste generation levels, from current per capita
generation levels, or from the projected increase)
26
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
27. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2. Setting Source Reduction Goals and Establishing Measurement
Methodologies
2. Determine separate goals desired for:
● Generating sectors (residential, commercial, and institutional)
● Materials (paper, glass, plastics, organics, etc.)
● Products (Styrofoam cups, glass bottles, tires, cardboard boxes, newspapers, etc.)
27
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
28. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2. Setting Source Reduction Goals and Establishing Measurement
Methodologies
3. Select unit of measurement:
● Weight
● Volume
● Weight and volume (preferable, if possible)
28
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
29. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2. Setting Source Reduction Goals and Establishing Measurement
Methodologies
4. Selected measurement methodology:
● Waste audits
● Sampling (including weighing-in places such as transfer stations)
● Surveys
● Purchases (tracking sales)
29
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
30. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2. Setting Source Reduction Goals and Establishing Measurement
Methodologies
Information Needs for Measuring Source Reduction
• Good data collection is vital for measuring source reduction, because communities need to
know which sources are generating which types of waste materials and how much they are
generating.
• Thus, at a minimum, communities need to collect data on:
30
DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN
● Amount of residential waste
● Amount of commercial waste
● Residential population
● Total employment
● Projections of population change
● An index of economic activity
31. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
• Enormous potential exists to implement programs that will prevent the generation
of waste.
• In 1996, the EPA estimated that 23 million tons of MSW were source-reduced in
the United States, or 11 percent of the total 209.7 million tons that were generated
that year (U.S. EPA 1999c).
• Yard wastes and food scraps accounted for the largest fraction of waste
prevented (58.1 percent of the 23 million tons), followed by containers and
packaging (17.2 percent), nondurable wastes (15.3 percent), and durable goods
(9.4 percent).
31
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
32. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
There are many strategies available to accomplish source reduction. The EPA
(1999c) has identified the following examples of source reduction activities:
1. Redesigning products or packaging to reduce the quantity or toxicity of the materials
used, substitution of lightweight materials, or making them reusable.
2. Reusing existing materials, products, or packaging; for example, refillable bottles,
reusable pallets, reconditioned toner cartridges, and copying on both sides of a
sheet of paper.
3. Reducing the amount of a product or packaging used.
32
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
33. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
4. Lengthening the lives of products or materials to postpone disposal, such as through
regular maintenance or choosing to repair an item
5. Using packaging that reduces the amount of damage or spoilage to a product
6. Managing organic wastes (such as food scraps and yard trimmings) through on-site
composting or other alternatives to disposal (such as leaving grass clippings on the
lawn)
33
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
34. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 34
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
The residential sector
contributes 55 to 65 percent
of the total MSW generation
(U.S. EPA, 1999a).
It is estimated that an
average home can reduce its
waste by 30 percent through
source reduction practices;
35. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 35
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
Various ways exist for people to
prevent the generation of
household waste, including
green purchasing and product
use, and participation in reuse
and exchange programs.
Green purchasing and product
use is giving consideration to the
environmental impacts of
purchasing decisions and how
the item is used.
36. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 36
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
Commercial (stores, restaurants, hotels, and service stations) and institutional
(government, schools, correctional facilities, hospitals, and libraries) sources of waste
can include large quantities of paper, cardboard, food waste, plastics, and hazardous
wastes.
Because of the large number of people associated with these establishments,
significant potential for solid waste prevention exists.
Successful initiatives that have been undertaken include efficient use of office paper,
on-site food waste composting, and switching to reusable supplies.
37. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 37
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
Strategies for implementing source reduction in commercial facilities and institutions
can be classified in two main categories:
(1) Changing procurement policies and (2) Modifying operations
38. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 38
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
(1) Changing procurement policies
There is an abundance of opportunities for reducing waste through procurement policies.
Some additional options are:
• Setting a price preference for reusable, refillable, and durable equipment that reduces
waste, such as double-sided (duplexing) copy machines
• Requiring companies that ship goods to package them in reusable shipping containers
and/or to take back the packaging; for example, furniture that can be delivered in
reusable shipping blankets
• Negotiating for longer and more comprehensive warranties and service contracts
when purchasing durable goods
39. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 39
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
(1) Changing procurement policies
• Leasing equipment instead of buying it to provide manufacturers with an incentive to
keep it in good repair
• Purchasing items that can reduce paper use, such as double-sided photocopy
machines, laser printers, and equipment and computer software that permit faxing
from a computer to reduce printouts
40. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 40
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
(1) Changing procurement policies
41. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 41
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
(2) Operations
Some additional strategies for reducing paper and waste include:
• Using e-mail instead of paper for communications
• Eliminating fax cover sheets
• Editing and careful proofreading on the computer before printing
• Storing files on computer disks and printing only when necessary
• Loading laser printer paper trays with paper used on one side for drafts
• Reducing mailings by targeting audiences as narrowly as possible
• Using scrap pieces of paper for short memos
42. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 42
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
Industry not only has the ability to prevent waste during manufacturing
processes (through procurement and material use), but also the unique capacity to
manipulate the packaging and/or product being manufactured before production,
distribution, marketing, and sale.
The EPA (1995b) has provided the following list of items to increase industrial source
reduction:
1. Recover plant materials such as solvents, metal, paper, oil, and cooling water
2. Increase production efficiency to reduce the generation of scrap material
3. Limit production to what is required
4. Reuse and repair used pallets
43. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 43
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
5. Reuse and refill packaging containers, such as bags and drums
6. Return packaging materials for reuse and/or reuse packing material
7. Redesign products to prevent waste associated with packaging and manufacturing
8. Use materials from a materials exchange program in place of virgin materials
44. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 44
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
Construction and demolition activities contribute 136 million tons, or 2.8 lb
per person per day, to waste disposed of in landfills in the United States (U.S.EPA,
1998c).
New construction debris can be reduced by building only as necessary, using
materials with reduced or no toxicity, and choosing building materials with reduced
packaging.
Waste can also be prevented by choosing to use refurbished or reusable products and
incorporating materials that have an extended life span into the project.
Demolition waste can be reduced through deconstruction efforts.
45. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 45
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
Deconstruction is the careful dismantling of structures before or instead of demolition
to maximize the recovery of materials.
Typically, electrical circuits and plumbing fixtures are recovered for reuse, metals and
lumber are reused or recycled, wood flooring is remilled, and doors and windows are
refinished for use in new construction (U.S. EPA 1998c).
The EPA reported that in one apartment building deconstruction project, 76 percent of
the materials by weight were diverted to reuse or recycling.
Other concepts related to waste prevention in the construction and demolition field
include conducting concurrent deconstruction and new construction projects to
increase material reuse, and designing and constructing buildings with future
disassembly in mind (Goldstein, 1999).
46. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 46
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
Special events, such as festivals, fairs, and sporting events, represent good
opportunities to both implement source reduction plans and educate participants and the
public about waste prevention.
Activities such as not making disposable products an option ensures that they will be
reduced in the waste stream.
The event organizers have attempted various measures to prevent and reduce the
generation of wastes associated with the festival.
47. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 47
STRATEGIES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
Strategies to prevent and reduce waste have included:
1. Use of biodegradable utensils and can liners
2. Separate collection of compost
3. Promotion of foods that do not require utensils
4. Serving foods such as pizza with a napkin instead of a plate
5. Educational booths to inform people about composting
6. Signs with sayings such as “bring your own fork”
7. Use of durable items (plates, utensile, etc.)
8. Reward program for food vendors utilizing innovative waste prevention programs
9. Not allowing the use of materials that would require disposal
48. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 48
Assessment Time
Review
Question Identify the waste composition from an (1) Educational
Institution and (2) Automobile Industry, and Analyse and
propose a strategic plan for a source reduction of waste.
49. SHWM – Module 2 – MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 49